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and management of risks – a process described as mainstreaming. Mainstreaming distinguishes nature positive from NNL and NPI approaches, where biodiversity considerations are generally dealt with by ecological managers at project sites. In addition to mainstreaming, nature positive aims to integrate natural and social ... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
there was no equivalent for biodiversity loss. Nature positive was therefore proposed as a "global goal for nature" to integrate with climate and development goals and direct future global agreements to an "Equitable, Nature-Positive, Carbon Neutral world." == Support for the term and concept == Nature-positive is incr... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
Nature Positive economy as "an economy that is regenerative, collaborative and where growth is only valued where it contributes to social progress and environmental protection." Nature is a key theme for the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), described as "accelerating nature-positive ac... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
definitions have been used to describe the term across institutions since its emergence. To align the definition of nature-positive and ensure the integrity of its use, the Nature Positive Initiative was launched in September 2023 and published a definition that has subsequently been used widely. Fears were expressed t... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
However, Friends of the Earth have argued that the net approach fails to account for loss of ecosystem function, assumes like-for-like compensation is possible, and sets unrealistic expectations for offsetting. The conservationists that proposed nature-positive argue that this is an "inevitable result of humanity's ong... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
As part of the legal reforms proposed by the NPP, Minister for the Environment and Water, Tanya Plibersek, proposed The Nature Positive (Environment Information Australia) Bill 2024 to establish Environment Information Australia. The bill defines nature-positive as "an improvement in the diversity, abundance, resilienc... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
G7ANPE too. The European Commission has published a number of reports that discuss transition to nature positive economies. For example, the European Commission Directorate-General for Research & Innovation released a report from independent experts about the role of nature-based solutions for a nature-positive economy... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
issue and register nature-positive declarations that state an aim to achieve nature positivity. To promote the nature-positive goal, the Ministry of the Environment announced daidaraposie, a cartoon character. Daidaraposie was created by Kiyokazu Motoyama and is based on Daidarabotchi, a figure in Japanese mythology. I... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
natural capital in the green economy. However, the UK is yet to make a legally-binding commitment to achieving the nature-positive goal. Targets for achieving the nature-positive goal were set in the 2023 'Environmental Improvement Plan', published by the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. This includ... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
target for biodiversity. ==== Scotland ==== The devolved Scottish Government made a commitment to be nature positive by 2030 in its 'Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045', published in December 2022 and later updated in September 2023. The Strategy sets out priority actions to achieve the nature positive goal and is ... | {
"page_id": 77277402,
"title": "Nature-positive"
} |
Michael Albeck (Hebrew: מיכאל אלבק; born October 1934) is an Israeli organic and bioorganic chemist of tellurium compounds. He was President of Bar-Ilan University from 1986 to 1989. == Early life and education == Michael Albeck was born in Berlin, Germany to Hanoch and Henya Albeck in October 1934. His family immigrat... | {
"page_id": 49424601,
"title": "Michael Albeck"
} |
and publications == Albeck’s main scientific interests are in the chemistry and biological activity of organic and inorganic tellurium compounds. Two of these compounds, AS101 and SAS, exhibit immuno-modulating, antiviral and anticancer activity. They are now in various clinical trials. He published over 120 scientific... | {
