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The Principles of Quantum Mechanics is an influential monograph on quantum mechanics written by Paul Dirac and first published by Oxford University Press in 1930. Dirac gives an account of quantum mechanics by "demonstrating how to construct a completely new theoretical framework from scratch"; "problems were tackled t...	{ "page_id": 32975011, "title": "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" }
Collision problems Systems containing several similar particles Theory of radiation Relativistic theory of the electron Quantum electrodynamics == See also == The Evolution of Physics (Einstein and Infeld) The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. III (Feynman) The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (Heisenberg) Math...	{ "page_id": 32975011, "title": "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" }
The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes. It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue, with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste. The concept is taught in some schools, but is incorrect; ever...	{ "page_id": 20981929, "title": "Tongue map" }
able to detect a taste before the others do, all parts are equally capable of conveying the qualia of all tastes. Threshold sensitivity may differ across the tongue, but intensity of sensation does not. The same paper included a taste bud distribution diagram that showed a "taste belt". In 1974, Virginia Collings inves...	{ "page_id": 20981929, "title": "Tongue map" }
In neuroethology and the study of learning, anti-Hebbian learning describes a particular class of learning rule by which synaptic plasticity can be controlled. These rules are based on a reversal of Hebb's postulate, and therefore can be simplistically understood as dictating reduction of the strength of synaptic conne...	{ "page_id": 14756009, "title": "Anti-Hebbian learning" }
parallel fibers in all other circumstances – including activation significantly preceding as well as any activation following the broad spike – will result in the strengthening of the synapse. == Significance == Since the neurons of the ELL receive both a corollary discharge (another term for an efference copy) of the ...	{ "page_id": 14756009, "title": "Anti-Hebbian learning" }
== Synaptic plasticity operating under the control of an anti-Hebbian learning rule is thought to occur in the cerebellum. Understanding the operation of neural learning could provide valuable insights for the treatment of cerebellar-related disorders. The knowledge could also serve a significant function in the comput...	{ "page_id": 14756009, "title": "Anti-Hebbian learning" }
+ y W − t ) {\textstyle y=f(xQ+yW-t)} . This can be done by integrating along the vector field y ˙ = y − f ( x Q + y W − t ) {\textstyle {\dot {y}}=y-f(xQ+yW-t)} . Anti-Hebbian update Δ W i j = − α ( y i y j − p 2 ) {\textstyle \Delta W_{ij}=-\alpha \left(y_{i}y_{j}-p^{2}\right)} . If i = j {\displaystyle i=j} or w i j...	{ "page_id": 14756009, "title": "Anti-Hebbian learning" }
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It ranges widely, from the number of species to differences within species, and can be correlated to the span of survival for a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of gene...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species." Genotypic and phenotypic diversity have been found in all species at the protein, DNA, and organismal levels; in nature, this diversity is nonrandom, heavily structured, and correlated with envir...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
is important for conservation because the adaptive potential of a species may dictate whether it survives or becomes extinct, especially as the climate changes. This is magnified by a lack of understanding whether low neutral genetic diversity is correlated with high genetic drift and high mutation load. In a review of...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
retrovirus (KoRV) has been linked to the koala's low genetic diversity. This low genetic diversity also has geneticists concerned for the koalas' ability to adapt to climate change and human-induced environmental changes in the future. === Small populations === Large populations are more likely to maintain genetic mate...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
or negative effect on fitness, while some have a positive effect. A beneficial mutation is more likely to persist and thus have a long-term positive effect on genetic diversity. Mutation rates differ across the genome, and larger populations have greater mutation rates. In smaller populations a mutation is less likely ...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
come as a result of reproduction, but rather from pieces of the parent plant, no genetic diversity is developed, and the entire crop is essentially a clone of one potato, it is especially susceptible to an epidemic. In the 1840s, much of Ireland's population depended on potatoes for food. They planted namely the "lumpe...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
auspices of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2007, that provides a framework and guidelines for the management of animal genetic resources. Awareness of the importance of maintaining animal genetic resources has increased over time. FAO has published two reports on the state of the world'...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
despite complex and unpredictable environmental changes. Cheetahs are a threatened species. Low genetic diversity and resulting poor sperm quality has made breeding and survivorship difficult for cheetahs. Moreover, only about 5% of cheetahs survive to adulthood. However, it has been recently discovered that female che...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
