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The Tybo Charcoal Kilns are a pair of charcoal kilns located 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Tybo, Nevada. Both kilns are 30 feet (9.1 m) tall and 25 feet (7.6 m) in diameter and were built from rocks and mud. The kilns each have three openings: a top opening, a door at ground level, and a rear window with a ramp for wood wa...	{ "page_id": 39980720, "title": "Tybo Charcoal Kilns" }
Maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, in which transition probabilities are chosen accordingly to the principle of maximum entropy, which says that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. While st...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
{\displaystyle j} , choose probability S i j {\displaystyle S_{ij}} of the walker randomly using this edge after visiting i {\displaystyle i} . Formally, find a stochastic matrix S {\displaystyle S} (containing the transition probabilities of a Markov chain) such that 0 ≤ S i j ≤ A i j {\displaystyle 0\leq S_{ij}\leq A...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
i j {\displaystyle \rho _{i}={\frac {\sum \limits _{j=1}^{n}A_{ij}}{\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{n}A_{ij}}}} . It locally maximizes entropy production (uncertainty) for every vertex, but usually leads to a suboptimal averaged global entropy rate H ( S ) {\displaystyle H(S)} . MERW chooses the stochastic ...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
the safest assumption when we don't have any additional knowledge about the system. For example, it would be appropriate for modelling our knowledge about an object performing some complex dynamics – not necessarily random, like a particle. === Sketch of derivation === Assume for simplicity that the considered graph is...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
k l = lim l → ∞ λ 2 l ψ i 2 b ∑ k = 1 n λ 2 l ψ k 2 b = lim l → ∞ ψ i 2 ∑ k = 1 n ψ k 2 = ψ i 2 ∑ k = 1 n ψ k 2 = ψ i 2 ‖ ψ ‖ 2 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{i}=\lim _{l\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {m_{il}}{\sum \limits _{k=1}^{n}m_{kl}}}=\lim _{l\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {\lambda ^{2l}\psi _{i}^{2}b}{\sum \limits _{k=1}^{n}\...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
yielding a MERW corresponding to the uniform ensemble among paths. However, the above derivation works for any real nonnegative A {\displaystyle A} for which the Perron-Frobenius theorem applies. Given A i j = exp ⁡ ( − E i j ) {\displaystyle A_{ij}=\exp(-E_{ij})} , the probability of a particular length- l {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
possible sequences fulfilling this constraint. To practically use such long sequences, after 1 we have to use 0, but there remains a freedom of choosing the probability of 0 after 0. Let us denote this probability by q {\displaystyle q} , then entropy coding would allow encoding a message using this chosen probability ...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
A ψ ) x = ψ x − 1 + ( 1 − V x ) ψ x + ψ x + 1 {\displaystyle (\lambda \psi )_{x}=(A\psi )_{x}=\psi _{x-1}+(1-V_{x})\psi _{x}+\psi _{x+1}} for all positions x {\displaystyle x} , where V x = 1 {\displaystyle V_{x}=1} for defects, 0 otherwise. Substituting 3 ψ x {\displaystyle 3\psi _{x}} and multiplying the equation by ...	{ "page_id": 53153455, "title": "Maximal entropy random walk" }
Pinch-induced behavioral inhibition (PIBI), also called dorsal immobility, transport immobility, clipnosis, or scruffing, is a partially inert state that results from a gentle squeeze of the nape, the skin at the back of the neck. It is mostly observed among cats and allows a mother cat to carry her kitten easily with ...	{ "page_id": 44961465, "title": "Pinch-induced behavioral inhibition" }
In physics and chemistry, the Lyman limit is the short-wavelength end of the Lyman series of hydrogen emission lines at 91.13 nm (911.3 Å). The associated photon energy, 13.6 eV, corresponds to the energy required for an electron in the hydrogen ground state to escape from the electric potential barrier that originally...	{ "page_id": 21761715, "title": "Lyman limit" }
The molecular formula C22H24N2O8 (molar mass: 444.43 g/mol, exact mass: 444.1533 u) may refer to: Tetracycline Doxycycline	{ "page_id": 24710843, "title": "C22H24N2O8" }
The Immunologic Constant of Rejection (ICR), is a notion introduced by biologists to group a shared set of genes expressed in tissue destructive-pathogenic conditions like cancer and infection, along a diverse set of physiological circumstances of tissue damage or organ failure, including autoimmune disease or allograf...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
and cytotoxic T cells are recruited to the site of acute inflammation. Antigen-activated T cells secrete CCR5 ligands (CCL2 and CCL3) to recruit natural killer (NK) cells and other innate immune effector cells to the site of acute inflammation. Several cytotoxic mechanisms converge on the target tissue, and its complet...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