"page_id": 49424601,
"title": "Michael Albeck"
} |
A bird rarities committee or bird records committee is a committee which exists to validate records of rare birds in a particular country or region. Many countries have national rarities committees; in some areas, such as Europe, coverage is near-complete at a national level. European national committees are all member... | {
"page_id": 14231772,
"title": "Bird rarities committee"
} |
Autoassociative memory, also known as auto-association memory or an autoassociation network, is any type of memory that is able to retrieve a piece of data from only a tiny sample of itself. They are very effective in de-noising or removing interference from the input and can be used to determine whether the given inpu... | {
"page_id": 9054429,
"title": "Autoassociative memory"
} |
=== Hopfield networks serve as content-addressable ("associative") memory systems with binary threshold nodes, and they have been shown to act as autoassociative since they are capable of remembering data by observing a portion of that data. === Heteroassociative memory === Heteroassociative memories, on the other hand... | {
"page_id": 9054429,
"title": "Autoassociative memory"
} |
GlycomeDB is a database of carbohydrates including structural and taxonomic data. == See also == Glycomics == References == == External links == http://www.glycome-db.org | {
"page_id": 31467742,
"title": "GlycomeDB"
} |
Catherine E. Costello is the William Fairfield Warren distinguished professor in the department of biochemistry, Cell Biology and Genomics, and the director of the Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry at the Boston University School of Medicine. == Education == Catherine E. Costello attended the Emmanuel College in ... | {
"page_id": 69216480,
"title": "Catherine E. Costello"
} |
2023 Analytical Scientist the Power List - Leaders and Advocates 2020 Society for Glycobiology Molecular and Cellular Proteomics (MCP) / American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) Lectureship Award 2019 inaugural winner of the US Human Proteome Organization Lifetime Achievement in Proteomics Award ... | {
"page_id": 69216480,
"title": "Catherine E. Costello"
} |
In statistics, EM (expectation maximization) algorithm handles latent variables, while GMM is the Gaussian mixture model. == Background == In the picture below, are shown the red blood cell hemoglobin concentration and the red blood cell volume data of two groups of people, the Anemia group and the Control Group (i.e. ... | {
"page_id": 64563432,
"title": "EM algorithm and GMM model"
} |
∑ i = 1 m log ∑ z ( i ) = 1 k p ( x ( i ) ∣ z ( i ) ; μ , Σ ) p ( z ( i ) ; ϕ ) {\displaystyle \ell (\phi ,\mu ,\Sigma )=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\log(p(x^{(i)};\phi ,\mu ,\Sigma ))=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\log \sum _{z^{(i)}=1}^{k}p\left(x^{(i)}\mid z^{(i)};\mu ,\Sigma \right)p(z^{(i)};\phi )} As the z i {\displaystyle z_{i}} for each... | {
"page_id": 64563432,
"title": "EM algorithm and GMM model"
} |
simple with maximum likelihood estimation. But if z i {\displaystyle z_{i}} is unknown it is much more complicated. Being z {\displaystyle z} a latent variable (i.e. not observed), with unlabeled scenario, the Expectation Maximization Algorithm is needed to estimate z {\displaystyle z} as well as other parameters. Gene... | {
"page_id": 64563432,
"title": "EM algorithm and GMM model"
} |
,\Sigma \right)} 2. (M-step) Update the parameters ϕ j := 1 m ∑ i = 1 m w j ( i ) {\displaystyle \phi _{j}:={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}w_{j}^{(i)}} μ j := ∑ i = 1 m w j ( i ) x ( i ) ∑ i = 1 m w j ( i ) {\displaystyle \mu _{j}:={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{m}w_{j}^{(i)}x^{(i)}}{\sum _{i=1}^{m}w_{j}^{(i)}}}} Σ j := ∑ i = 1 m ... | {
"page_id": 64563432,
"title": "EM algorithm and GMM model"
} |
_{j}\right)^{T}\Sigma _{j}^{-1}\left(x^{(i)}-\mu _{j}\right)\right)} p ( z ( i ) = j ; ϕ ) = ϕ j {\displaystyle p\left(z^{(i)}=j;\phi \right)=\phi _{j}} In this way, a switch between the E-step and the M-step is possible, according to the randomly initialized parameters. == References == | {
"page_id": 64563432,
"title": "EM algorithm and GMM model"
} |
A Gran plot (also known as Gran titration or the Gran method) is a common means of standardizing a titrate or titrant by estimating the equivalence volume or end point in a strong acid-strong base titration or in a potentiometric titration. Such plots have been also used to calibrate glass electrodes, to estimate the c... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
