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recruits. The group of old friends decide to create a new team together called X-Factor. With Cyclops gone and occupied, Sinister sends his newly formed Marauders to attack the now vulnerable Summers house in Alaska. The Marauders attack Maddie and leave her for dead, then take Nathan Summers to the State Home for Foun...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
twilight of Earth." Months after Nathan's kidnapping, Maddie awakes from her coma, amnesiac. After regaining her memory, she contacts and reunites with the X-Men. Now bitter and increasingly desperate regarding her missing child, Maddie believes Scott completely abandoned them and never cared enough to contact her or l...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
where treatment exists. Soon afterward, Gambit joins the X-Men team after having befriended the X-Man called Storm. His connection to Sinister and the Mutant Massacre is not revealed for some time. Many months after Nathan Summers is sent into the future, the X-Men learn he grew up to become Cable, a powerful mutant ti...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
to history, their reality is about to be replaced by another. Believing they are about to die, the X-Man Rogue kisses her teammate Gambit, something she had not done before due to the risk that her energy absorbing abilities could harm him. During the kiss, she sees his memories and learns of his past relationship with...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
young man's trust. When Threnody develops genuine friendship with Nate and decides to leave Sinister's employ, the Marauders are sent after her. Nate Grey intervenes, killing the entire team except for Prism (though Sinister later clones the fallen again). === 2000s === Apocalypse gathers the Twelve, now revealed to be...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
killer is Kraven the Hunter (believed dead at the time). The X-Men consult with Spider-Man, Kraven's greatest enemy, and the heroes discover the true killer is Sinister's later creation, Xraven, a telepathic hunter. Realizing Xraven believes he is Sinister's "favorite son," Cyclops invites the hunter to read his own mi...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
characteristics. Although she gains some of Sinister's memories and his knowledge of science, Renko's personality remains intact and resists Sinister's personality. Seeing herself as a different person rather than a host or a clone, Renko takes the name Miss Sinister. Gambit and Laura Kinney, a young woman known as X-2...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
resulting in the emergence of primary mutations in people that didn't possess the X-Gene, as well as the appearance of secondary and tertiary enhancements in mutants. The time-displaced X-Men attack but are quickly defeated and captured. Seeing the damage done by Mothervine and realizing all mutants may become enslaved...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
down Mister Sinister, learning he has built his own city (based on Victorian-era London) within Subterranea that is inhabited by clones of himself, several of his agents, and some acquaintances. Sinister orders his clones to war against the Phoenix Five. After help arrives, the Phoenix Five kill each and every clone of...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
of Cyclops, Sinister is defeated by the X-Men and taken to the authorities. During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Mister Sinister's cell samples of Logan are stolen by a thief who attempts to auction them off. Sinister attacks the thief but is then fought by X-23, who forces him to retreat. The auction attendees a...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
This meeting between the mutant Sinister clone, Magneto, and Xavier may have taken place soon before the first X-Men team was formed (in which case, the mutant Sinister has been the primary version the X-Men have fought over the years), or during the early 1980s era of X-Men stories (during which time Magneto and Xavie...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
and the Invisible Woman. === The Moira Engine === ==== Essex genetic templates ==== Immortal X-Men #8 (January 2023), which opens in 1895 London, shows that the powers that Apocalypse gave Essex were slowly deteriorating and killing him, and to survive he needed to feast upon the flesh of innocent people who he killed,...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