species Species abundance a relative measure of the abundance of species Species density an evaluation of the total number of species per unit area == See also == Biodiversity Genetic variance Center of diversity Genetic variation Genetic resources Human genetic variation Human Variome Project International HapMap Proj...	{ "page_id": 403627, "title": "Genetic diversity" }
This is a bibliography of ecology. == Introductory == Beman, J. (2010). "Energy economics in ecosystems". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 22. Bryant, P. J. Biodiversity and Conservation. A Hypertext Book. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2013-01-28. Cleland, E. E. (2011). "Biodiversity and Ecosyst...	{ "page_id": 38348972, "title": "Bibliography of ecology" }
K.; Davis, F.; Dunne, J.A.; Fortin, M-J.; et al. (2005). "Complexity in ecology and conservation: mathematical, statistical, and computational challenges" (PDF). BioScience. 55 (6): 501–510. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0501:CIEACM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. Hanski, I. (1998). "Metapopulation dynamics" (PDF). Nature. ...	{ "page_id": 38348972, "title": "Bibliography of ecology" }
== Density, solid phase == In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content. == Density, liquid phase == == Density, gas phase == == Notes == The suggested values for solid densities refer to "near room temperature (r.t.)" by d...	{ "page_id": 1714348, "title": "Densities of the elements (data page)" }
state, using the quoted values of the van der Waals constants. The source for the van der Waals constants and for the literature densities was: R. C. Weast (Ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd Edn.), Cleveland:Chemical Rubber Co., 1972. === Donnelly et al. === Donnelly, Russell J.; Barenghi, Carlo F. (1998). ...	{ "page_id": 1714348, "title": "Densities of the elements (data page)" }
Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a disorder characterized by catching or locking of the involved finger in full or near full flexion, typically with force. There may be tenderness in the palm of the hand near the last skin crease (distal palmar crease). The name "trigger finger" may refer to th...	{ "page_id": 272559, "title": "Trigger finger" }
trigger finger. Some speculate that repetitive forceful use of a digit leads to narrowing of the fibrous digital sheath in which it runs, but there is little scientific data to support this theory. The relationship of trigger finger to work activities is debatable and there are arguments for and against a relationship ...	{ "page_id": 272559, "title": "Trigger finger" }
and there is a possibility of tendon rupture. Triggering is predictably resolved by a relatively simple surgical procedure under local anesthesia. The surgeon will cut the sheath that is restricting the tendon. The patient should be awake in order to confirm adequate release. On occasion, triggering does not resolve un...	{ "page_id": 272559, "title": "Trigger finger" }
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are disturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occur...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
and are therefore not NMR-active. In its application to molecules the NMR effect can be observed only in the presence of a static magnetic field. However, in the ordered phases of magnetic materials, very large internal fields are produced at the nuclei of magnetic ions (and of close ligands), which allow NMR to be per...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
NMR signal during or after the RF pulse, due to the voltage induced in a detection coil by precession of the nuclear spins around B0. After an RF pulse, precession usually occurs with the nuclei's Larmor frequency and, in itself, does not involve transitions between spin states or energy levels. The two magnetic fields...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
called NMR HR-30 in 1952. Purcell had worked on the development of radar during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory. His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the foundation for...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
fields, was developed. It is combined with a special technique that makes it possible to hyperpolarize atomic nuclei. == Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance == === Nuclear spins and magnets === All nucleons, that is neutrons and protons, composing any atomic nucleus, have the intrinsic quantum property of spin, an int...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
of non-radioactive nuclei, the overall spin is also non-zero and may have a contribution from the orbital angular momentum of the unpaired nucleon. For example, the 27Al nucleus has an overall spin value S = ⁠5/2⁠. A non-zero spin S → {\displaystyle {\vec {S}}} is associated with a non-zero magnetic dipole moment, μ → ...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
spin than NMR does. === Values of spin angular momentum === Nuclear spin is an intrinsic angular momentum that is quantized. This means that the magnitude of this angular momentum is quantized (i.e. S can only take on a restricted range of values), and also that the x, y, and z-components of the angular momentum are qu...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
magnetic dipole moment μ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}} in a magnetic field B0 is given by: E = − μ → ⋅ B 0 = − μ x B 0 x − μ y B 0 y − μ z B 0 z . {\displaystyle E=-{\vec {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} _{0}=-\mu _{x}B_{0x}-\mu _{y}B_{0y}-\mu _{z}B_{0z}.} Usually the z-axis is chosen to be along B0, and the above expression...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
