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The Portlethen Moss is an acidic bog nature reserve located to the west of the town of Portlethen, Aberdeenshire in Scotland. Like other mosses, this wetland area supports a variety of plant and animal species, even though it has been subject to certain development and agricultural degradation pressures. For example, t...	{ "page_id": 6622971, "title": "Portlethen Moss" }
the town of Stonehaven. This route was used to access the historic meeting of the Covenanters at Muchalls Castle in the year 1638 AD as they opposed the Bishops of Aberdeen. The route was also that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose when they led a Covenanter army of 9...	{ "page_id": 6622971, "title": "Portlethen Moss" }
Moss is considered a raised bog, because its general situation is on higher ground, at the edge of the Mounth, a coastal mountain spur of the Grampian Mountains overlooking the North Sea. There are rock outcrops and strewn boulders relict from the glacial age at this site. Elevations within the Portlethen Moss range fr...	{ "page_id": 6622971, "title": "Portlethen Moss" }
the spongy sphagnum mats, adding greater biomass to the bog. In some cases, the heavily saturated organic layers could rupture, spilling large volumes of mud and organic debris into surrounding fields, thus enabling a bed for further spatial expansion of the entire bog. Ultimately, the colour of the moss waters became ...	{ "page_id": 6622971, "title": "Portlethen Moss" }
Nicole Oresme (; French: [nikɔl ɔʁɛm]; 1 January 1325 – 11 July 1382), also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a French philosopher of the later Middle Ages. He wrote influential works on economics, mathematics, physics, astrology, astronomy, philosophy, and theology. He was Bishop of Li...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
evidence for and against the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis. From astronomical considerations, he maintained that if the Earth were moving and not the celestial spheres, all the movements that we see in the heavens that are computed by the astronomers would appear exactly the same as if the spheres were rotati...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
Oresme's critique of astrology in his Livre de divinacions treats it as having six parts. The first, essentially astronomy, the movements of heavenly bodies, he considers good science but not precisely knowable. The second part deals with the influences of the heavenly bodies on earthly events at all scales. Oresme doe...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
such as getting married or fighting a war and nativities, meaning the natal astrology with birth charts that forms much of modern astrological practice. Oresme classifies interrogations and elections as "totally false" arts, but his critique of nativities is more measured. He denies that any path is predetermined by th...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
a figure could be regarded as corresponding to a characteristic of the quality itself. Oresme defined a uniform quality as that which is represented by a line parallel to the longitude, and any other quality as difform. Uniformly varying qualities are represented by a straight line inclined to the axis of the longitude...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
tests for divergence (for example, the integral test), begins by noting that for any n that is a power of 2, there are n/2 − 1 terms in the series between 1/(n/2) and 1/n. Each of these terms is at least 1/n, and since there are n/2 of them they sum to at least 1/2. For instance, there is one term 1/2, then two terms 1...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
as "Every motion is produced by a mover." Buridan and Albert of Saxony each subscribed to the classic interpretation of flux being an innate part of an object, but Oresme differs from his contemporaries in this aspect. Oresme agrees with fluxus formae in that motion is attributed to an object, but that an object is “se...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
called popular sovereignty. Like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Auvergne and especially Marsilius of Padua, whom he occasionally quotes, Oresme conceives of this popular participation as rather restrictive: only the multitude of reasonable, wise and virtuous men should be allowed political participation by ...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
completed between 1356 and 1360. His belief is that humans have a natural right to own property; this property belongs to the individual and community. In Part 4, Oresme provides a solution to a political problem as to how a monarch can be held accountable to put the common good before any private affairs. Though the m...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
striking proof of the superior genius of its author.' According to Brants, 'the treatise of Oresme is one of the first to be devoted ex professo to an economic subject, and it expresses many ideas which are very just, more just than those which held the field for a long period after him, under the name of mercantilism,...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
Mediaeval Studies, 1985, ISBN 9780888440686) Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum, in SC McCluskey, ed, Nicole Oresme on Light, Color and the Rainbow: An Edition and Translation, with introduction and critical notes, of Part of Book Three of his Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum (PhD dissertation, Univer...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
mirabilium with Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary. Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-068-5. Mäkeler, Hendrik (2003). "Nicolas Oresme und Gabriel Biel: Zur Geldtheorie im späten Mittelalter". Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte. 37 (1): 56–94. (covers Or...	{ "page_id": 593659, "title": "Nicole Oresme" }