= 10 E − E 0 s o r [ H + ] = 10 − p H {\displaystyle [H^{+}]=10^{\frac {E-E^{0}}{s}}\ or\ [H^{+}]=10^{-pH}} depending on whether the electrode is calibrated in millivolts or pH. For convenience the concentration, [H+], is used in place of activity. In a titration of strong acid with strong alkali, the analytical concen... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
[ H + ] i [ O H − ] i {\displaystyle K_{w^{}}=[H^{+}]_{i}[OH^{-}]_{i}} where Kw is the water autoprotolysis constant. If titrating an acid of initial volume v 0 {\displaystyle v_{0^{}}} and concentration [ H + ] 0 {\displaystyle [H^{+}]_{0^{}}} with base of concentration [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle [OH^{-}]_{0^{}}} , th... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
have v e = v 0 [ H + ] 0 / [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle v_{e}=v_{0}[H^{+}]_{0}/[OH^{-}]_{0^{}}} as intercept The equivalence volume is used to compute whichever of [ H + ] 0 {\displaystyle [H^{+}]_{0^{}}} or [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle [OH^{-}]_{0^{}}} is unknown. The pH meter is usually calibrated with buffer solutions a... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
p H i vs. v i {\displaystyle ({v_{0}+v_{i}})10^{pH_{i}}{\text{ vs. }}v_{i^{}}} will have a linear region before equivalence with slope − [ H + ] 0 / K w {\displaystyle -[H^{+}]_{0}/K_{w^{}}} and a plot of ( v 0 + v i ) 10 − p H i vs. v i {\displaystyle ({v_{0}+v_{i}})10^{-pH_{i}}{\text{ vs. }}v_{i^{}}} will have a line... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
− ] 0 {\displaystyle K_{a}\approx {\frac {10^{-pH_{i}}v_{i}[OH^{-}]_{0}}{v_{0}[HA]_{0}-v_{i}[OH^{-}]_{0}}}} , or K a ( v 0 [ H A ] 0 [ O H − ] 0 − v i ) ≈ 10 − p H i v i {\displaystyle K_{a}(v_{0}{\frac {[HA]_{0}}{[OH^{-}]_{0}}}-v_{i})\approx 10^{-pH_{i}}v_{i}} or, because v e = v 0 [ H A ] 0 [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
[ C O 2 ] 0 {\displaystyle (v_{e}-v_{e}^{\prime })[H^{+}]_{0^{}}=2v_{0}[CO_{2}]_{0}} . In the opposite case of a titration of acid by base, the carbonate content is similarly computed from ( v e ′ − v e ) [ O H − ] 0 = 2 v e ′ [ C O 2 ] 0 {\displaystyle (v_{e}^{\prime }-v_{e})[OH^{-}]_{0^{}}=2v_{e}^{\prime }[CO_{2}]_{0... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
{\displaystyle v_{i^{}}} will have a linear region before equivalence, with slope − 10 b 0 [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle -10^{b_{0}}[OH^{-}]_{0^{}}} and a plot of ( v 0 + v i ) 10 − b 1 E i {\displaystyle ({v_{0}+v_{i}})10^{-b_{1}E_{i}}} vs. v i {\displaystyle v_{i^{}}} will have a linear region after equivalence, with sl... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
0 10 − b 0 / K w {\displaystyle -[H^{+}]_{0^{}}10^{-b_{0}}/K_{w}} ) is used to compute K w {\displaystyle K_{w^{}}} using a known value of [ H + ] 0 {\displaystyle [H^{+}]_{0^{}}} or using the value given by the acid-side equivalence volume. In the sample data illustrated in Figure 1, this offset correction was not ins... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
base for electrode calibration. This program additionally can compute (by a separate, non-linear least-squares process) a 'correction' for the base concentration. An advantage of this method of electrode calibration is that it can be performed in the same medium of constant ionic strength which may later be used for th... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
( v 0 + v i ) 10 b 1 E i {\displaystyle ({v_{0}+v_{i}})10^{b_{1}E_{i}}} or ( v 0 + v i ) 10 − b 1 E i {\displaystyle ({v_{0}+v_{i}})10^{-b_{1}E_{i}}} plotted versus v i {\displaystyle v_{i^{}}} will have an x-intercept v 0 [ S 0 ] 0 / [ S 1 ] 0 {\displaystyle v_{0}[S^{0}]_{0}/[S^{1}]_{0^{}}} . In the opposite titration... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
0 (after equivalence) {\displaystyle {\frac {v_{0}[Cl^{-}]_{0}-v_{i}[Ag^{+}]_{0}}{v_{0}+v_{i}}}{\begin{cases}\approx [Cl^{-}]_{i}{\text{ or }}K_{sp}10^{-b_{1}E_{i}+b_{0}}&{\text{ when }}v_{0^{}}[Cl^{-}]_{0}>v_{i}[Ag^{+}]_{0}{\text{ (before equivalence)}}\\=0&{\text{ when }}v_{0^{}}[Cl^{-}]_{0}=v_{i}[Ag^{+}]_{0}{\text{ ... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