nuclei in magnetically equivalent sites (the expectation value of the spin vector in quantum mechanics), moves on a cone around the B field. This is analogous to the precessional motion of the axis of a tilted spinning top around the gravitational field. In quantum mechanics, ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the Bohr frequ...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
in old-fashioned continuous-wave NMR, or after the relatively strong RF pulse in modern pulsed NMR. ==== Chemical shielding ==== It might appear from the above that all nuclei of the same nuclide (and hence the same γ) would resonate at exactly the same frequency but this is not the case. The most important perturbatio...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
shifts. This is unnecessary in conventional NMR investigations of molecules in solution, since rapid "molecular tumbling" averages out the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). In this case, the "average" chemical shift (ACS) or isotropic chemical shift is often simply referred to as the chemical shift. ==== Radiation Dampi...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the gyromagnetic ratio, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the magnetic permeability, M 0 {\displaystyle M_{0}} is the equilibrium magnetization per unit volume, Q {\displaystyle Q} is the filling factor of the probe which is the ratio of the probe coil volume to the sample volume enclosed, Q ...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
are employed in NMR spectroscopy. These methods majorly stem from hardware or software. Hardware modifications including RF feed-circuit and Q-factor switches reduce the feedback loop between the sample magnetization and the electromagnetic field induced by the coil and function successfully. Other approaches such as d...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
may be quite significant. (There is also a smaller but significant contribution to the observed FID shortening from the RF inhomogeneity of the resonant pulse). In the corresponding FT-NMR spectrum—meaning the Fourier transform of the free induction decay— the width of the NMR signal in frequency units is inversely rel...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
be studied (with or without "magic angle" spinning (MAS)) by NMR of quadrupolar nuclei (that is, with spin S > ⁠1/2⁠) even in the presence of magnetic "dipole-dipole" interaction broadening (or simply, dipolar broadening), which is always much smaller than the quadrupolar interaction strength because it is a magnetic v...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
another orthogonal coil, designed not to receive radiation from the transmitter, received signals from nuclei that reoriented in solution. As of 2014, low-end refurbished 60 MHz and 90 MHz systems were sold as FT-NMR instruments, and in 2010 the "average workhorse" NMR instrument was configured for 300 MHz. CW spectros...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
in the neighborhood of the principal frequency. The restricted range of the NMR frequencies for most light spin-⁠1/2⁠ nuclei made it relatively easy to use short (1 - 100 microsecond) radio frequency pulses to excite the entire NMR spectrum. Applying such a pulse to a set of nuclear spins simultaneously excites all the...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
magnetization and spin state prior to it. The full analysis involves repeating the sequence with the pulse timings systematically varied in order to probe the oscillations of the spin system are point by point in the time domain. Multidimensional Fourier transformation of the multidimensional time signal yields the mul...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
Fenn and Koichi Tanaka) for his work with protein FT NMR in solution. === Solid-state NMR spectroscopy === This technique complements X-ray crystallography in that it is frequently applicable to molecules in an amorphous or liquid-crystalline state, whereas crystallography, as the name implies, is performed on molecule...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
electric quadrupole interactions and paramagnetic interactions, correspondingly ~30.6° and ~70.1°. In amorphous materials, residual line broadening remains since each segment is in a slightly different environment, therefore exhibiting a slightly different NMR frequency. Line broadening or splitting by dipolar or J-cou...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
low natural abundance. Other limitations on sensitivity arise from the quantum-mechanical nature of the phenomenon. For quantum states separated by energy equivalent to radio frequencies, thermal energy from the environment causes the populations of the states to be close to equal. Since incoming radiation is equally l...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
14N, an abundant spin-1 nucleus, is difficult to study for this reason. High resolution NMR instead probes molecules using the rarer 15N isotope, which has spin-⁠1/2⁠. === Isotopes === Many isotopes of chemical elements can be used for NMR analysis. Commonly used nuclei: 1H, the most commonly used spin-⁠1/2⁠ nucleus in...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
nuclear spin of 10B is 3 and that of 11B is ⁠3/2⁠. Quartz tubes must be used because borosilicate glass interferes with measurement. 13C, a spin-⁠1/2⁠ nucleus, is widely used, despite its relative paucity in naturally occurring carbon (approximately 1.1%). It is stable to nuclear decay. Since there is a low percentage ...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
more sensitive, preferred over 37Cl despite its slightly broader signal. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals. Its use is limited to inorganic and ionic chlorides and very small organic molecules. 43Ca, spin-⁠7/2⁠, relatively small quadrupole moment, moderately sensitive, very low natural abundance. Used in bioch...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