absorb data, leading to the birth of a 5th "child" of Nathaniel Essex: an "apex AI" called Enigma, the same force revealed that stands above all creation, and is coming to end Eternity, the personification of the Multiverse. In truth, years ago, Essex decided the only way to defeat the coming machine supremacy was to j...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
exhibited the ability to teleport, but it was indicated that this was not an inherent power and was accomplished through the technology of his tesseract headquarters. == Clones of Mister Sinister == Nathaniel Essex cloned himself, and members of his original family, many times. In addition to countless Mister Sinister ...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
Multiverse itself. Enigma is actually Nathanial Essex's 5th "child", an "apex AI" which used the other four Nathaniel Essex clones to achieve Dominion. === Mother Righteous === Unlike the previously mentioned entities, Mother Righteous is not a clone of Essex himself, but of his deceased wife Rebecca. She is a supremel...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
his research. As the years go on, Cyclops comes to doubt the path of Apocalypse. Though publicly he enforces Sinister's will, fighting criminals and rebels such as that timeline's X-Men, in secret he aids humans and others who need to escape Apocalypse's territory or Sinister's holding pens. Unknown to Cyclops, his "fa...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
they are attacked by Apocalypse's assassin Domino. When Forge realizes that Essex has a dark plan for Nate, Sinister kills him and reveals himself. Sinister explains Nate's origin and purpose to be the destroyer of Apocalypse. Nate defeats and dismisses Sinister, choosing to be an individual rather than a weapon. He th...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
Cyclops and Havok would be born. Sinister joins forces with a villainous Xavier and clashes with this reality's version of Apocalypse, who becomes allies with Jean Grey and Magneto. Sinister and Xavier create the clone Madelyne Pryor, guiding her to meet and fall in love with Havok, leading to a son named Scotty. Sinis...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
to rescue the children. In the end, Rogue's adopted mother Mystique murders Sinister in vengeance. === Earth X === In Paradise X, an alternate universe first introduced in the 1999 miniseries Earth X, an older Colossus reveals that he was Mister Sinister all along. After years with the X-Men, he fell in love with Jean ...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
The 2009 series X-Men Forever (vol. 2) featured stories and canon Chris Claremont would have established had he continued working on the X-Men comics after 1991. In the 2010 sequel series X-Men Forever 2, Nathaniel Essex is a mutant who is over a century old but stuck in the body of a ten-year-old child. Reasoning that...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
Sinister appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Clancy Brown. This version was born a mutant, is obsessed with creating and weaponizing the "ultimate mutant", and leads the Marauders in collecting mutant DNA. Mister Sinister appears in the M.O.D.O.K. episode "If Saturday Be... For the Boys!", voiced by Kevin Mic...	{ "page_id": 528214, "title": "Mister Sinister" }
FreeFem++ is a programming language and a software focused on solving partial differential equations using the finite element method. FreeFem++ is written in C++ and developed and maintained by Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions. It runs on Linux, Solaris, macOS and Microsoft Windows s...	{ "page_id": 32313179, "title": "FreeFem++" }
The molecular formula C10H11NO3 (molar mass: 193.20 g/mol, exact mass: 193.0739 u) may refer to: Actarit Betamipron Methylenedioxycathinone Methylhippuric acid	{ "page_id": 24711006, "title": "C10H11NO3" }
The IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal was a science award presented by the IEEE for outstanding achievements in the field of electromagnetic waves. The medal was named in honour of German physicist Heinrich Hertz, and was first proposed in 1986 by IEEE Region 8 (Germany) as a centennial recognition of Hertz's work on electroma...	{ "page_id": 14028639, "title": "IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal" }
its application to electrical engineering. 1996: Martin A. Uman (University of Florida, United States) for outstanding contributions to the understanding of lightning electromagnetics and its application to lightning detection and protection. 1997: Owen Storey (Stanford University, United States) for discovering the fi...	{ "page_id": 14028639, "title": "IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal" }
