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composting process and will break down by 90% within six months. Biopolymers that do this can be marked with a 'compostable' symbol, under European Standard EN 13432 (2000). Packaging marked with this symbol can be put into industrial composting processes and will break down within six months or less. An example of a c... | {
"page_id": 3974,
"title": "Biopolymer"
} |
The molecular formula C11H10N2O2 (molar mass: 202.21 g/mol, exact mass: 202.0742 u) may refer to: Tolimidone Vasicinone | {
"page_id": 44830594,
"title": "C11H10N2O2"
} |
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable... | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
Gamma radiation requires an appreciable amount of heavy metal radiation shielding (usually lead or barium-based) to reduce its intensity. == Activation analysis == By neutron irradiation of objects, it is possible to induce radioactivity; this activation of stable isotopes to create radioisotopes is the basis of neutro... | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium by living organisms. It has been shown that bacteria can convert these elements into volatile compounds, it is thought that methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) alkylates these elements to create the dimethyls. It has been shown that a combination of Cobaloxime and inorganic polonium ... | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
radioisotopes (such as 14C and 32P), the decay of 226Ra forms 222Rn which is a gas which can diffuse through rocks before entering buildings and dissolve in water and thus enter drinking water In addition, human activities such as bomb tests, accidents, and normal releases from industry have resulted in the release of ... | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
action of micro-organisms can fix uranium; Thermoanaerobacter can use chromium(VI), iron(III), cobalt(III), manganese(IV), and uranium(VI) as electron acceptors while acetate, glucose, hydrogen, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, and xylose can act as electron donors for the metabolism of the bacteria. In this way, the meta... | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
project - Cooperation in education and training In Nuclear Chemistry. == References == == External links == ACS radioelectrochemistry | {
"page_id": 2035588,
"title": "Radiochemistry"
} |
Almond paste is made from ground almonds or almond meal and sugar in equal quantities, with small amounts of cooking oil, eggs, heavy cream or corn syrup added as a binder. It is similar to marzipan, with a coarser texture. Almond paste is used as a filling in pastries, but it can also be found in chocolates. In a type... | {
"page_id": 3215241,
"title": "Almond paste"
} |
The Angeli–Rimini reaction is an organic reaction between an aldehyde and N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide in presence of base forming a hydroxamic acid. The other reaction product is a sulfinic acid. The reaction was discovered by the two Italian chemists Angelo Angeli and Enrico Rimini (1874–1917), and was published in 18... | {
"page_id": 6950790,
"title": "Angeli–Rimini reaction"
} |
Batteries provided the main source of electricity before the development of electric generators and electrical grids around the end of the 19th century. Successive improvements in battery technology facilitated major electrical advances, from early scientific studies to the rise of telegraphs and telephones, eventually... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
the first to call his grouping an "electrical battery", a play on the military term for weapons functioning together. Based on some findings by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, a friend and fellow scientist, believed observed electrical phenomena were caused by two different metals joined by a moist intermediary. He ve... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
metal disks, now known to be unnecessary, on both the top and bottom. The figure associated with this section, of the zinc-copper voltaic pile, has the modern design, an indication that "contact tension" is not the source of electromotive force for the voltaic pile. Volta's original pile models had some technical flaws... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
and made possible many new experiments and discoveries, such as the first electrolysis of water by the English surgeon Anthony Carlisle and the English chemist William Nicholson. == First practical batteries == === Daniell cell === An English professor of chemistry named John Frederic Daniell found a way to solve the h... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
containing a zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode. The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. === Gravity cell === In the 1860s, a Frenchman named Callaud ... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
in 1842. In the Poggendorff cell, sometimes called Grenet Cell due to the works of Eugene Grenet around 1859, the electrolyte is dilute sulphuric acid and the depolariser is chromic acid. The two acids are physically mixed together, eliminating the porous pot. The positive electrode (cathode) is two carbon plates, with... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
gives off poisonous nitric oxide fumes when operated. The voltage also drops sharply as the charge diminishes, which became a liability as telegraph networks grew more complex. Platinum was and still is very expensive. === Dun cell === Alfred Dun 1885, nitro-muriatic acid (aqua regis) – iron and carbon: In the new elem... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