a process known as spin–spin coupling, if they are on the same molecule, which will split the lines of the spectra in a recognizable way. As one of the two major spectroscopic techniques used in metabolomics, NMR is used to generate metabolic fingerprints from biological fluids to obtain information about disease state...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
enough temperatures, a distinction can be made between the axial and equatorial hydrogens in cyclohexane. An example of nuclear magnetic resonance being used in the determination of a structure is that of buckminsterfullerene (often called "buckyballs", composition C60). This now famous form of carbon has 60 carbon ato...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
sodium-based batteries is the formation of metal dendrites, which can lead to short circuits and catastrophic battery failure. In Situ NMR allows researchers to observe the formation of lithium or sodium dendrites in real time during battery cycling. Varying the cycling rates can also quantify the effect on dendrite fo...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
or present in low abundance, making them difficult to detect. However, ex situ NMR benefits from better sensitivity and narrower linewidths, which can be further improved by employing larger sample volumes, higher magnetic fields, or magic angle spinning (MAS). === Purity determination (w/w NMR) === While NMR is primar...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
analyzing samples non-destructively. Radio-frequency magnetic fields easily penetrate many types of matter and anything that is not highly conductive or inherently ferromagnetic. For example, various expensive biological samples, such as nucleic acids, including RNA and DNA, or proteins, can be studied using nuclear ma...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
pore space of porous media (reservoir rocks). Unlike conventional logging measurements (e.g., acoustic, density, neutron, and resistivity), which respond to both the rock matrix and fluid properties and are strongly dependent on mineralogy, NMR-logging measurements respond to the presence of hydrogen. Because hydrogen ...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
real-time process control and process optimization in oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Two different types of NMR analysis are utilized to provide real time analysis of feeds and products in order to control and optimize unit operations. Time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) spectrometers operating at low field (2–20 MHz fo...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
not observable at low fields. This is because: Electron-mediated heteronuclear J-couplings (spin–spin couplings) are field independent, producing clusters of two or more frequencies separated by several Hz, which are more easily observed in a fundamental resonance of about 2 kHz."Indeed it appears that enhanced resolut...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and measurements can be used to indirectly estimate the water content of saturated and unsaturated zones in the earth's subsurface. SNMR is used to estimate aquifer properties, including quantity of water contained in the aquifer, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity. == Ma...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
to organic chemistry. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 9781258811662. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Charles P. Slichter (1963). Principles of magnetic resonance: with examples from solid state physics. Harper & Row. ISBN 9783540084761. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) J.M. Tyszka; S.E...	{ "page_id": 25110709, "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }
Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluoresc...	{ "page_id": 2173109, "title": "Nick translation" }
in in-situ hybridization. == References ==	{ "page_id": 2173109, "title": "Nick translation" }
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; French: Union géodésique et géophysique internationale, UGGI) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques. The IUGG is a member of the Internation...	{ "page_id": 4991160, "title": "International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics" }
and Geophysics records, 1922-2000 (1955-1998), Niels Bohr Library & Archives International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics addition to records, 1995-2007, Niels Bohr Library & Archives	{ "page_id": 4991160, "title": "International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics" }
The parasternal line is a vertical line on the front of the thorax. It is midway between the lateral sternal line and the mid-clavicular line. == External links == http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/apd/ap.htm	{ "page_id": 24651965, "title": "Parasternal line" }
The molecular formula C11H10O4 may refer to: Citropten Eugenin Polytrimethylene terephthalate (repeating unit) Scoparone	{ "page_id": 27601087, "title": "C11H10O4" }
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) is a class of dimeric enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate diester bonds. NPP belongs to the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily of enzymes. Humans express seven known NPP isoforms, some of which prefer nucleotide substrates, some of which prefer phospho...	{ "page_id": 34941120, "title": "Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase" }
the figure at right. 3) A one-step fully synchronous mechanism analogous to SN2 substitution. Bond formation and breakage occur simultaneously and at the same rate. This is represented by the black dashed line in the figure at right. The above three cases represent archetypes for the reaction mechanism, and the actual ...	{ "page_id": 34941120, "title": "Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase" }