while the poor immune phenotype was defined by perturbation in the MAPK signalling pathways. The consensus clustering of tumours based on ICR gene expression provides an assessment of the prognosis and response to immunotherapy. To illustrate, classification of breast cancer into four classes (ranking from ICR4 to ICR1...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
risk score). The researchers then combined the ICR with the MBR risk score to get a new multi-omics biomarker (mICRoScore) that was able to predict exceptionally long survival in patients with colon cancer. ==== Pancancer ==== A pre-existing intratumoral anti-tumor T helper (Th-1) immune response has been linked to fav...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
ICR classes and clinicopathological and biological variables. Because of this, the cohort was thus divided into 4 groups labelled as ICR1, ICR2, ICR3 and ICR4 with each consisting of 34, 27, 24, and 15% of the tumors. The aforementioned groups were created while taking into account the age age, pathology depth, and enr...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
opposite was highlighted in S4. Upregulation of the WNT/Beta-catenin pathway was associated with unfavorable outcomes and decreased T-cell infiltration in OS. === Other diseases === Molecular pathways including IFN-stimulated genes activation; the recruitment of NK cells and T cells, by the secretion of CCL5 and CXCL9-...	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
prognostic significance in 5 solid cancer types with a stronger association to clinical outcome than ICR and displayed addition prognostic significance in the uterine cohort, endometrial carcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinomam and endocervical adenocarcinoma as compared to ICR. == References ==	{ "page_id": 52956862, "title": "Immunologic constant of rejection" }
The molecular formula C41H67NO15 (molar mass: 813.968 g/mol, exact mass: 813.4511 u) may refer to: Midecamycin Troleandomycin (TAO)	{ "page_id": 24710853, "title": "C41H67NO15" }
The molecular formula C10H16O4 (molar mass: 200.23 g/mol, exact mass: 200.1049 u) may refer to: Camphoric acid 2-Decendioic acid	{ "page_id": 28446406, "title": "C10H16O4" }
The stochastic block model is a generative model for random graphs. This model tends to produce graphs containing communities, subsets of nodes characterized by being connected with one another with particular edge densities. For example, edges may be more common within communities than between communities. Its mathema...	{ "page_id": 47845063, "title": "Stochastic block model" }
planted partition model is the special case that the values of the probability matrix P {\displaystyle P} are a constant p {\displaystyle p} on the diagonal and another constant q {\displaystyle q} off the diagonal. Thus two vertices within the same community share an edge with probability p {\displaystyle p} , while t...	{ "page_id": 47845063, "title": "Stochastic block model" }
In partial recovery, the goal is to approximately determine the latent partition into communities, in the sense of finding a partition that is correlated with the true partition significantly better than a random guess. === Exact recovery === In exact recovery, the goal is to recover the latent partition into communiti...	{ "page_id": 47845063, "title": "Stochastic block model" }
({\tilde {p}}-{\tilde {q}})^{2}>2({\tilde {p}}+{\tilde {q}})} , whereas any estimator fails partial recovery with probability 1 − o ( 1 ) {\displaystyle 1-o(1)} whenever ( p ~ − q ~ ) 2 < 2 ( p ~ + q ~ ) {\displaystyle ({\tilde {p}}-{\tilde {q}})^{2}<2({\tilde {p}}+{\tilde {q}})} . For exact recovery, the appropriate s...	{ "page_id": 47845063, "title": "Stochastic block model" }
model on bipartite networks. In a network of documents and words, Stochastic block model can identify topics: group of words with a similar meaning. == Extensions to signed graphs == Signed graphs allow for both favorable and adverse relationships and serve as a common model choice for various data analysis application...	{ "page_id": 47845063, "title": "Stochastic block model" }
The Coolgardie safe is a low-tech food storage unit, using evaporative cooling to prolong the life of whatever edibles are kept in it. It applies the basic principle of heat transfer which occurs during evaporation of water (see latent heat and heat of evaporation). It was named after the place where it was invented – ...	{ "page_id": 2297543, "title": "Coolgardie safe" }
through the wet bag and evaporate the water. This would cool the air inside the safe, and in turn cool the food stored in the safe. This cooling is due to the water in the hessian needing energy to change state and evaporate. This energy is taken from the interior of the safe (metal mesh), thus making the interior cool...	{ "page_id": 2297543, "title": "Coolgardie safe" }
A standing crop is the total biomass of the living organisms present in a given environment. This includes both natural ecosystems and agriculture. == See also == Net Primary Production Standing State == Bibliography == Ackley, S. F.; Buck, K. R.; Taguchi, S. (1979). "Standing crop of algae in the sea ice of the Weddel...	{ "page_id": 13438665, "title": "Standing crop" }