it. Planté's first model consisted of two lead sheets separated by rubber strips and rolled into a spiral. His batteries were first used to power the lights in train carriages while stopped at a station. In 1881, Camille Alphonse Faure invented an improved version that consists of a lead grid lattice into which is pres... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
a voltage of 1.4 volts. This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signaling, and electric bell work. The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to fit batteries before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell can not ... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
Paris with coiled cardboard, an innovation that left more space for the cathode and made the battery easier to assemble. It was the first convenient battery for the masses and made portable electrical devices practical, and led directly to the invention of the flashlight. The zinc–carbon battery (as it came to be known... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
and durable battery electric cars would become the standard, with his firm as its main battery vendor. After many experiments, and probably borrowing from Jungner's design, he patented an alkaline based nickel–iron battery in 1901. However, customers found his first model of the alkaline nickel–iron battery to be prone... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
1989 as a variation of the 1970s nickel–hydrogen battery. NiMH batteries tend to have longer lifespans than NiCd batteries (and their lifespans continue to increase as manufacturers experiment with new alloys) and, since cadmium is toxic, NiMH batteries are less damaging to the environment. === Alkali metal-ion batteri... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
solid polymer composite instead of in a liquid solvent, and the electrodes and separators are laminated to each other. The latter difference allows the battery to be encased in a flexible wrapping instead of in a rigid metal casing, which means such batteries can be specifically shaped to fit a particular device. This ... | {
"page_id": 8720264,
"title": "History of the battery"
} |
The molecular formula C18H36O2 (molar mass: 284.48 g/mol, exact mass: 284.2715 u) may refer to: Ethyl palmitate Stearic acid | {
"page_id": 22417292,
"title": "C18H36O2"
} |
Oleg Sushkov is a professor at the University of New South Wales and a leader in the field of high temperature super-conductors. Educated in Russia in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, he now teaches in Australia. == Education == 1974 MSc, Novosibirsk State University, Russia 1978 PhD in physics, Budker Institute ... | {
"page_id": 5115787,
"title": "Oleg Sushkov"
} |
links == Google Scholar list for Oleg Sushkov | {
"page_id": 5115787,
"title": "Oleg Sushkov"
} |
Gongronella is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. == Species == Species: Gongronella brasiliensis C.A.F.de Souza, D.X.Lima & A.L.Santiago Gongronella butleri (Lendn.) Peyronel & Dal Vesco Gongronella guangdongensis F.Liu, T.T.Liu & L.Cai == References =... | {
"page_id": 67637134,
"title": "Gongronella"
} |
Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics. The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations. ... | {
"page_id": 4329360,
"title": "Holland's schema theorem"
} |
states that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in successive generations. Expressed as an equation: E ( m ( H , t + 1 ) ) ≥ m ( H , t ) f ( H ) a t [ 1 − p ] . {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (m(H,t+1))\geq {m(H,t)f(H) \over a_{t}}[1-p].} Here m ( H , t ) {\displaystyle m(H,t... | {
"page_id": 4329360,
"title": "Holland's schema theorem"
} |
in the previous generation. Moreover, the expression for p {\displaystyle p} is clearly pessimistic: depending on the mating partner, recombination may not disrupt the scheme even when a cross point is selected between the first and the last fixed position of H {\displaystyle H} . == Limitation == The schema theorem ho... | {
"page_id": 4329360,
"title": "Holland's schema theorem"
} |
Fuel bladders or fuel storage bladders are a type of flexi-bag used as a fuel container. They are collapsible, flexible storage bladders (also known as tanks) that provide transport and storage (temporary or long term) for bulk industrial liquids such as fuels. Standard fuel bladder tanks sizes range from 100-US-gallon... | {
"page_id": 30543761,
"title": "Fuel bladder"
} |
their pillow shaped bladders are foldable at less than 5% of the total volume. Fuel bladders have high resistance to climatic conditions, which makes them useful for use in disaster zones and wartime desert operations. == Technical characteristics == High end fuel bladders are made of elastomer coated fabrics usually m... | {
"page_id": 30543761,
"title": "Fuel bladder"
} |
also be found in military/industrial vehicles, combatant craft and aircraft. == See also == Ferry tank Self-sealing fuel tank Flexible tank Fuel container == References == ASTM F3063, Standard Specification for Aircraft Fuel Storage and Delivery https://www.flexitanksystems.com/fuel-bladder-tanks/ | {
"page_id": 30543761,
"title": "Fuel bladder"
} |
The Walter Boas Medal is awarded by the Australian Institute of Physics for research in Physics in Australia. It is named in memory of is named in memory of Walter Boas (1904-1982) — an eminent scientist and metallurgist who worked on the physics of metals. == Recipients == Source: 1984 James A. Piper, Macquarie Univer... | {