two enzymes show marked similarities, namely in the presence of nearly superimposable Zn2+ bimetallo catalytic centers. In addition to the bimetallo core, AP also has an Mg2+ ion in its active site. == Biological function == NPPs have been implicated in several biological processes, including bone mineralization, purin...	{ "page_id": 34941120, "title": "Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase" }
a group of evolutionarily related enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl and sulfuryl transfer reactions. This group includes phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterases, phosphoglycerate mutases, phosphophenomutases, and sulfatases. == References ==	{ "page_id": 34941120, "title": "Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase" }
The Gomberg–Bachmann reaction, named for the Russian-American chemist Moses Gomberg and the American chemist Werner Emmanuel Bachmann, is an aryl-aryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt. The arene compound (here benzene) is reacted with a diazonium salt in the presence of a base to provide the biaryl through an int...	{ "page_id": 7022785, "title": "Gomberg–Bachmann reaction" }
Spearmint is a flavour that is either naturally or artificially created to taste like the oil of the herbaceous Mentha spicata (spearmint) plant. == Uses == The most common uses for spearmint flavor is in chewing gum and toothpaste. However, it is also used in a number of other products, mainly confectionery. It is als...	{ "page_id": 1779907, "title": "Spearmint (flavour)" }
Transhalogenation is a substitution reaction in which the halide of a halide compound is exchanged for another halide. == Finkelstein reaction == A common method is halide metathesis. An example is the conversion of alkyl chloride into alkyl fluoride: C3H5-Cl + NaF → R-F + NaCl This kind of reaction is called Finkelste...	{ "page_id": 63252675, "title": "Transhalogenation" }
The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosing. Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. Penicillins are a...	{ "page_id": 54077637, "title": "Side effects of penicillin" }
consequences. Identifying an allergy to penicillin requires a hypersensitivity skin test, which diagnoses IgE-mediated immune responses caused by penicillin. This test is typically performed by an allergist who uses a skin-prick and intradermal injection of penicilloyl-polylysine, a negative control (normal saline), an...	{ "page_id": 54077637, "title": "Side effects of penicillin" }
=== anaphylaxis serum sickness seizures laryngeal edema === Rare (<0.1%) === == High doses == When penicillin is used at high doses hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia can occur. Developing hypernatremia after administering high doses of penicillin can be a serious side effect. == Side effects from other ...	{ "page_id": 54077637, "title": "Side effects of penicillin" }
tremors, seizures, blindness, vocalization, agitation, cardiac arrest and transient loss of vision. == Other side effects == Penicillin is known to become less effective as strains of bacteria become resistant. == References == == Bibliography == Henry, Norma (2016). RN nursing care of children : review module. Stilwel...	{ "page_id": 54077637, "title": "Side effects of penicillin" }
Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Robert L. Carroll, published in 1988 by WH Freeman. It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates. The book, which is written in the style of Alfred Sherwood Romer's Vertebrate ...	{ "page_id": 5122245, "title": "Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution" }
The Mason equation is an approximate analytical expression for the growth (due to condensation) or evaporation of a water droplet—it is due to the meteorologist B. J. Mason. The expression is found by recognising that mass diffusion towards the water drop in a supersaturated environment transports energy as latent heat...	{ "page_id": 8202435, "title": "Mason equation" }
heat K is the vapour thermal conductivity D is the binary diffusion coefficient R is the gas constant == References ==	{ "page_id": 8202435, "title": "Mason equation" }
Angoss Software Corporation, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with offices in the United States and UK, acquired by Datawatch and now owned by Altair, was a provider of predictive analytics systems through software licensing and services. Angoss' customers represent industries including finance, insurance, mu...	{ "page_id": 15345868, "title": "Angoss" }
Defecation (or defaecation) follows digestion and is the necessary biological process by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material known as feces (or faeces) from the digestive tract via the anus or cloaca. The act has a variety of names, ranging from the technical (e.g. bowel movement), to...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
open defecation, the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind, is still widespread in some developing countries; some people in those countries defecate into the ocean. Well-developed countries use sewage treatment plants or on-site treatment for blackwater. == Description == === Physiology ===...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
nerve injury, prior surgeries (such as an episiotomy), constipation, diarrhea, loss of storage capacity in the rectum, intense fright, inflammatory bowel disease, psychological or neurological factors, childbirth, or death. Sometimes, due to the inability to control one's bowel movement or due to excessive fear, defeca...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
age groups in the population. Common constipation is associated with abdominal distention, pain or bloating. Research has revealed that chronic constipation complied with higher risk of cardiovascular events such as coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, while associating with an increasing risk of mortality. Besi...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