The molecular formula C19H23ClN2 (molar mass: 314.85 g/mol, exact mass: 314.1550 u) may refer to: Clomipramine Homochlorcyclizine	{ "page_id": 37687136, "title": "C19H23ClN2" }
David Dexter Perkins (May 2, 1919 – January 2, 2007) was an American geneticist, a member of the faculty of the Department of Biology at Stanford University for more than 58 years, from 1948 until his death in 2007. He received his PhD in Zoology in 1949 from Columbia University. A member of the National Academy of Sci...	{ "page_id": 8851297, "title": "David Perkins (geneticist)" }
parallels with oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mammals and other chordates. Many of his papers in this area were concerned with genetic recombination, with the rearrangement of genes on paired chromosomes that occurs during reproduction, a phenomenon known as crossing over. Perkins developed techniques for mapping gen...	{ "page_id": 8851297, "title": "David Perkins (geneticist)" }
Labes is also the German name of Łobez, Poland. As well as an extinct mammal. Labes (plural: labes) is a Latin word used by exogeologists to refer to chaotic regions, featuring ridges and steep valleys, in the Valles Marineris region of Mars. Labes are named after the nearest classical albedo feature. == List of labes ...	{ "page_id": 12324707, "title": "List of Labes on Mars" }
FutureGen was a project to demonstrate capture and sequestration of waste carbon dioxide from a coal-fired electrical generating station. The project (renamed FutureGen 2.0) was retrofitting a shuttered coal-fired power plant in Meredosia, Illinois, with oxy-combustion generators. The waste CO2 would be piped approxima...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
process. FutureGen was to be designed, developed and operated by the FutureGen Industrial Alliance, a non-profit consortium of coal mining and electric utility companies formed to partner with the DOE on the FutureGen project. The project was still in the development stage when its funding was cancelled in January 2008...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
transportation and storage.” An injection field test similar to this was done in Norway. In March 2009 Washington Post reported that U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu expressed support for continuing the project using stimulus funds (after some changes that have not yet been specified) and making it a part of a large...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
the FutureGen Alliance to delay the final site selection announcement, which was scheduled to occur at the end of the 30-day waiting period. The Alliance chose to move ahead with the announcement, citing time, money, and a commitment to proposers to select the final site by year-end. "Every month of delay can add $10 m...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
A study by the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program estimates the storage capacity of these saline rock formations in the U.S. to be 2,970 gigatons of carbon dioxide, compared to a capacity of 77 gigatons of carbon dioxide for all other types of reservoirs, such as depleted gas fields. Focusing on rock formations ...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
The initial plans had called for DOE to pay based on a percentage of the total cost, and their portion had risen from about $620 million to about $1.33 billion. The letter indicated that DOE's portion would now be $800 million. Risk management was a significant portion of the cost of the first FutureGen experimental im...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
dollars. As a result, the Bush administration cited the project as having nearly doubled in cost when, in reality, it had increased by 39% Secretary Bodman stated that with restructuring the FutureGen project, DOE plans "to equip multiple new clean-coal power plants with advanced CCS technology, instead of one demonstr...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
oxy-combustion technology, and piping the carbon dioxide 175 miles to Mattoon for underground storage. Due to these changes, leaders in Mattoon decided to drop out of the FutureGen project. The Illinois sites vying for the underground storage portion of the project were in Christian, Douglas, Fayette, and Morgan counti...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
a part of the FutureGen Industrial Alliance have since dropped out of the project. == See also == Coal pollution mitigation Carbon capture and storage Combined cycle Gasification Asia-Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate North American Carbon Program == References == == External links == FutureGen Indu...	{ "page_id": 1249127, "title": "FutureGen" }