"page_id": 35786644,
"title": "Walter Boas Medal"
} |
Sydney 2021 Howard Wiseman, Griffith University 2022 Susan M. Scott, Australian National University 2023 Mahananda Dasgupta and David John Hinde, Australian National University == See also == List of physics awards List of prizes named after people == References == | {
"page_id": 35786644,
"title": "Walter Boas Medal"
} |
The term kodecyte is used to describe cells with detectable Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs, and in concert, the term kodevirion (pronounced co-da-virion), is used to describe virions with detectable FSL constructs. The method for labeling virions with FSL constructs is simple, non covalent and only involves inc... | {
"page_id": 31985560,
"title": "Kodevirion"
} |
The Oparin/Urey Medal honours important contributions to the field of origins of life. The medal is awarded by the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL). The award was originally named for Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, one of the pioneers in researching the origins of life. In 1993, the Societ... | {
"page_id": 10358680,
"title": "Oparin Medal"
} |
In metallurgy, Keller's reagent is a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, used to etch aluminum alloys to reveal their grain boundaries and orientations. It is also sometimes called Dix–Keller reagent, after E. H. Dix, Jr., and Fred Keller of the Aluminum Corporation of America, who pioneer... | {
"page_id": 78385053,
"title": "Keller's reagent (metallurgy)"
} |
The Ziff–Gulari–Barshad (ZGB) model is a simple Monte Carlo method for catalytic reactions of oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide on a surface using Monte-Carlo methods which captures correctly the essential dynamics: phase transitions between two poisoned states (either CO2- or O-poisoned) and a steady-stat... | {
"page_id": 32116638,
"title": "Ziff–Gulari–Barshad model"
} |
Lurex is the registered brand name of the Lurex Company, Ltd. for a type of yarn with a metallic appearance. The yarn is made from synthetic film, onto which a metallic aluminium, silver, or gold layer has been vaporized. "Lurex" may also refer to cloth created with the yarn. The word "lurex" is absent in the English l... | {
"page_id": 3149730,
"title": "Lurex"
} |
Pump–probe microscopy is a non-linear optical imaging modality used in femtochemistry to study chemical reactions. It generates high-contrast images from endogenous non-fluorescent targets. It has numerous applications, including materials science, medicine, and art restoration. == Advantages == The classic method of n... | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
simultaneously absorbed by the same molecule. If a second photon is absorbed by the same electron within the same quantum event, the electron enters an excited state. This is the same phenomenon used in two-photon microscopy (TPM), but there are two key features that distinguish pump–probe microscopy from TPM. First, s... | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
Kerr effect, in which the refractive index of the specimen changes in the presence of a large electric field. In this case, the pump beam modulates the phase of the probe, which can then be measured through interferometric techniques. In certain cases, referred to as cross-phase modulation spectral shifting, this phase... | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
onto the sample. === Detection === The signal generated by probe modulation is much smaller than the original pump beam, so the two are spectrally separated within the detection path using a dichroic mirror. The probe signal can be collected with many different types of photodetectors, typically a photodiode. Then, the... | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
analysis is commonly used for fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data analysis and has been adapted for pump–probe imaging data analysis. Signals are decomposed into their real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform at a given frequency. By plotting the real and imaginary parts against one another, t... | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
Pump–probe imaging can provide accurate, high-resolution, molecular information and distinguish between pigments that may even have the same visual color. == References == | {
"page_id": 59248548,
"title": "Pump–probe microscopy"
} |
In organic chemistry, Keller's reagent is a mixture of anhydrous (glacial) acetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, and small amounts of ferric chloride, used to detect alkaloids. Keller's reagent can also be used to detect other kinds of alkaloids via reactions in which it produces products with a wide range of colors... | {
"page_id": 78385062,
"title": "Keller's reagent (organic)"
} |
Homeotic genes are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants. Homeotic genes often encode transcription factor proteins, and these proteins affect development by regulating downstream gene networks involved in body patterning. Mu... | {
"page_id": 21893031,
"title": "Homeotic gene"
} |
Drosophila melanogaster == One of the most commonly studied model organisms in regards to homeotic genes is the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Its homeotic Hox genes occur in either the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) or the Bithorax complex (BX-C) discovered by Edward B. Lewis. Each of the complexes focuses on a diff... | {
"page_id": 21893031,
"title": "Homeotic gene"
} |