percent of patients exhibit constant diarrhea, rectal bleeding, softer stool, mucus in the stool, tenesmus, and abdominal pain. The symptoms may continue for around 6 weeks or even longer. The inflammatory bowel diseases could be effectively treated by 'pharmacotherapies' to relieve and maintain the symptoms, which sho...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
co-morbid disorders and alternation in bowel habits that caused diarrhea or constipation. However, anxiety and tension can also be detected, although patients with irritable bowel disease seem healthy. Apart from these typical symptoms, rectal bleeding, unexpected weight loss and increased inflammatory markers require ...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
is formed in the colon. Colonic obstructions frequently occur within the elder population, often accompanied by significant 'comorbidities'. Although colonic malignancy is revealed as the major cause of the colonic obstruction, volvulus has also been founded as a secondary common cause around the world. In addition, lo...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
practice is common where sanitation infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available, behavior change efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets. Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems. High levels of open defecation are linked to high child mort...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
=== Psychology === Some aspects of psychology surround the act of defecation. There is an inherent desire for privacy among humans. Freud stipulated a second stage of development, the Anal Stage, which centers around the release of waste from the bladder and bowels. He categorized two types: anal retentive and anal exp...	{ "page_id": 75982, "title": "Defecation" }
Achnanthaceae is a family of algae belonging to the order Achnanthales, and was first described in 1844 by Friedrich Traugott Kützing. Genera: Achnanthes Bory, 1822 Amphicocconeis M.De Stephano & D.Marino, 2002 Diatomella Haloroundia C.A.Düaz & N.I.Maidana, 2006 Platebaikalia Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Genkal & Kociolek...	{ "page_id": 67578063, "title": "Achnanthaceae" }
Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, a...	{ "page_id": 3680464, "title": "Chemical law" }
higher the energy barrier, the slower the transformation occurs. There is a transition state (TS), that corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier. The Hammond-Leffler Postulate states that this state looks most similar to the product or starting material which has intrinsic energy closest to that of...	{ "page_id": 3680464, "title": "Chemical law" }
Rhenium oxychloride may refer to: Rhenium oxytetrachloride, ReOCl4, a rhenium(VI) compound Rhenium trioxide chloride, ReO3Cl, a rhenium(VII) compound The rhenium oxychlorides are a subset of metal oxyhalides.	{ "page_id": 74066129, "title": "Rhenium oxychloride" }
The molecular formula C25H25NO (molar mass: 355.47 g/mol, exact mass: 355.1936 u) may refer to: JWH-007 JWH-019 JWH-047 JWH-122	{ "page_id": 36186320, "title": "C25H25NO" }
Paired-end tags (PET) (sometimes "Paired-End diTags", or simply "ditags") are the short sequences at the 5’ and 3' ends of a DNA fragment which are unique enough that they (theoretically) exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search (if full-genome...	{ "page_id": 26224857, "title": "Paired-end tag" }
Fragmented genomic DNA or complementary DNA (cDNA) of interest is cloned into plasmid vectors. The cloning sites are flanked with adaptor sequences that contain restriction sites for endonucleases (discussed below). Inserts are ligated to the plasmid vectors and individual vectors are then transformed into E. coli maki...	{ "page_id": 26224857, "title": "Paired-end tag" }
re-sequencing has advantages over the use of single reads. This application is called pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as double-barrel shotgun sequencing. Anchoring one half of the pair uniquely to a single location in the genome allows mapping of the other half that is ambiguous. Ambiguous reads are those ...	{ "page_id": 26224857, "title": "Paired-end tag" }
bound by oestrogen receptor α (ER-α) in oestrogen-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cells. ChIA-PET is an unbiased way to analyze interactions and higher-order chromatin structures because it can detect interactions between unknown DNA elements. In contrast, 3C and 4C methods are used to detect interactions involving...	{ "page_id": 26224857, "title": "Paired-end tag" }
Therefore, RNA-PET is not suitable for detecting alternative splicing. In addition, if the cloning procedure is used construct the cDNA library before generating the PETs, cDNAs that are difficult to clone (as a result of long transcripts) would have lower coverage. Similarly, transcripts (or transcript isoforms) with ...	{ "page_id": 26224857, "title": "Paired-end tag" }
Nature-positive is a concept and goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, and to achieve full nature recovery by 2050. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the aim is to achieve this through "measurable gains in the health, abundance, diversity, and resilience of species, ecosystems, and natural processes....	{ "page_id": 77277402, "title": "Nature-positive" }
since the term was introduced. This led to criticism of nature positive as vague and open to variable interpretation. Concerns have also been raised over the vulnerability of nature positive to greenwashing, the "net" approach to biodiversity, and over the "financialization of nature". === Distinction from existing pol...	{ "page_id": 77277402, "title": "Nature-positive" }

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