At least four types of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are known: PDE4A PDE4B PDE4C PDE4D == See also == 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) PDE4 inhibitor	{ "page_id": 27791209, "title": "Phosphodiesterase 4" }
The Lichenologist is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal specialising in lichenology, including taxonomy, systematics, ecology, biogeography, and conservation. It is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Lichen Society and the editors-in-chief are Christopher J. Ellis (Royal Botanic ...	{ "page_id": 70848363, "title": "The Lichenologist" }
scope, and international significance. For a considerable period, it was the only scientific journal in the world dedicated entirely to lichens, making it an essential publication for research in the field. As it expanded, it became increasingly respected internationally while remaining the flagship publication of the ...	{ "page_id": 70848363, "title": "The Lichenologist" }
== The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief: Peter W. James (1958–1977) David L. Hawksworth (1978–1988) Dennis H. Brown (1989–2000) Peter Crittenden (2000–2019) Christopher J. Ellis and Leena Myllys (2020–present) == Abstracting and indexing == The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the J...	{ "page_id": 70848363, "title": "The Lichenologist" }
Jerome S. "J.S." Spevack was an American scientist, inventor, and engineer who developed the "dual temperature exchange sulphide process" (known as the Girdler sulfide process) in 1943 while working on the Manhattan Project. This is regarded as the most cost-effective process for producing heavy water. A parallel devel...	{ "page_id": 49745772, "title": "Jerome S. Spevack" }
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has be...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
to produce useful tools for research, industrial processes, and diagnosis and control of disease—the discipline of biotechnology. == History == At its most comprehensive definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life. In this ...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
of Physiological Chemistry) where he argued for the setting up of institutes dedicated to this field of study. The German chemist Carl Neuberg however is often cited to have coined the word in 1903, while some credited it to Franz Hofmeister. It was once generally believed that life and its materials had some essential...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
growth of forensic science. More recently, Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello received the 2006 Nobel Prize for discovering the role of RNA interference (RNAi) in the silencing of gene expression. == Starting materials: the chemical elements of life == Around two dozen chemical elements are essential to various kinds of...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type of biomolecule; they are used to store energy and genetic information, as well as play important roles in cell to cell interactions and communications. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains car...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
glycosidic bond of a disaccharide is broken into two monosaccharides is termed hydrolysis. The best-known disaccharide is sucrose or ordinary sugar, which consists of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule joined. Another important disaccharide is lactose found in milk, consisting of a glucose molecule and a galact...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids). Some lipids are linear, open-chain aliphatic molecules, whil...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
as co-solubilizers (e.g. in parenteral infusions) or else as drug carrier components (e.g. in a liposome or transfersome). === Proteins === Proteins are very large molecules—macro-biopolymers—made from monomers called amino acids. An amino acid consists of an alpha carbon atom attached to an amino group, –NH2, a carbox...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
light chains through disulfide linkages between their amino acids. Antibodies are specific through variation based on differences in the N-terminal domain. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which uses antibodies, is one of the most sensitive tests modern medicine uses to detect various biomolecules. Probab...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
behavior of hemoglobin so much that it results in sickle-cell disease. Finally, quaternary structure is concerned with the structure of a protein with multiple peptide subunits, like hemoglobin with its four subunits. Not all proteins have more than one subunit. Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