This is a list of plasma physics topics. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == Jellium, uniform electron gas, homogeneous electron gas Jet (particle physics) Jet quenching Joint European Torus == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == Ohmic contact Onset of deconfinement Optode O...	{ "page_id": 33820413, "title": "List of plasma physics articles" }
Titanium chloride may refer to: Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride), TiCl4 Titanium trichloride (titanium(III) chloride), TiCl3 Titanium dichloride (titanium(II) chloride), TiCl2	{ "page_id": 5377792, "title": "Titanium chloride" }
Flora Londinensis is a folio sized book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The Flora was published by William Curtis in six large volumes. The descriptions of the plants included hand-coloured copperplate plates by botanical artists such as James Sowerby, Sydenham Edwards and W...	{ "page_id": 12521217, "title": "Flora Londinensis" }
321 names who between them subscribed for 331 complete copies. Plates were also sold individually, either coloured or plain. For such an expensive and high quality work this was a surprisingly large output, a reflection of the esteem in which William Curtis was held. His The Botanical Magazine would be a greater financ...	{ "page_id": 12521217, "title": "Flora Londinensis" }
== Annual Sales (USD Millions) == == Notes ==	{ "page_id": 24448768, "title": "Annual pharmaceutical drug sales" }
A radiobinding assay is a method of detecting and quantifying antibodies targeted toward a specific antigen. As such, it can be seen as the inverse of radioimmunoassay, which quantifies an antigen by use of corresponding antibodies. == Technique == The corresponding antigen is radiolabeled and mixed with the fluid that...	{ "page_id": 30674691, "title": "Radiobinding assay" }
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that specifically localise to the Cajal body, a nuclear organelle (cellular sub-organelle) involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs or snurps). ScaRNAs guide the modification (methylation and pseudouridy...	{ "page_id": 12324611, "title": "Small Cajal body-specific RNA" }
Page for Small Cajal body-specific RNA at Rfam	{ "page_id": 12324611, "title": "Small Cajal body-specific RNA" }
Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record. The oldest definitive magnetofossils formed of the mineral magnetite come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, while magnetofossil reports, not considered...	{ "page_id": 14290695, "title": "Magnetofossil" }
and therefore an increase in iron abundance and nutrient supply. == Magnetization == Within the magnetotactic bacteria, magnetite and greigite crystals are biosynthesized (biomineralized) within organelles called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes form chains within the bacterial cell and in doing so, provide the organis...	{ "page_id": 14290695, "title": "Magnetofossil" }
high (or low) temperatures in Earth's history. Dating of these rocks can provide information about the time period of this climate change and can be correlated to other rock formations or depositional environments in which the Earth's climate at that time may not have been as clear. Sediment aging and dissolution or al...	{ "page_id": 14290695, "title": "Magnetofossil" }
identify magnetite inferred from magnetotactic bacteria. Other methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of samples from deep boreholes and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy are being used. FMR spectroscopy of chains of cultured magnetotactic bacteria compared to sediment samples are being used to...	{ "page_id": 14290695, "title": "Magnetofossil" }
The Melchett Award is an honour awarded by the Energy Institute for outstanding contributions to the science of fuel and energy. It was created by and named for Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, the 20th century businessman and philanthropist. == Winners == Source: == See also == List of chemistry awards == Refer...	{ "page_id": 45158152, "title": "Melchett Medal" }
The molecular formula C11H13NO6 (molar mass: 255.23 g/mol, exact mass: 255.0743 u) may refer to: Caramboxin Diroximel fumarate	{ "page_id": 42012426, "title": "C11H13NO6" }
An oleaginous microorganism is a type of microbe that accumulates lipid as a normal part of its metabolism. Oleaginous microbes may accumulate an array of different lipid compounds, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, triacylglycerols, and wax esters. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast, are known...	{ "page_id": 73600781, "title": "Oleaginous microorganism" }
accumulation of lipids. Conditions with low nitrogen and excess carbon content have been observed to cause increased lipogenesis in bacteria in the genus Rhodococcus. Lipid accumulation may also provide benefits to organisms in water stressed conditions. The metabolism of triacylglycerols and wax esters have the potent...	{ "page_id": 73600781, "title": "Oleaginous microorganism" }
nonrenewable fuel sources such as petroleum and natural gas, biodiesel has the potential to produce fuel sources from other forms of waste such as agricultural waste or wastewater. Oleaginous microbes have the ability to degrade various different materials into polyhydroxyalkanoates, which may have the potential to for...	{ "page_id": 73600781, "title": "Oleaginous microorganism" }
An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated that there are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, with recent scientif...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