Lakes Area and in similar lakes". Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada. 35 (2): 190–196. doi:10.1139/f78-031. Williams, R. B.; Murdoch, M. B.; Thomas, L. K. (1968). "Standing crop and importance of zooplankton in a system of shallow estuaries". Chesapeake Science. 9 (1): 42–51. doi:10.2307/1351282. JSTOR 1351282. =...	{ "page_id": 13438665, "title": "Standing crop" }
Brassica rapa is a plant species that has been widely cultivated into many forms, including the turnip (a root vegetable), komatsuna, napa cabbage, bomdong, bok choy, and rapini. Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera is an oilseed commonly known as turnip rape, field mustard, bird's rape, and keblock. Rapeseed oil is a general...	{ "page_id": 1904332, "title": "Brassica rapa" }
who named them B. rapa and B. campestris. Twentieth-century taxonomists found that the plants were cross fertile and thus belonged to the same species. Since the turnip had been named first by Linnaeus, the name Brassica rapa was adopted. == Uses == Many butterflies, including the small white, feed from and pollinate t...	{ "page_id": 1904332, "title": "Brassica rapa" }
The Marie Curie-Skłodowska Medal is a Polish annual science award conferred by the Polish Chemical Society (Polish: Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne, PTCHem) to scientists working permanently abroad for contributions in the field of chemistry. == Description == It was named in honour of physicist Marie Curie (1867–1934) a...	{ "page_id": 63180494, "title": "Marie Curie Medal" }
FICO (legal name: Fair Isaac Corporation), originally Fair, Isaac and Company, is an American data analytics company based in Bozeman, Montana, focused on credit scoring services. It was founded by Bill Fair and Earl Isaac in 1956. Its FICO score, a measure of consumer credit risk, has become a fixture of consumer lend...	{ "page_id": 462546, "title": "FICO" }
a year after CEO William Lansing joined. In 2016 it opened an office in Bozeman, Montana which later became its headquarters. == Acquisitions == DynaMark 1992 Risk Management Technologies 1997 Prevision 1997 Nykamp Consulting Group 2001 HNC Software 2002 NAREX 2003 Diversified Healthcare Services 2003 Seurat (2003) Lon...	{ "page_id": 462546, "title": "FICO" }
Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. == FICO score == A measure of credit risk, FICO scores are available through all of the major consumer reporting agencies in the United States: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. FICO scores are also offered in other markets, including Mexico and Canada, as well ...	{ "page_id": 462546, "title": "FICO" }
A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study. The collection differs from a set: all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship. In other words, it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which is ignore...	{ "page_id": 30871250, "title": "Physical system" }
(25 January 2007). Modeling Theory in Science Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2140-4. Retrieved 21 June 2023. Schmutzer, Ernst (29 August 2005). Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik (in German). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-40555-8. Retrieved 21 June 2023.	{ "page_id": 30871250, "title": "Physical system" }
The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921 is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. The lectures were translated into English by Edwin Plimpton Adams. The lecture...	{ "page_id": 65933012, "title": "The Meaning of Relativity" }
to let the fundamentals in the entire train of thought of the theory emerge clearly". On December 27, 1949, The New York Times ran a story titled "New Einstein theory gives a master key to the universe" in reaction to the new appendix in the book's fifth edition in which Einstein expounded upon his latest unification e...	{ "page_id": 65933012, "title": "The Meaning of Relativity" }
Among other references to the book, a 2005 column of The Physics Teacher, included the work in a list of books "by and about Einstein that all physics teachers should have" and "should have immediate access to", while a 2019 review of another work opened by stating: "Every teacher of General Relativity depends heavily ...	{ "page_id": 65933012, "title": "The Meaning of Relativity" }
Non-symmetric Field. Introduction by Brian Greene (5th eBook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-5187-4. OCLC 884013779. === German editions === Einstein, Albert (1922). Vier Vorlesungen über Relativitätstheorie: gehalten im Mai 1921 an der Universität Princeton (in German). Braunschweig: Fried...	{ "page_id": 65933012, "title": "The Meaning of Relativity" }
Deepfake pornography, or simply fake pornography, is a type of synthetic pornography that is created via altering already-existing photographs or video by applying deepfake technology to the images of the participants. The use of deepfake pornography has sparked controversy because it involves the making and sharing of...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