Free ammonia (NH3), existing as the ammonium ion (NH4+) in blood, is toxic to life forms. A suitable method for excreting it must therefore exist. Different tactics have evolved in different animals, depending on the animals' needs. Unicellular organisms release the ammonia into the environment. Likewise, bony fish can...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
and uracil, thymine binds only with adenine, and cytosine and guanine can bind only with one another. Adenine, thymine, and uracil contain two hydrogen bonds, while hydrogen bonds formed between cytosine and guanine are three. Aside from the genetic material of the cell, nucleic acids often play a role as second messen...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
converted to acetyl-CoA, giving off one carbon atom as the waste product carbon dioxide, generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two molecules of ATP, six more NADH molecules and two reduced (ubi)quinones (vi...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
liver are worn out. The pathway is a crucial reversal of glycolysis from pyruvate to glucose and can use many sources like amino acids, glycerol and Krebs Cycle. Large scale protein and fat catabolism usually occur when those suffer from starvation or certain endocrine disorders. The liver regenerates the glucose, usin...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
is the study of the effect of genetic differences in organisms. This can often be inferred by the absence of a normal component (e.g. one gene). The study of "mutants" – organisms that lack one or more functional components with respect to the so-called "wild type" or normal phenotype. Genetic interactions (epistasis) ...	{ "page_id": 3954, "title": "Biochemistry" }
Water conditioners are formulations designed to be added to tap water before its use in an aquarium. If the tap water is chlorinated then a simple conditioner containing a dechlorinator may be used. These products contain sodium thiosulfate which reduces chlorine to chloride which is less harmful to fish. However, chlo...	{ "page_id": 25694074, "title": "Water conditioner" }
A pressure tank or pressurizer is a type of hydraulic accumulator used in a piping system to maintain a desired pressure. Applications include buffering water pressure in homes. == A simple well water control system == Referring to the figure on the left, a submersible water pump is installed in a well. The pressure sw...	{ "page_id": 1249147, "title": "Pressure tank" }
volume V of water in the tank (Case 2). In the following development, all pressures are gauge pressures, which are the pressures above atmospheric pressure (Pa, which is altitude dependent). The ideal gas law may be written for both cases, and the amount of air in each case is equal: ( P c + P a ) V t = N k T Case 1 {\...	{ "page_id": 1249147, "title": "Pressure tank" }
when the water pressure is below Plo, so it is kept a bit below Plo. Another important parameter is the drawdown factor (fΔV), which is the ratio of the drawdown to the total tank volume: f Δ V = ( P a + P c ) ( P hi − P lo ) ( P hi + P a ) ( P lo + P a ) {\displaystyle f_{\Delta V}={\frac {(P_{\text{a}}+P_{\text{c}})(...	{ "page_id": 1249147, "title": "Pressure tank" }
Jennifer Holmgren (born 1962) is a Colombian chemist whose research area is on chemical technologies and fuel. She is currently the CEO of LanzaTech, a company dedicated to sustainability by using gas fermentation products to create materials that are necessary for everyday life. == Early life == Holmgren, the eldest o...	{ "page_id": 73404284, "title": "Jennifer Holmgren" }
the chief Executive Officer at LanzaTech and sits on the board for Bio Energy Research. LanzaTech is a carbon recycling company that uses bacteria to transform carbon into ethanol. Compared to traditional petroleum methods, LanzaTech’s waste gas-to-ethanol process (biomass gasification) reduces life-cycle greenhouse ga...	{ "page_id": 73404284, "title": "Jennifer Holmgren" }
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in unit of hertz (symbol Hz). It may refer more specifically to two subcategories: Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
a specified level of performance. A less strict and more practically useful definition will refer to the frequencies beyond which performance is degraded. In the case of frequency response, degradation could, for example, mean more than 3 dB below the maximum value or it could mean below a certain absolute value. As wi...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