autoimmune diseases can be challenging due to their diverse presentations and the transient nature of many symptoms. Treatment modalities for autoimmune diseases vary based on the type of disease and its severity. Therapeutic approaches primarily aim to manage symptoms, reduce immune system activity, and maintain the b...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
the most common complaint of people with autoimmune disease. A 2015 US survey found that 98% of people with autoimmune diseases experienced fatigue, 89% said it was a "major issue", 68% said "fatigue is anything but normal. It is profound and prevents [them] from doing the simplest everyday tasks." and 59% said it was ...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
multiple tissues throughout the body are affected. === Value of tracking symptom occurrence === The appearance of these signs and symptoms can not only provide clues for the diagnosis of an autoimmune condition, often in conjunction with tests for specific biological markers, but also help monitor disease progression a...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
disease === Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In both cases, individuals lose immune tolerance for normal bacteria present in the gut microbiome. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, abdominal pa...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
moisture-producing glands (lacrimal and salivary), and often seriously affects other organ systems, such as the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. === Systemic lupus erythematosus === Systemic lupus erythematosus, referred to simply as lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
Genetics === A familial tendency to develop autoimmune diseases suggests a genetic component. Some conditions, like lupus and multiple sclerosis, often occur in several members of the same family, indicating a potential hereditary link. Additionally, certain genes have been identified that increase the risk of developi...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
and rheumatoid arthritis. === Environmental factors === A significant number of environmental factors have been implicated in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases, either directly or as catalysts. Current research suggests that up to seventy percent of autoimmune diseases could be attributed t...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
for the cause of this high weighting, no clear explanation is available. A possible role for hormonal factors has been suggested. For example, some autoimmune diseases tend to flare during pregnancy (possibly as an evolutionary mechanism to increase health protection for the child), when hormone levels are high, and im...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
the body's self-molecules. This phenomenon, known as molecular mimicry, can lead to cross-reactivity, where the immune response to such infections inadvertently results in the production of antibodies that also react with self-antigens. An example of this is Guillain–Barré syndrome, in which antibodies generated in res...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: These tests measure the levels of inflammation in the body, which is often elevated in autoimmune disorders. Organ-specific tests: Certain autoimmune diseases target specific organs, so tests to evaluate the function of these organs can aid in diagnosis. For example, thyroid function tes...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
alleviated and controlled with treatment. Standard treatment methods include: Vitamin or hormone supplements for what the body is lacking due to the disease (insulin, vitamin B12, thyroid hormone, etc.) Blood transfusions if the disease is blood related Physical therapy if the disease impacts bones, joints, or muscles ...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
Jacobson's work was updated by Hayter & Cook in 2012. This study used Witebsky's postulates, as revised by Rose & Bona, to extend the list to 81 diseases and estimated overall cumulative US prevalence for the 81 autoimmune diseases at 5.0%, with 3.0% for males and 7.1% for females. The estimated community prevalence, w...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
=== According to the hygiene hypothesis, high levels of cleanliness expose children to fewer antigens than in the past, causing their immune systems to become overactive and more likely to misidentify own tissues as foreign, resulting in autoimmune or allergic conditions such as asthma. === Vitamin D influence on immun...	{ "page_id": 19468046, "title": "Autoimmune disease" }
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nucleotides. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end t...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
direction. With regards to transcription, a sequence is on the coding strand if it has the same order as the transcribed RNA. One sequence can be complementary to another sequence, meaning that they have the base on each position in the complementary (i.e., A to T, C to G) and in the reverse order. For example, the com...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
10-nucleotide sequences, line them up and compare the differences between them. Calculate the percent difference by taking the number of differences between the DNA bases divided by the total number of nucleotides. In this case there are three differences in the 10 nucleotide sequence. Thus there is a 30% difference. =...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services. RNA is not sequenced d...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. Usually, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm o...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