and quickly spread online. Since then, there have been numerous instances of similar deepfake content targeting other female celebrities, such as Emma Watson, Natalie Portman, and Scarlett Johansson. Johansson spoke publicly on the issue in December 2018, condemning the practice but also refusing legal action because s...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
deepfake images, and reported the accounts posting the deepfakes. Searches for Swift's name were temporarily disabled on X, returning an error message instead. Graphika, a disinformation research firm, traced the creation of the images back to a 4chan community. A source close to Swift told the Daily Mail that she woul...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
chat groups on Telegram where users, mainly teenagers, create and share explicit deepfake images of classmates and teachers. The issue came in the wake of a troubling history of digital sex crimes, notably the notorious Nth Room case in 2019. The Korean Teachers Union estimated that more than 200 schools had been affec...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
on children including defamation, grooming, extortion, and bullying. === Differences from generative AI pornography === While both deepfake pornography and generative AI pornography utilize synthetic media, they differ in approach and ethical implications. Generative AI pornography is created entirely through algorithm...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
available to the public. In 2019, Deepware launched the first publicly available detection tool which allowed users to easily scan and detect deepfake videos. Similarly, in 2020 Microsoft released a free and user-friendly video authenticator. Users upload a suspected video or input a link, and receive a confidence scor...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
more than 5 years, or both." However this bill has since died in 2023. In the United Kingdom, the Law Commission for England and Wales recommended reform to criminalise sharing of deepfake pornography in 2022. In 2023, the government announced amendments to the Online Safety Bill to that end. The Online Safety Act 2023...	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
online == References ==	{ "page_id": 62590682, "title": "Deepfake pornography" }
A body plan, Bauplan (pl. German: Baupläne), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals. The vertebrates share one body plan, while invertebrates have many. This term, usually applied to animals, envisages a "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as symmetry, layers, ...	{ "page_id": 4394717, "title": "Body plan" }
the others, such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four body plans or embranchements: Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four branches: vertebrates, molluscs, articulata (including insects and annelids) and zoophytes or Radiata. === Haeckel, 1866 === Ernst Haeckel, in his 18...	{ "page_id": 4394717, "title": "Body plan" }
gradient that acts as a position indicator for cells, turning on other genes, some of which in turn produce other morphogens. A key discovery was the existence of groups of homeobox genes, which function as switches responsible for laying down the basic body plan in animals. The homeobox genes are remarkably conserved ...	{ "page_id": 4394717, "title": "Body plan" }
Neoepitopes are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) bounded peptides. They represent the antigenic determinants of neoantigens. Neoepitopes are recognized by the immune system as targets for T cells and can elicit immune response to cancer. == Description == Epitopes, also referred to as antigenic determi...	{ "page_id": 61411039, "title": "Neoepitope" }
T cells. One challenge is to identify the neoepitopes that trigger a suitable immune response, that is, to find out which neoepitopes in the individual tumor are highly immunogenic. == Cancer vaccines == Individualized cancer immunotherapy includes vaccination with tumor mutation-derived neoepitopes. The concept is bas...	{ "page_id": 61411039, "title": "Neoepitope" }
The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. The lingual septum is closely associated with the hyoglossus membrane, allowing the binding of the tongue to the hyoid muscles. Visualization...	{ "page_id": 5312225, "title": "Lingual septum" }
The Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis is a multi-component reaction used for the synthesis of imidazoles from a 1,2-dicarbonyl, an aldehyde, and ammonia or a primary amine. The method is used commercially to produce several imidazoles. The process is an example of a multicomponent reaction. The reaction can be vie...	{ "page_id": 21958369, "title": "Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis" }
An Isograft is a graft of tissue between two individuals who are genetically identical (i.e. monozygotic twins). Transplant rejection between two such individuals virtually never occurs, making isografts particularly relevant to organ transplantations; patients with organs from their identical twins are incredibly like...	{ "page_id": 17239781, "title": "Isograft" }
The Howland Research Forest is a 555-acre (225 ha) tract of mature evergreen forest in the North Maine Woods, within Penobscot County, central Maine, US. It is located west of the town of Howland. == History == The tract is part of the 1.1 million acres (4,500 km2) of Maine forest sold in 2005 by International Paper (I...	{ "page_id": 11734758, "title": "Howland Forest" }