See also == Homeobox Homeosis == References == == External links == Flybase Homeotic Genes and Body Patterns NOVA-Gene Switches | {
"page_id": 21893031,
"title": "Homeotic gene"
} |
Science Horizons Survival is a ZX Spectrum video game developed by Five Ways Software. It was published by Sinclair Research in association with Macmillan Education in 1984. It is an educational game in which the player takes on the role of one of a series of animals, and had to find food to survive while avoiding pred... | {
"page_id": 1380264,
"title": "Science Horizons Survival"
} |
The Parks–Bielschowsky three-step test, also known as Park's three-step test or Bielschowsky head tilt test, is a method used to isolate the paretic extraocular muscle, particularly superior oblique muscle and trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), in acquired vertical double vision. It was originally described by Mar... | {
"page_id": 41815975,
"title": "Parks–Bielschowsky three-step test"
} |
Nerve. People with superior oblique palsy on one side experience double vision, which is improved or even abolished by tilting the head towards the shoulder on the unaffected side. Tilting the head towards the shoulder on the affected side will make the double vision worse by causing increased separation of the two ima... | {
"page_id": 41815975,
"title": "Parks–Bielschowsky three-step test"
} |
Vincenzo Barone (b. 8 November 1952, Ancona) is an Italian chemist, active in the field of theoretical and computational chemistry. He became full professor of physical chemistry at the University of Naples in 1994, and professor of theoretical and computational chemistry at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 2009... | {
"page_id": 58658728,
"title": "Vincenzo Barone"
} |
Orchidology is the scientific study of orchids. It is an organismal-level branch of botany. == See also == List of orchidologists == References == The orchidology of H. G. Jones. Eric A. Christenson, Brittonia, January–March 1994, Volume 46, Issue 1, pages 57–61, doi:10.2307/2807457 == External links == Definition at w... | {
"page_id": 15601579,
"title": "Orchidology"
} |
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to restrict the transfer of hazardous waste from develop... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
of shipping made cross-border movement of waste easier, and many less developed countries were desperate for foreign currency. Consequently, the trade in hazardous waste, particularly to poorer countries, grew rapidly. In 1990, OECD countries exported around 1.8 million tons of hazardous waste. Although most of this wa... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
the treaty are East Timor, Fiji, Haiti, South Sudan, and United States. == Definition of hazardous waste == Waste falls under the scope of the convention if it is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of the convention and it exhibits one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III. In other words... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
general prohibition on the exportation or importation of wastes between parties and non-parties. The exception to this rule is where the waste is subject to another treaty that does not take away from the Basel Convention. The United States is a notable non-party to the convention and has a number of such agreements fo... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
waste to developing countries. In particular, the original convention did not prohibit waste exports to any location except Antarctica but merely required a notification and consent system known as "prior informed consent" or PIC. Further, many waste traders sought to exploit the good name of recycling and begin to jus... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
the Basel Convention when the ban was adopted, or three-fourths of the current parties of the convention [see Report of COP 9 of the Basel Convention]. The status of the amendment ratifications can be found on the Basel Secretariat's web page. The European Union fully implemented the Basel Ban in its Waste Shipment Reg... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
not have an opportunity to vote on it to try to block it. Information about, and visual images of, wildlife, such as seabirds, ingesting plastic, and scientific findings that nanoparticles do penetrate through the blood–brain barrier were reported to have fueled public sentiment for coordinated international legally bi... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
Convention Stockholm Convention == References == This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics, United Nations Environment Programme. == Further reading == To... | {
"page_id": 4012,
"title": "Basel Convention"
} |
Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality is a science history book written by Manjit Kumar. It was released on October 16, 2008. == Overview == He describes Einstein, Bohr and the "Great Debate about the Nature of Reality" that played out over a number of years, particularly at the Fift... | {
"page_id": 24973222,
"title": "Quantum (book)"
} |
The molecular formula C14H18FNO (molar mass: 235.302 g/mol) may refer to: Fluorexetamine 2F-NENDCK | {
"page_id": 76156847,
"title": "C14H18FNO"
} |
Polyester fiberfill is a synthetic fiber used for stuffing pillows and other soft objects such as stuffed animals. It is also used in audio speakers for its acoustic properties. It is commonly sold under the trademark name Poly-Fil, or un-trademarked as polyfill. == References == | {
"page_id": 55709615,
"title": "Polyester fiberfill"
} |