of divergent species. The degree to which sequences in a query set differ is qualitatively related to the sequences' evolutionary distance from one another. Roughly speaking, high sequence identity suggests that the sequences in question have a comparatively young most recent common ancestor, while low identity suggest...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
of processing. The manipulations of the information profiles enable the analysis of the sequences using alignment-free techniques, such as for example in motif and rearrangements detection. == See also == Gene structure Nucleic acid structure determination Quaternary numeral system Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ...	{ "page_id": 331535, "title": "Nucleic acid sequence" }
The Apostles of Linnaeus were a group of students who carried out botanical and zoological expeditions throughout the world that were either devised or approved by botanist Carl Linnaeus. The expeditions took place during the latter half of the 18th century and the students were designated 'apostles' by Linnaeus. Many ...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
that describes a new system for classifying plants. Linnaeus returned to Sweden in May 1741 and was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University. Nine years later he became the university's rector, starting a period where natural sciences were held in the greatest esteem. One contribution Linnaeus made during ...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
without a botanical or zoological specimen having been sent to Sweden. His widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless. Following the death of Tärnström, Linnaeus allowed only unmarried men to become his apostles. === Pehr Kalm, North America (1747–1751) === Pehr Kalm (1715–1779) was born in Sweden to Finn...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
and Linnaeus was informed that Hasselquist's collections and manuscripts would not be sent home until the debt was paid. Swedish Queen Louisa Ulrika paid the debt and Linnaeus received Hasselquist's findings. In 1757, Linnaeus published Iter Palaestinium based on Hasselquist's collections and manuscripts. === Olof Toré...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
1756 in Guyana. === Daniel Rolander, Suriname (1755) === Daniel Rolander (1725–1793) followed Linnaeus' acquaintance, Carl Gustav Dahlberg, to Suriname in 1755. Although he became ill on the way, he had almost recovered by the time he arrived. In Suriname he tried to explore the rainforests but disliked the climate. He...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
China. === Pehr Forsskål, Egypt and Yemen (1761–1763) === Pehr Forsskål (1732–1763) was born in Finland and became a student of Linnaeus when he was 18 years old. Forsskål was asked if he wanted to join a Danish expedition, commissioned by the Danish King Frederick V, to the Middle East. He consulted Linnaeus and was g...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
Falk to follow apostle Forsskål on the Danish expedition to Egypt but Falk did not gain approval from the Danes. In 1768, the Russian Academy of Sciences created several expeditions to explore eastern Russia. Thanks to Linnaeus, Falk was given responsibility for one of the expeditions and headed out the same year. The ...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
Solander and Banks made another botanical journey to Iceland. He never sent anything from his collection home to Linnaeus, but continued to organise his samples according to Linnaeus's system. === Anders Sparrman, China (1765–1767), South Africa (1771–1772 and 1775) Oceania etc. (1772–1775) Senegal (1787) === Even befo...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
continued to Java and then to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the Dejima island, outside Nagasaki, so it was difficult for Thunberg to study the mainland flora. However, he got many translators to bring him some mainland specimens to add to those plants he found in the gardens of Dejima. The only ...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
91-27-35590-X. Gribbin, Mary; Gribbin, John (2008). Flower hunters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956182-7. Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). Joseph Trapp (ed.). The life of Sir Charles Linnæus. London: Library of Congress. ISBN 0-19-850122-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Ha...	{ "page_id": 27070227, "title": "Apostles of Linnaeus" }
The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, abbreviated as the Bio21 Institute, is an Australian scientific research institute that focuses on basic science and applied biotechnology. The Bio21 Institute is based at the University of Melbourne on Flemington Road in Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria. The in...	{ "page_id": 3280662, "title": "Bio21 Institute" }
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory ( VESP-ər,: 410 və-SEP-ər) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
398 For example, in the molecule methyl isocyanate (H3C-N=C=O), the two carbons and one nitrogen are central atoms, and the three hydrogens and one oxygen are terminal atoms.: 416 The geometry of the central atoms and their non-bonding electron pairs in turn determine the geometry of the larger whole molecule. The numb...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
electron pair repulsion utilizes inflated balloons. Through handling, balloons acquire a slight surface electrostatic charge that results in the adoption of roughly the same geometries when they are tied together at their stems as the corresponding number of electron pairs. For example, five balloons tied together adop...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