However, there is disagreement among practitioners as to which data to plot, whether using only data on one side of equivalence or on both sides, and whether to select data nearest equivalence or in the most linear portions: using the data nearest the equivalence point will enable the two x-intercepts to be more coinci... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
constants, Wiley-VCH, 1992. McBryde, W. A. E. (1969): Analyst, 94, 337. Rossotti, F. J. C. and Rossotti, H. (1965): J. Chem. Ed., 42, 375 Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Holler, F. J. and Crouch, S. R. (2003): Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 8th Ed., Brooks and Cole, Chap. 37. Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.... | {
"page_id": 15804648,
"title": "Gran plot"
} |
In quantum mechanics, the u-bit or ubit is a proposed theoretical entity which arises in attempts to reformulate wave functions using only real numbers instead of the complex numbers conventionally used. == Description == In order to discover the real probability of a given quantum event occurring, the conventional cal... | {
"page_id": 41756904,
"title": "U-bit"
} |
Drug antagonism refers to a medicine stopping the action or effect of another substance, preventing a biological response. The stopping actions are carried out by four major mechanisms, namely chemical, pharmacokinetic, receptor and physiological antagonism. The four mechanisms are widely used in reducing overstimulate... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
competition. Thus, the opposition is surmountable. The amount to which the competitive antagonist causes the agonist log concentration–effect curve to shift to the right while maintaining its maximum slope is a measure of the dosage ratio. The antagonist concentration causes the dosage ratio to rise linearly. ==== Non-... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
reversible competitive antagonists like antihistamines (Figure 1) compete with histamine (Figure 2) to bind to histamine receptors, blocking the allergic response by histamine. They are used in treating histamine-mediated allergies and allergic rhinitis. Irreversible competitive antagonists like phenoxybenzamine do not... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
replication. Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody binding with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inhibiting its pro-inflammatory action. Its efficacious anti-inflammatory action is clinically used in Crohn's Disease, active rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and active ankylosing spondylitis. ==== Salt a... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
the location at which the drug is deionised, thus affecting the required time for absorption and onset. ==== Drugs affecting metabolism: phenytoin ==== Many drugs are metabolised by a set of liver enzymes called CYP450s. The activity of these enzymes would determine the rate of pro-drug activation and the rate of inact... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
levels. Another example is epinephrine (a bronchodilator) and histamine (a bronchoconstrictor). Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors to promote bronchodilation whilst histamine binds to histamine receptors which leads to bronchoconstriction. Since they have opposite effects in different pathways, they are consider... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
It can be directly compared with EC50, which is commonly used to measure the potency of an agonist. EC50 means the concentration of agonist needed to give a 50% response. IC50 is significant in determining the optimal dose of antagonist. A high concentration of an antagonist in the body may result in toxicity in the ce... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
toxicity. Dimercaprol has a narrow TI so it is replaced by its derivative, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). === Upregulation of receptors in functional antagonists === Upregulation of receptors is the increase in receptor number or sensitivity of receptors. The receptors involved in functional antagonism are regulat... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
ratio of the toxic dosage (TD) or fatal dose (LD) to the effective dose (ED), determines the level of safety associated with a substance. === Mechanism of action === ==== Decrease the active toxin level ==== Agents that "bind" to the toxin can reduce free or active toxin present. It is possible for this binding to be n... | {
"page_id": 76556523,
"title": "Drug antagonism"
} |