The molecular formula C16H19N3O4S (molar mass : 349.40 g/mol) may refer to : Ampicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic Cefradine, a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic Resminostat | {
"page_id": 24711089,
"title": "C16H19N3O4S"
} |
In electrochemistry, the Cottrell equation describes the change in electric current with respect to time in a controlled potential experiment, such as chronoamperometry. Specifically it describes the current response when the potential is a step function in time. It was derived by Frederick Gardner Cottrell in 1903. Fo... | {
"page_id": 11866035,
"title": "Cottrell equation"
} |
− 1 / 2 , {\displaystyle i=kt^{-1/2},} where k is the collection of constants for a given system (n, F, A, c j 0 {\displaystyle c_{j}^{0}} , Dj). == See also == Voltammetry Electroanalytical methods Limiting current Anson equation == References == | {
"page_id": 11866035,
"title": "Cottrell equation"
} |
The molecular formula C6H11NO4 may refer to: α-Aminoadipic acid N-Methyl-L-glutamic acid SYM-2081 (4-methyl-L-glutamic acid) | {
"page_id": 24317876,
"title": "C6H11NO4"
} |
Boiled fish, or more precisely salt-boiled fish, is fish boiled with salt and thus preserved for later consumption. Although this method is used in other parts of the world, it is of major commercial significance only in Southeast Asia. The shelf life of products so treated can range from as little as one or two days, ... | {
"page_id": 65474487,
"title": "Boiled fish"
} |
as pindang, and the method of preparation is often described as 'Indonesian salt-boiled fish'. == See also == Cured fish Fish processing Fish preservation Salted fish Salted squid Dried shrimp Brining Food portal == References == | {
"page_id": 65474487,
"title": "Boiled fish"
} |
Metallurgical failure analysis is the process to determine the mechanism that has caused a metal component to fail. It can identify the cause of failure, providing insight into the root cause and potential solutions to prevent similar failures in the future, as well as culpability, which is important in legal cases. Re... | {
"page_id": 28446647,
"title": "Metallurgical failure analysis"
} |
to various environmental conditions. These differences in physical properties will exhibit unique failure modes. A metallurgical failure analysis takes into account as much of this information as possible during analysis. The ultimate goal of failure analysis is to provide a determination of the root cause and a soluti... | {
"page_id": 28446647,
"title": "Metallurgical failure analysis"
} |
for analysis. Destructive testing gives the failure analyst the ability to conduct the analysis in a laboratory setting and perform tests on the material that will ultimately destroy the component. == Metallurgical failure modes == There is no standardized list of metallurgical failure modes and different metallurgists... | {
"page_id": 28446647,
"title": "Metallurgical failure analysis"
} |
lead to premature failure of a component in the future. The reason for improper maintenance could be either intentional, such as skipping a yearly maintenance to avoid the cost, or unintentional, such as using the wrong engine oil. === Improper testing or inspection === Testing and/or inspection are typically included ... | {
"page_id": 28446647,
"title": "Metallurgical failure analysis"
} |
Finite element analysis is used to model components under complex stress states. Finite element analysis as well as phase field models can be used for predicting crack propagation and failure, which are then used to prevent failure by influencing component design. == See also == Forensic engineering Corrosion engineeri... | {
"page_id": 28446647,
"title": "Metallurgical failure analysis"
} |
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. The term is closely associated with the work of the mathematician and meteorologist Edward Norton Lorenz. He ... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
remove a single grain of sand from its place without thereby ... changing something throughout all parts of the immeasurable whole". Chaos theory and the sensitive dependence on initial conditions were described in numerous forms of literature. This is evidenced by the case of the three-body problem by Poincaré in 1890... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
weather scenario. Lorenz wrote: At one point I decided to repeat some of the computations in order to examine what was happening in greater detail. I stopped the computer, typed in a line of numbers that it had printed out a while earlier, and set it running again. I went down the hall for a cup of coffee and returned ... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
of a sea gull's wings would be enough to alter the course of the weather forever. The controversy has not yet been settled, but the most recent evidence seems to favor the sea gulls. Following proposals from colleagues, in later speeches and papers, Lorenz used the more poetic butterfly. According to Lorenz, when he fa... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
The butterfly effect presents an obvious challenge to prediction, since initial conditions for a system such as the weather can never be known to complete accuracy. This problem motivated the development of ensemble forecasting, in which a number of forecasts are made from perturbed initial conditions. Some scientists ... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
offered by quantum physics. In the book entitled The Essence of Chaos published in 1993, Lorenz defined butterfly effect as: "The phenomenon that a small alteration in the state of a dynamical system will cause subsequent states to differ greatly from the states that would have followed without the alteration." This fe... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