The International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) is a professional society for scientists interested in biometeorology, specifically environmental and ecological aspects of the interaction of the atmosphere and biosphere. The organization's stated purpose is: "to provide one international organization for the promotio...	{ "page_id": 4132583, "title": "International Society of Biometeorology" }
Electrometallurgy is a method in metallurgy that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis. It is usually the last stage in metal production and is therefore preceded by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical operations. The electrolysis can be done on a molten metal oxide (smelt electrolysis) which is ...	{ "page_id": 4001513, "title": "Electrometallurgy" }
in the process, no CO2 gas is produced. So no direct greenhouse gas emission. Moreover, if the electricity to run such cells comes from renewable sources, this process may have zero emissions. This technology also can be implemented for producing Nickel, Chromium, and Ferrochromium. Currently the Massachusetts-based Bo...	{ "page_id": 4001513, "title": "Electrometallurgy" }
A proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a molecule that can remove specific unwanted proteins. Rather than acting as a conventional enzyme inhibitor, a PROTAC works by inducing selective intracellular proteolysis. A heterobifunctional molecule with two active domains and a linker, PROTACs consist of two covalently ...	{ "page_id": 50532084, "title": "Proteolysis targeting chimera" }
interest in close proximity to the E3 ligase to catalyze degradation. Unlike traditional inhibitors, PROTACs have a catalytic mechanism, with the PROTAC itself being recycled after the target protein is degraded. == Design and development == The protein targeting warhead, E3 ligase, and linker must all be considered fo...	{ "page_id": 50532084, "title": "Proteolysis targeting chimera" }
interactions including experimentally-determined PROTACs and PROTAC-related molecules with accompanying target and E3 information. PROTACpedia, a manually curated and user-contributed PROTAC-specific public access database. E3 Atlas, a comprehensive E3 database that characterizes the potential for specific E3 ligases t...	{ "page_id": 50532084, "title": "Proteolysis targeting chimera" }
RepTar is a repository of cellular targets of host and viral miRNAs. == See also == MiRTarBase MESAdb PmiRKB microRNA == References == == External links == http://reptar.ekmd.huji.ac.il.	{ "page_id": 31264501, "title": "RepTar (database)" }
Oppenheimer is a 2023 epic biographical drama film written, produced, and directed by Christopher Nolan. It follows the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American theoretical physicist who helped develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Mart...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
film of all time at the time of its release. The recipient of many accolades, Oppenheimer was nominated for thirteen awards at the 96th Academy Awards and won seven, including Best Picture, Best Director (Nolan), Best Actor (Murphy), and Best Supporting Actor (Downey). It also won five Golden Globe Awards (including Be...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
Bethe, and Edward Teller, and collaborates with the scientists Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, and David L. Hill at the University of Chicago. Teller's calculations reveal an atomic detonation could destroy the world; after consulting with Albert Einstein and having Bethe do his own calculations on the matter, Oppenheimer c...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
raised and his associates' testimony is twisted against him, with Teller's being the most damaging. After Kitty vigorously defends herself and her husband, the board no longer suspects Oppenheimer of disloyalty but still revokes his clearance, thereby damaging his public image and limiting his influence on American nuc...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
Arnold as Frank Oppenheimer, Robert's younger brother and a particle physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project. Tom Conti as Albert Einstein, Nobel-winning German theoretical physicist known for developing the theory of relativity. James D'Arcy as Patrick Blackett, Oppenheimer's doctoral supervisor and Nobel-winnin...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
weapons program during World War II. Alex Wolff as Luis Walter Alvarez, a Nobel-winning physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project. Josh Zuckerman as Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, a physicist who became Oppenheimer's protégé at Berkeley. Rory Keane as Hartland Snyder, a physicist, who collaborated with Oppenheimer to cal...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