certain bandwidth means that the system can process signals with that range of frequencies, or that the system reduces the bandwidth of a white noise input to that bandwidth. The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency response that lies within 3 dB of the r...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
rate, the Nyquist sampling rate, and maximum bit rate according to the Hartley's law, the bandwidth refers to the frequency range within which the gain is non-zero. The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to c...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
f=f_{\mathrm {H} }-f_{\mathrm {L} }} where f H {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {H} }} and f L {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {L} }} are the upper and lower frequency limits respectively of the band in question. === Fractional bandwidth === Fractional bandwidth is defined as the absolute bandwidth divided by the center frequency (...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
% B {\displaystyle \%B} ), % B F = 100 Δ f f C . {\displaystyle \%B_{\mathrm {F} }=100{\frac {\Delta f}{f_{\mathrm {C} }}}\,.} === Ratio bandwidth === Ratio bandwidth is defined as the ratio of the upper and lower limits of the band, B R = f H f L . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {R} }={\frac {f_{\mathrm {H} }}{f_{\mathrm {...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
\|H(f)\|} at its center frequency, but it can also equal the peak value of \| H ( f ) \| {\displaystyle \|H(f)\|} . The noise equivalent bandwidth B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} can be calculated in the frequency domain using H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} or in the time domain by exploiting the Parseval's theorem with the system i...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
the range of frequencies in which some measurement apparatus (e.g., a power meter) can operate the data rate (e.g., in Gbit/s) achieved in an optical communication system; see bandwidth (computing). A related concept is the spectral linewidth of the radiation emitted by excited atoms. == See also == Bandwidth extension...	{ "page_id": 3967, "title": "Bandwidth (signal processing)" }
Almond meal, almond flour or ground almond is made from ground sweet almonds. Almond flour is usually made with blanched almonds (no skin), whereas almond meal can be made with whole or blanched almonds. The consistency is more like corn meal than wheat flour. It is used in pastry and confectionery – in the manufacture...	{ "page_id": 3215233, "title": "Almond meal" }
The Strep-tag system is a method which allows the purification and detection of proteins by affinity chromatography. The Strep-tag II is a synthetic peptide consisting of eight amino acids (Trp-Ser-His-Pro-Gln-Phe-Glu-Lys). This peptide sequence exhibits intrinsic affinity towards Strep-Tactin, a specifically engineere...	{ "page_id": 22810498, "title": "Strep-tag" }
is biochemically almost inert. Therefore, protein folding or secretion is not influenced and usually it does not interfere with protein function. Strep-tag is especially suited for analysis of functional proteins, because the purification procedure can be kept under physiological conditions. This not only allows the is...	{ "page_id": 22810498, "title": "Strep-tag" }
be purified by first using Strep-Tactin and then perform a second run using antibodies against Strep-tag. This reduces the contamination with unspecific bound proteins, which might occur in some rare scenarios. Following assays can be conducted using the Strep-tag detection system: one-step affinity purification Protei...	{ "page_id": 22810498, "title": "Strep-tag" }
A loading control is a protein used as a control in a Western blotting experiment. Typically, loading controls are proteins with high and ubiquitous expression, such as beta-actin or GADPH. They are used to make sure that the protein has been loaded equally across all wells. == References ==	{ "page_id": 52432771, "title": "Loading control" }
Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) is a specific suite of algorithms used for diffeomorphic mapping and manipulating dense imagery based on diffeomorphic metric mapping within the academic discipline of computational anatomy, to be distinguished from its precursor based on diffeomorphic mapping. The...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
diffusion-weighted imaging, to scalar densities associated to computed tomography (CT), or functional imagery such as temporal data of functional magnetic resonance imaging and scalar densities such as Positron emission tomography (PET). Computational anatomy is a subdiscipline within the broader field of neuroinformat...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