Non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics (NRQED) is a low-energy approximation of quantum electrodynamics which describes the interaction of (non-relativistic, i.e. moving at speeds much smaller than the speed of light) spin one-half particles (e.g., electrons) with the quantized electromagnetic field. NRQED is an effe... | {
"page_id": 55585008,
"title": "Non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics"
} |
A tether is a form of cell surface protrusion, separated from the cytoskeleton after the application of low pulling forces to the cell surface membrane. They are thin, viscoelastic tubes which can be observed in vivo due to shear flow caused by molecular bonds between blood cells and vessel walls, for example. In bioch... | {
"page_id": 9054449,
"title": "Tether (cell biology)"
} |
Evolutionary theory was a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of evolutionary biology. It was established in 1973 and published until 2003 by the University of Chicago. The founding editor-in-chief was Leigh Van Valen, later joined by Melissa Stoller. == References == | {
"page_id": 53750001,
"title": "Evolutionary Theory (journal)"
} |
Bromothiophene may refer to: 2-Bromothiophene 3-Bromothiophene | {
"page_id": 59975924,
"title": "Bromothiophene"
} |
Rolled oats are a type of lightly processed whole-grain food. They are made from oat groats that have been dehusked and steamed, before being rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers and then stabilized by being lightly toasted. Thick-rolled oats, or old-fashioned oats, usually remain unbroken during processing. Rol... | {
"page_id": 2762999,
"title": "Rolled oats"
} |
water, milk, or plant-based dairy substitutes. The required soaking duration depends on shape, size and pre-processing technique. Whole oat groats can be cooked as a breakfast cereal in the same general way as the various forms of oatmeal, rolled oats, and pinhead oats; they simply take longer to cook. Rolled oats are ... | {
"page_id": 2762999,
"title": "Rolled oats"
} |
The molecular formula C15H20Cl2N2 (molar mass: 299.24 g/mol) may refer to: BD1018, a selective sigma receptor ligand BD1031, a selective sigma receptor agonist | {
"page_id": 36186359,
"title": "C15H20Cl2N2"
} |
In theoretical chemistry, the Buckingham potential is a formula proposed by Richard Buckingham which describes the Pauli exclusion principle and van der Waals energy Φ 12 ( r ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{12}(r)} for the interaction of two atoms that are not directly bonded as a function of the interatomic distance r {\displ... | {
"page_id": 26028285,
"title": "Buckingham potential"
} |
forces for gases based on Chapman and Cowling collision theory. The potential has the form Φ 12 ( r ) = ϵ 1 − 6 / α [ 6 α exp [ α ( 1 − r r m i n ) ] − ( r m i n r ) 6 ] {\displaystyle \Phi _{12}(r)={\frac {\epsilon }{1-6/\alpha }}\left[{\frac {6}{\alpha }}\exp \left[\alpha \left(1-{\frac {r}{r_{min}}}\right)\right]-... | {
"page_id": 26028285,
"title": "Buckingham potential"
} |
0 r {\displaystyle \Phi _{12}(r)=A\exp \left(-Br\right)-{\frac {C}{r^{6}}}+{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r}}} where A, B, and C are suitable constants and the additional term is the electrostatic potential energy. The above equation may be written in its alternate form as Φ ( r ) = ε { 6 α − 6 exp ( α [ 1 ... | {
"page_id": 26028285,
"title": "Buckingham potential"
} |
+ q 1 q 2 r 12 {\displaystyle \Phi _{12}(r)=\left[A_{12}\exp \left(-B_{12}r_{12}\right)-{\frac {C_{12}}{r_{12}^{6}}}\right]+{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r_{12}}}} where Φ 12 ( r ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{12}(r)} is the interatomic potential between atom i and atom j, q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} and q 2 {\displaystyle q_{2}} are the... | {
"page_id": 26028285,
"title": "Buckingham potential"
} |
Advertising in biology means the use of displays by organisms such as animals and plants to signal their presence for some evolutionary reason. Such signalling may be honest, used to attract other organisms, as when flowers use bright colours, patterns, and scent to attract pollinators such as bees; or, again honestly,... | {
"page_id": 49883395,
"title": "Advertising in biology"
} |
birds of paradise and bower birds, have elaborate plumage, song, and behaviour. These evolved through sexual selection by females. The males use these features alone or in combination to advertise their presence, and, especially but not only in species with lek mating, to compete with rival males. In a lek, the presenc... | {