physicist and creator of the Chicago Pile. Christopher Denham as Klaus Fuchs, a German-born physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and spied for the Soviet Union. Jessica Erin Martin as Charlotte Serber, head technical librarian at Los Alamos. Ronald Auguste as J. Ernest Wilkins Jr., an African American nuclear ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
optioned by various filmmakers over the next fifteen years. The authors became pessimistic about a film adaptation. Oliver Stone declined an opportunity to direct, saying "I couldn't find my way to its essence". In 2015, J. David Wargo optioned the book, then commissioned and rejected several scripts. During the COVID-...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
Nolan had left Warner Bros. and was meeting with other studios to develop his new project. Nolan had previously supported Warner Bros.' decision to give Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) a simultaneous release, saying he felt that situation had been handled properly, but said he had been excluded from any discussions regarding ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
as he lived during the era of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the anti-nuclear protests in RAF Greenham Common. He felt that "while our relationship with that [nuclear] fear has ebbed and flowed with time, the threat itself never actually went away", and felt the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused a...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
the story from both subjective and objective perspectives, respectively, with most of Oppenheimer's view shown via the former, while the latter depicts a "more objective view of his story from a different character's point of view". Wanting to make the film as subjective as possible, the production team decided to incl...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, desiring to go from the "highest triumphalism, the highest high, to the lowest low in the shortest amount of screen time possible". For the ending, Nolan chose to make it intentionally vague to be open to interpretation and refrained from being didactic or conveying specif...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
would later describe Oppenheimer as "the best film" in which he has appeared to date. Downey previously met with Nolan for the role of Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow in Batman Begins (2005), but Nolan felt Downey wasn't right for the role, which went to Murphy. Blunt met Nolan in Los Angeles and, when she was offered the r...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
call was held in February. Principal photography began on February 28, 2022, at Ghost Ranch in New Mexico, and lasted for 57 days with Hoyte van Hoytema serving as cinematographer. The original shooting schedule had set aside approximately 85 days for filming. However, during pre-production, it had become clear that pr...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
9802 cameras, while scenes shot on the Panavision Panaflex System 65 Studio cameras were shot using Panavision Sphero 65 and Panavision System 65 lenses. Additionally, the production had Panavision construct a custom probe lens to allow the filmmakers to use IMAX cameras for macro photography and microphotography to re...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
in Oppenheimer's original cabin in Los Alamos, which had been restored. Kai Bird visited the set and was impressed by Murphy's performance. The New York hotel scenes were shot in Albuquerque's Old Post Office building, while the Washington, D.C. scenes were shot in state government buildings in the state capital of San...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
to film at White Sands Missile Range, but only at highly inconvenient hours, and therefore chose to film the scene elsewhere in the New Mexico desert. The production filmed the Trinity test scenes in Belen, New Mexico, with Murphy climbing a 100-foot steel tower, a replica of the original site used in the Manhattan Pro...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
elements, marking their eighth collaboration with Nolan. Andrew Jackson was the visual effects supervisor, who stated that the film used mostly "invisible" visual effects through "'in-camera' special effects created on set". Digital compositing was used for the Trinity scene to add multi-layers to the explosion which w...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
being exclusive to IMAX theaters and the other being shown in all other formats. The latter was eventually released online. In May 2023, an official main trailer debuted during preview screenings of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It was subsequently released to the public on May 8, 2023, alongside a theatrical release...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
audiences, and how they should be viewed as a double feature. The trend was dubbed "Barbenheimer", and was described as counterprogramming during a summer of "entertainment industry meltdown". Cillian Murphy had endorsed the phenomenon, saying "My advice would be for people to go see both, on the same day. If they are ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