{\displaystyle 0<d(x,y)<\delta } and such that d ( f τ ( x ) , f τ ( y ) ) > e a τ d ( x , y ) {\displaystyle d(f^{\tau }(x),f^{\tau }(y))>\mathrm {e} ^{a\tau }\,d(x,y)} for some positive parameter a. The definition does not require that all points from a neighborhood separate from the base point x, but it requires one... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
==== The butterfly effect is most familiar in terms of weather; it can easily be demonstrated in standard weather prediction models, for example. The climate scientists James Annan and William Connolley explain that chaos is important in the development of weather prediction methods; models are sensitive to initial con... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
butterfly effects and the third kind of butterfly effect has been documented. In recent studies, it was reported that both meteorological and non-meteorological linear models have shown that instability plays a role in producing a butterfly effect, which is characterized by brief but significant exponential growth resu... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
estimated based on a doubling time of five days in real-world models. Since then, this finding has been documented in Charney et al. (1966) and has become a consensus. Recently, a short video has been created to present Lorenz's perspective on predictability limit. A recent study refers to the two-week predictability l... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
into a stagnant area, they become trapped, showing no typical SDIC (although a chaotic transient may occur). Such features of SDIC or no SDIC suggest two types of solutions and illustrate the nature of multistability. By taking into consideration time-varying multistability that is associated with the modulation of lar... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
change in the position and/or velocity of an object in a given Hamiltonian system, the quantum butterfly effect considers the effect of a small change in the Hamiltonian system with a given initial position and velocity. This quantum butterfly effect has been demonstrated experimentally. Quantum and semiclassical treat... | {
"page_id": 4024,
"title": "Butterfly effect"
} |
Discovered by British engineer Christopher Cockerell, the momentum curtain is a unique and efficient way to reduce friction between a vehicle and its surface of travel, be it water or land, by levitating the vehicle above this surface via a cushion of air. It is this principle of levitation upon which a hovercraft is b... | {
"page_id": 21958586,
"title": "Momentum curtain"
} |
The molecular formula C10H20O (molar mass: 156.27 g/mol, exact mass: 156.1514 u) may refer to: Citronellol, also called dihydrogeraniol Decanal 2-Decanone Menthol Rhodinol | {
"page_id": 22417345,
"title": "C10H20O"
} |
Photodisintegration (also called phototransmutation, or a photonuclear reaction) is a nuclear process in which an atomic nucleus absorbs a high-energy gamma ray, enters an excited state, and immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle. The incoming gamma ray effectively knocks one or more neutrons, protons, or ... | {
"page_id": 11145154,
"title": "Photodisintegration"
} |
masses), photodisintegration is a major factor in the supernova event. As the star reaches the end of its life, it reaches temperatures and pressures where photodisintegration's energy-absorbing effects temporarily reduce pressure and temperature within the star's core. This causes the core to start to collapse as ener... | {
"page_id": 11145154,
"title": "Photodisintegration"
} |
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between ... | {
"page_id": 2559939,
"title": "Phyletic gradualism"
} |
the fifth edition of The Origin of Species, Darwin wrote that "the periods during which species have undergone modification, though long as measured in years, have probably been short in comparison with the periods during which they retain the same form". == See also == Punctuated equilibrium Punctuated gradualism Quan... | {
"page_id": 2559939,
"title": "Phyletic gradualism"
} |
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticate... | {
"page_id": 200646,
"title": "Selective breeding"
} |
key species such as wheat, rice, and dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and maize, which required especially large changes from teosinte, its wild form, was selectively bred in Mesoamerica. Selective breeding was practiced by the Romans. Treatises as much as 2,000 years old ... | {
"page_id": 200646,
"title": "Selective breeding"
} |
the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in s... | {
"page_id": 200646,
"title": "Selective breeding"
} |
animals in different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been but little artificial selection. == Animal breeding == Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or pure breeds, and they are bred through culling animals wi... | {
"page_id": 200646,
"title": "Selective breeding"
} |
for only one trait over all others, can be problematic. In one case mentioned by the animal behaviorist Temple Grandin, roosters bred for fast growth or heavy muscles did not know how to perform typical rooster courtship dances, which alienated the roosters from hens and led the roosters to kill the hens after mating w... | {
"page_id": 200646,
"title": "Selective breeding"
} |
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