electron pairs surround a central atom, they adopt a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry with two collinear axial positions and three equatorial positions. An electron pair in an axial position has three close equatorial neighbors only 90° away and a fourth much farther at 180°, while an equatorial electron pair ha...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
has an implied subscript one. Each X represents a ligand (an atom bonded to A). Each E represents a lone pair of electrons on the central atom.: 410–417 The total number of X and E is known as the steric number. For example, in a molecule AX3E2, the atom A has a steric number of 5. When the substituent (X) atoms are no...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
geometry around all such atoms corresponds to the VSEPR geometry for AXn with 0 lone pairs E.: 542 This is often written MLn, where M = metal and L = ligand. The Kepert model predicts the following geometries for coordination numbers of 2 through 9: == Examples == The methane molecule (CH4) is tetrahedral because there...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
number of 9, which has a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry.: 254 Steric numbers beyond 9 are very rare, and it is not clear what geometry is generally favoured. Possible geometries for steric numbers of 10, 11, 12, or 14 are bicapped square antiprismatic (or bicapped dodecadeltahedral), octadecahedral, icosahedral,...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
and AX8E1 molecules === Some AX6E1 molecules, e.g. xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) and the Te(IV) and Bi(III) anions, TeCl2−6, TeBr2−6, BiCl3−6, BiBr3−6 and BiI3−6, are octahedral, rather than pentagonal pyramids, and the lone pair does not affect the geometry to the degree predicted by VSEPR. Similarly, the octafluoroxenate...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
d subshell of the metal atom, thus influencing the molecular geometry. === Superheavy elements === Relativistic effects on the electron orbitals of superheavy elements is predicted to influence the molecular geometry of some compounds. For instance, the 6d5/2 electrons in nihonium play an unexpectedly strong role in bo...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
Linear combination of atomic orbitals Molecular geometry Molecular modelling Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) Thomson problem Valence Bond Theory (VBT) Valency interaction formula == References == == Further reading == Lagowski, J. J., ed. (2004). Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan. pp. ...	{ "page_id": 1117979, "title": "VSEPR theory" }
A scratch drive actuator (SDA) is a microelectromechanical system device that converts electrical energy into one-dimensional motion. == Description == The actuator component can come in many shapes and sizes, depending on the fabrication method used. It can be visualised as an 'L'. The smaller end is called the 'bushi...	{ "page_id": 1183515, "title": "Scratch drive actuator" }
The Physics of Basketball is a non-fiction book by John Fontanella first published on November 15, 2006 that explores the scientific side of basketball. It is written from the perspective of a fan of the game and then through the eyes of a physicist. John Fontanella has been a physics professor at the United States Nav...	{ "page_id": 9244444, "title": "The Physics of Basketball" }
Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts (commonly CenSeam) is a global scientific initiative, launched in 2005, that is designed to expand the knowledge base of marine life at seamounts. Seamounts are underwater mountains, not necessarily volcanic in origin, which often form subsurface archipelagoes and are found thr...	{ "page_id": 22023966, "title": "Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts" }
been sampled, and only about 100 sampled thoroughly. Although sampling all 100,000 seamounts is infeasible, major seamounts can be sampled in such a way. CenSeam is a subdivision of the Census of Marine Life program. Organisationally, the components of CenSeam consist of a secretariat (Malcolm Clark, Mireille Consalvey...	{ "page_id": 22023966, "title": "Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts" }
Protonympha is a form genus for problematic fossils of Devonian age in New York. It has been of special interest because of its morphological similarity with the iconic Ediacaran fossil Spriggina, and may have been a late surviving vendobiont. == Description == Protonympha is a flat, quilted fossil, which has previousl...	{ "page_id": 56168223, "title": "Protonympha" }
Melting curve analysis is an assessment of the dissociation characteristics of double-stranded DNA during heating. As the temperature is raised, the double strand begins to dissociate leading to a rise in the absorbance intensity, hyperchromicity. The temperature at which 50% of DNA is denatured is known as the melting...	{ "page_id": 16453417, "title": "Melting curve analysis" }
such as SYBR green, EvaGreen or fluorophore-labelled DNA probes. In the case of SYBR green (which fluoresces 1000-fold more intensely while intercalated in the minor groove of two strands of DNA), the dissociation of the DNA during heating is measurable by the large reduction in fluorescence that results. Alternatively...	{ "page_id": 16453417, "title": "Melting curve analysis" }
to obviate or complement sequencing efforts, and thus reduce costs. While most quantitative PCR machines have the option of melting curve generation and analysis, the level of analysis and software support varies. High Resolution Melt (known as either Hi-Res Melting, or HRM) is the advancement of this general technolog...	{ "page_id": 16453417, "title": "Melting curve analysis" }