15+ rating from the Australian Classification Board board for "strong sex and a suicide scene". In the United Kingdom, the film received a 15 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification for "strong language and sex", meaning anyone under the age of 15 cannot be admitted to view the film. In some countries...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
=== Home media === Oppenheimer was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray, regular Blu-ray and DVD formats including digital on November 21, 2023. As the former two releases sold out days after release, Universal worked on restocking before the holiday season. Nolan was vocal during the home release campaign of the film about th...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
3, including six IMAX 70 mm prints, as these theaters reported selling out during the initial release. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $201.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues. ==== United States and Canada ==== In the United States and Canada, Oppenheimer was rel...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
In its fifth and sixth weekends, the film grossed $10.7 million and $9 million (a drop of 43% and 16% respectively), finishing in third and fourth place at the box office and passing $300 million domestically in its sixth weekend. Following its 13 Oscar nominations, the film expanded from 1,008 theaters to 2,262 in its...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
was reportedly satisfied with the portrayal of Oppenheimer's distress after the bombings. A Hiroshima resident was reported advocating for more people to see the film, and another advocated for fewer. When commenting on Oppenheimer's success in the country, USC School of Cinematic Arts' Vice Dean of Faculty, Akira Mizu...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
another engrossing achievement from Christopher Nolan that benefits from Murphy's tour-de-force performance and stunning visuals." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 90 out of 100, based on 69 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
see anywhere". Caryn James of BBC Culture similarly termed it "boldly imaginative and [Nolan's] most mature work yet", adding that it combined the "explosive, commercially-enticing action of The Dark Knight trilogy" with the "cerebral underpinnings" of Memento, Inception and Tenet. IGN critic Siddhant Adlakha ranked Op...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
crucial contributions of non-Americans who ensured the work was able to commence as early as December 1941: "Nolan completely ignores the crucial role that British science and Australian physicist Mark Oliphant played in jump-starting the quest." Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang defended Nolan's accurate...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
somewhere that Chris [Nolan] implied that this is the movie he's been building toward, and I think he's right. And I'm thrilled that it's a massive hit." Spike Lee also praised the film, calling it a "great film", but felt that it should have shown what happened to the Japanese people, given the film's length. Japanese...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
the film is not only a great dramatic tale but also a prophetic warning. Whether enjoyed as entertainment or analyzed for its subject matter, Oppenheimer is the rare kind of movie that can be appreciated over time, thereby keeping the film’s classical legacy intact for fans." The New York Times also listed the film as ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
During the Trinity test, Donald Hornig had his hand on the kill switch for a faster reaction time and not near it as depicted in the film. Truman did call Oppenheimer a "crybaby" but in a letter to Dean Acheson one year later, not immediately after meeting Oppenheimer. It was also pointed out that the incorrect America...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
another reason to undermine Oppenheimer's credibility by revoking his security clearance: Oppenheimer was opposed to further development of the hydrogen bomb by the United States. Scott Sagan describes the loss of Oppenheimer's influence as a possible constraint upon the nuclear arms race between the United States and ...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
the Scientific Panel of consultants. In this scene, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson is portrayed ordering the removal of Kyoto from the list of top atomic bomb targets, allegedly because it was a favored honeymoon destination for him and his wife. However, historian of science and nuclear weapons, Alex Wellerstein, c...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }
Rings: The Return of the King. The film was also nominated for Best Supporting Actress for Blunt, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Costume Design, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Production Design, and Best Sound. The film won numerous other accolades. It won a leading five Golden Globe Awards, receiving Best Motion Pic...	{ "page_id": 66850554, "title": "Oppenheimer (film)" }

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