"page_id": 49883395,
"title": "Advertising in biology"
} |
in vain for the brightly coloured insect it saw. Male crickets chirp to attract females, and in some species, their calls can be heard from great distances. However, a certain parasitic fly has taken advantage of this, the female is attracted to a calling male cricket on which it then deposits its developing larvae. El... | {
"page_id": 49883395,
"title": "Advertising in biology"
} |
identify it as a con-specific. == References == | {
"page_id": 49883395,
"title": "Advertising in biology"
} |
EuroFlow consortium was founded in 2005 as 2U-FP6 funded project and launched in spring 2006. At first, EuroFlow was composed of 18 diagnostic research groups and two SMEs (small/medium enterprises) from eight different European countries with complementary knowledge and skills in the field of flow cytometry and immuno... | {
"page_id": 41363717,
"title": "EuroFlow"
} |
== During passed few years EuroFlow achieved most of its goals. Eight-color panels for diagnoses, and classification and follow-up of haematological malignancies were established. Panels, consisting of screening tube and supplementary characterisation tubes, are based on experiences and knowledge from literature but fu... | {
"page_id": 41363717,
"title": "EuroFlow"
} |
An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. The enthalpy of mixing is zero as is the volume change on mixing. The vapor pressures of all components obey Raoult's law across the entire range of concentrations, and the activity co... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
simplest definition is that an ideal solution is a solution for which each component obeys Raoult's law p i = x i p i ∗ {\displaystyle p_{i}=x_{i}p_{i}^{*}} for all compositions. Here p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is the vapor pressure of component i {\displaystyle i} above the solution, x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is its mo... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
one for which each component obeys the fugacity analogue of Raoult's law f i = x i f i ∗ {\displaystyle f_{i}=x_{i}f_{i}^{*}} . Here f i {\displaystyle f_{i}} is the fugacity of component i {\displaystyle i} in solution and f i ∗ {\displaystyle f_{i}^{*}} is the fugacity of i {\displaystyle i} as a pure substance. Sinc... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
optional overbar, standing for partial molar volume: ( ∂ ln f i ∂ P ) T , x i = v i ¯ R T . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \ln f_{i}}{\partial P}}\right)_{T,x_{i}}={\frac {\bar {v_{i}}}{RT}}.} Applying the first equation of this section to this last equation we find: v i ∗ = v ¯ i {\displaystyle v_{i}^{*}={\ba... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
verifiable that C p i ∗ = C p i ¯ . {\displaystyle C_{pi}^{*}={\bar {C_{pi}}}.} === Entropy of mixing === Finally since g i ¯ = μ i = g i g a s + R T ln f i p u = g i g a s + R T ln f i ∗ p u + R T ln x i = μ i ∗ + R T ln x i {\displaystyle {\bar {g_{i}}}=\mu _{i}=g_{i}^{\mathrm {gas} }+RT\ln {\frac {f_{i}}{p^{... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
of mixing. Hence the molar Gibbs free energy of mixing is Δ G m , m i x = R T ∑ i x i ln x i {\displaystyle \Delta G_{\mathrm {m,mix} }=RT\sum _{i}x_{i}\ln x_{i}} or for a two-component ideal solution Δ G m , m i x = R T ( x A ln x A + x B ln x B ) {\displaystyle \Delta G_{\mathrm {m,mix} }=RT(x_{A}\ln x_{A}+x_{B... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
ideal solution obeys Raoult's Law over the entire composition range: p i = ( p i ) pure x i {\displaystyle \ p_{i}=(p_{i})_{\text{pure}}x_{i}} where ( p i ) pure {\displaystyle (p_{i})_{\text{pure}}} is the equilibrium vapor pressure of pure component i {\displaystyle i} and x i {\displaystyle x_{i}\,} is the mole frac... | {
"page_id": 731401,
"title": "Ideal solution"
} |
In graphonomics, Axial pen force is the component of the normal pen force that is parallel to the pen. It is dependent upon pen tilt. In the special case of a perfectly vertical orientation of the writing instrument the axial pen force equals the normal pen force. == See also == Graphonomics == External links == Van De... | {
"page_id": 1517834,
"title": "Axial pen force"
} |
The duplicated gene nucleotide variant database (dbDNV) is a database of duplicated-gene nucleotide variants in the human genome == See also == Gene duplication == References == == External links == "dbDNV". Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. | {