on the melting temperatures of the DNA fragments. The technique has been further advanced by its application on digital microfluidics platforms, which can facilitate the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high accuracy and sensitivity. Additionally, massively parallel dHRM has been developed to ena...	{ "page_id": 16453417, "title": "Melting curve analysis" }
In physiology, serous fluid or serosal fluid (originating from the Medieval Latin word serosus, from Latin serum) is any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow or transparent and of a benign nature. The fluid fills the inside of body cavities. Serous fluid originates from serous glands,...	{ "page_id": 3542825, "title": "Serous fluid" }
the pericardial cavity into which is secreted the pericardial fluid. Blood serum is the component of blood that is neither a blood cell nor a clotting factor. Blood serum and blood plasma are similar, but serum does not contain any clotting factors such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin and many others. Serum ...	{ "page_id": 3542825, "title": "Serous fluid" }
Gravitaxis (or geotaxis) is a form of taxis characterized by the directional movement of an organism in response to gravity. There are a few different causes for gravitaxis. Many microorganisms have receptors like statocysts that allow them to sense the direction of gravity and to adjust their orientation accordingly. ...	{ "page_id": 22810412, "title": "Gravitaxis" }
Tropism == References == == External links == The dictionary definition of gravitaxis at Wiktionary	{ "page_id": 22810412, "title": "Gravitaxis" }
FEMS Microbiology Ecology is one of the seven FEMS, peer-reviewed scientific journals, which covers all aspects of microbial ecology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 3.5. The editor-in-chief is Max Häggblom. == References == == External links == Official website	{ "page_id": 42340141, "title": "FEMS Microbiology Ecology" }
A recognition sequence is a DNA sequence to which a structural motif of a DNA-binding domain exhibits binding specificity. Recognition sequences are palindromes. The transcription factor Sp1 for example, binds the sequences 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3', where (G/T) indicates that the domain will bind a guanine or t...	{ "page_id": 6754094, "title": "Recognition sequence" }
Linalool () refers to two enantiomers of a naturally occurring terpene alcohol found in many flowers and spice plants. Together with geraniol, nerol, citronellol, linalool is one of the rose alcohols. Linalool has multiple commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a to...	{ "page_id": 1380144, "title": "Linalool" }
produced commercially from several terpenes and terpenoid precursors, which are often components of terpentine. 2-Pinanol, derived from pinene, gives linalool upon pyrolysis. === Biosynthesis === In higher plants linalool is formed by rearrangement of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). With the aid of linalool synthase (LIS)...	{ "page_id": 1380144, "title": "Linalool" }
links == Comprehensive data sheet Linalool in the Consumer Product Information Database	{ "page_id": 1380144, "title": "Linalool" }
Hypomyces lactifluorum, or the lobster mushroom, is a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on certain species of mushrooms, turning them a reddish orange color that resembles the outer shell of a cooked lobster. Contrary to its common name, the species itself is neither a lobster nor a mushroom. == Description == H. ...	{ "page_id": 2101048, "title": "Hypomyces lactifluorum" }
lobster mushrooms more edible. Lactarius piperatus has a spicy, hot flavor but that flavor is counteracted by the parasite H. lactifluorum, making it more edible and delicious. One author notes that he has personally never experienced any trouble from consuming them and another notes that there have been no reports of ...	{ "page_id": 2101048, "title": "Hypomyces lactifluorum" }
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a platform for lab-on-a-chip systems that is based upon the manipulation of microdroplets. Droplets are dispensed, moved, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed on a platform with a set of insulated electrodes. Digital microfluidics can be used together with analytical analysis procedures su...	{ "page_id": 331579, "title": "Digital microfluidics" }
top layer of the system to decrease the surface energy where the droplet will actually we be in contact with. The applied voltage activates the electrodes and allows changes in the wettability of droplet on the device’s surface. In order to move a droplet, a control voltage is applied to an electrode adjacent to the dr...	{ "page_id": 331579, "title": "Digital microfluidics" }
the surface. Differences in surface hydrophobicity affect a liquid’s ability to spread and ‘wet’ a surface by changing the contact angle. As the hydrophobicity of a surface increases, the contact angle increases, and the ability of the droplet to wet the surface decreases. The change in contact angle, and therefore wet...	{ "page_id": 331579, "title": "Digital microfluidics" }
Both processes are only known to work in closed devices, though this often is not a problem as the top plates of DMF devices are typically removable, so an open device can be made temporarily closed should droplet formation be necessary. === From an existing droplet === A droplet can be split by charging two electrodes...	{ "page_id": 331579, "title": "Digital microfluidics" }
by gradually changing the potential of the electrodes at the splitting region instead of simply switching them on and off. Using this method, a noticeable improvement in droplet volume variation, from around 10% variation in volume to less than 1% variation in volume, has been reported. === From a reservoir === Creatin...	{ "page_id": 331579, "title": "Digital microfluidics" }

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