"page_id": 31861003,
"title": "DbDNV"
} |
An impedance pump is a valveless pump consisting of an elastic tube connected on both ends to an inelastic tube. Tapping the end of a tube will cause flow of liquid inside the system. Very small versions of an impedance pump -- a micro impedance pump -- can be used as a micropump for lab-on-a-chip active microfluidics.... | {
"page_id": 25241870,
"title": "Impedance pump"
} |
Zhang Yuheng is a Chinese researcher, physicist, and fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He specializes in condensed matter physics, and his research focuses on low-dimensional physics, spintronics, and superconductivity. He founded the Yuheng Zhang equation, a law in condensed matter. == References == | {
"page_id": 72886545,
"title": "Zhang Yuheng"
} |
The molecular formula C23H27NO2 (molar mass: 347.474 g/mol) may refer to: O-823 R1317 | {
"page_id": 40184082,
"title": "C23H27NO2"
} |
Lepidiota stigma, also known as sugarcane white grub, is a species of insect native to Southeast Asia. The species is known to attack sugarcane fields in the region. == References == | {
"page_id": 66267411,
"title": "Lepidiota stigma"
} |
A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes) chemicals, usually on a large scale. The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials. Chemical plants use specialized equipme... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
such as slurries. An overall chemical process is commonly made up of steps called unit operations which occur in the individual units. A raw material going into a chemical process or plant as input to be converted into a product is commonly called a feedstock, or simply feed. In addition to feedstocks for the plant, as... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
chemical production as well as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacture. ==== Continuous operation ==== In continuous operation, all steps are ongoing continuously in time. During usual continuous operation, the feeding and product removal are ongoing streams of moving material, which together with the proces... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
suited to hold either high pressure or vacuum. Chemical reactions can convert certain kinds of compounds into other compounds in chemical reactors. Chemical reactors may be packed beds and may have solid heterogeneous catalysts which stay in the reactors as fluids move through, or may simply be stirred vessels in which... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
diameter sizes, various types of valves for controlling or stopping flow, pumps for moving or pressurizing liquid, and compressors for pressurizing or moving gases. Vessels, piping, tubing, and sometimes other equipment at high or very low temperatures are commonly covered with insulation for personnel safety and to ma... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
is to construct or synthesize “optimum designs” in the neighborhood of the desired constraints. Many times chemists research chemical reactions or other chemical principles in a laboratory, commonly on a small scale in a "batch-type" experiment. Chemistry information obtained is then used by chemical engineers, along w... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) which shows all piping, tubing, valves, and instrumentation, typically with special symbols. Showing a full plant is often complicated in a P&ID, so often only individual units or specific fluid systems are shown in a single P&ID. In the plant design, the units are sized for th... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
a plant which has a means of pressurizing possibly beyond the rating of its equipment, such as heating, exothermic reactions, or certain pumps or compressors, should have an appropriately sized pressure relief valve included to prevent overpressurization for safety. Frequently all of these parameters (temperatures, pre... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
profit. === Workers === As in any industrial setting, there are a variety of workers working throughout a chemical plant facility, often organized into departments, sections, or other work groups. Such workers typically include engineers, plant operators, and maintenance technicians. Other personnel at the site could i... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
When working with chemicals, safety is a concern in order to avoid problems such as chemical accidents. In the United States, the law requires that employers provide workers working with chemicals with access to a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for every kind of chemical they work with. An MSDS for a certain chemica... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). Approximately 50% of the UK's petrochemicals, which are also commodity chemicals, are produced by the industry cluster companies on Teesside at the mouth of the River Tees on three large chemical parks at Wilton, Billingham and Seal Sands. == Corrosion and use ... | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
Plant | {
"page_id": 1648915,
"title": "Chemical plant"
} |
Hastatic order is a fundamental way of breaking double "time-reversal" symmetry. It is present in the heavy-fermion compound URu2Si2. This order was dubbed hastatic from hasta, the Latin word for "spear". Its cycle is twice as complex as magnetism. == Discovery == Hastatic order was first reported in January 2013 when ... | {
"page_id": 47524120,
"title": "Hastatic order"
} |
The International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), including the d-spacings (related to angle of diffraction) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks. Patterns may be experimentally determined, or computed based o... | {
"page_id": 1517848,
"title": "International Centre for Diffraction Data"
} |
links == International Centre for Diffraction Data official website History, contents & use of the PDF Materials Data Advances in X-ray Analysis—Technical articles on x-ray methods and analyses Powder Diffraction Journal—quarterly journal published by the JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data through the Camb... | {
"page_id": 1517848,
"title": "International Centre for Diffraction Data"
} |
NeighborNet is an algorithm for constructing phylogenetic networks which is loosely based on the neighbor joining algorithm. Like neighbor joining, the method takes a distance matrix as input, and works by agglomerating clusters. However, the NeighborNet algorithm can lead to collections of clusters which overlap and d... | {
"page_id": 35989789,
"title": "Neighbor-net"
} |
The Molecular Frontiers Foundation (MFF) was founded under the auspices of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2007 by Bengt Nordén, a professor of physical chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and the former chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. Part of the mission of MFF according to No... | {
"page_id": 20785437,
"title": "Molecular Frontiers Foundation"
} |
discussion website for children Molecular Frontiers Inquiry Prize Op Ed in New Scientist on the Molecular Frontiers Inquiry Prize, a "Nobel prize for children" | {
"page_id": 20785437,
"title": "Molecular Frontiers Foundation"
} |
Annals of Clinical Biochemistry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of clinical biochemistry. The editor-in-chief is Michael J Murphy (University of Dundee). It was established 1960 and is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laborato... | {
"page_id": 40380701,
"title": "Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"
} |
Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) model is a statistical technique used for feature selection, time series forecasting, nowcasting, inferring causal impact and other applications. The model is designed to work with time series data. The model has also promising application in the field of analytical marketing. In ... | {
"page_id": 50211107,
"title": "Bayesian structural time series"
} |
Economy. Scott, S. L., & Varian, H. R. 2014b. Predicting the present with bayesian structural time series. International Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Optimisation. Varian, H. R. 2014. Big Data: New Tricks for Econometrics. Journal of Economic Perspectives Brodersen, K. H., Gallusser, F., Koehler, J.,... | {
"page_id": 50211107,
"title": "Bayesian structural time series"
} |
Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version ce... | {
"page_id": 5122339,
"title": "Vertebrate Paleontology (book)"
} |
Exohedral fullerenes, also called exofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters attached their outer spheres, such as C50Cl10 and C60H8. or fullerene ligands. == See also == Endohedral fullerene == References == | {
"page_id": 47393061,
"title": "Exohedral fullerene"
} |
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