as measured via high resolution dense imagery has a long history in 3-D beginning with Computed Axial Tomography (CAT scanning) in the early 80's by the University of Pennsylvania group led by Ruzena Bajcsy, and subsequently the Ulf Grenander school at Brown University with the HAND experiments. In the 90's there were ...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
paper, with fast and symmetric methods becoming available. Such methods are powerful in that they introduce notions of regularity of the solutions so that they can be differentiated and local inverses can be calculated. The disadvantages of these methods is that there was no associated global least-action property whic...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
images element in the random orbit model of CA for images I ∈ I ≐ { I = I temp ∘ φ , φ ∈ Diff V } {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}\doteq \{I=I_{\text{temp}}\circ \varphi ,\varphi \in \operatorname {Diff} _{V}\}} . The template is mapped onto the target by defining a variational problem in which the template is transf...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
v i ∈ H 0 3 , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , {\displaystyle v_{i}\in H_{0}^{3},i=1,2,3,} has 3-times square-integrable weak-derivatives. Thus ( V , ‖ ⋅ ‖ V ) {\displaystyle (V,\\|\cdot \\|_{V})} embeds smoothly in 1-time continuously differentiable functions. The diffeomorphism group are flows with vector fields absolutely integrable i...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
l d ← ϕ t n e w {\displaystyle \phi _{t}^{old}\leftarrow \phi _{t}^{new}} each iteration, with ϕ t 1 ≐ ϕ 1 ∘ ϕ t − 1 {\displaystyle \phi _{t1}\doteq \phi _{1}\circ \phi _{t}^{-1}} : This implies that the fixed point at t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} satisfies μ 0 ∗ = A v 0 ∗ = ( I − J ∘ ϕ 1 ∗ ) ∇ I \| D ϕ 1 ∗ \| {\displaystyl...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
the fixed point satisfy A v 0 = − ∑ i ( D ϕ 1 ) ( x i ) T ( y i − ϕ 1 ( x i ) ) δ x i {\displaystyle Av_{0}=-\sum _{i}(D\phi _{1})(x_{i})^{T}(y_{i}-\phi _{1}(x_{i}))\delta _{x_{i}}} with A v t = − ∑ i ( D ϕ t 1 ) T \| ϕ t ( x i ) ( y i − ϕ 1 ( x i ) ) δ ϕ t ( x i ) {\displaystyle Av_{t}=-\sum _{i}(D\phi _{t1})^{T}\|_{\ph...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
⋅ M = ( λ 1 e ^ 1 e ^ 1 T + λ 2 e ^ 2 e ^ 2 T + λ 3 e ^ 3 e ^ 3 T ) ∘ φ − 1 , {\displaystyle \varphi \cdot M=(\lambda _{1}{\hat {e}}_{1}{\hat {e}}_{1}^{T}+\lambda _{2}{\hat {e}}_{2}{\hat {e}}_{2}^{T}+\lambda _{3}{\hat {e}}_{3}{\hat {e}}_{3}^{T})\circ \varphi ^{-1},} transformed eigenvectors e ^ 1 = D φ e 1 ‖ D φ e 1 ‖ ...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
+ β ∫ R 3 ( ‖ ϕ 1 ⋅ I ‖ − ‖ I ′ ‖ ) 2 d x . {\displaystyle \min _{v:{\dot {\phi }}\circ \phi ^{-1}}{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{0}^{1}\int _{R^{3}}Av_{t}\cdot v_{t}dxdt+\alpha \int _{{\mathbb {R} }^{3}}\\|\phi _{1}\cdot I-I^{\prime }\\|^{2}\,dx+\beta \int _{{\mathbb {R} }^{3}}(\\|\phi _{1}\cdot I\\|-\\|I^{\prime }\\|)^{2}\,dx\ .} ==...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
\Psi } as ρ ( ψ 1 , ψ 2 ) = ‖ log ψ 1 ⁡ ( ψ 2 ) ‖ ψ 1 = cos − 1 ⁡ ⟨ ψ 1 , ψ 2 ⟩ = cos − 1 ⁡ ( ∫ s ∈ S 2 ψ 1 ( s ) ψ 2 ( s ) d s ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho (\psi _{1},\psi _{2})=\\|\log _{\psi _{1}}(\psi _{2})\\|_{\psi _{1}}=\cos ^{-1}\langle \psi _{1},\psi _{2}\rangle =\cos ^{-1}\left(\int _{{\bf {s}}\in {\m...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
_{1}^{-1}(x),x\in X} , where ( D ϕ 1 ) {\displaystyle (D\phi _{1})} is the Jacobian of the affined transformed ODF and is defined as ( D ϕ 1 ) ψ ∘ ϕ 1 − 1 ( x ) = det ( D ϕ 1 − 1 ϕ 1 ) − 1 ‖ ( D ϕ 1 − 1 ϕ 1 ) − 1 s ‖ 3 ψ ( ( D ϕ 1 − 1 ϕ 1 ) − 1 s ‖ ( D ϕ 1 − 1 ϕ 1 ) − 1 s ‖ , ϕ 1 − 1 ( x ) ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{al...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
terms of the state q t ≐ I ∘ ϕ t − 1 , q 0 = I {\displaystyle q_{t}\doteq I\circ \phi _{t}^{-1},q_{0}=I} , for image I ( x ) , x ∈ X = R 3 {\displaystyle I(x),x\in X=R^{3}} , with the dynamics equation controlling the state by the control given in terms of the advection equation according to q ˙ t = − ∇ q t ⋅ v t {\dis...	{ "page_id": 49418115, "title": "Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping" }
Yun Sing Koh (born 1978) is a New Zealand computer science academic, and is a full professor at the University of Auckland, specialising in machine learning and artificial intelligence. She is a co-director of the Centre of Machine Learning for Social Good, and the Advanced Machine Learning and Data Analytics Research ...	{ "page_id": 77467525, "title": "Yun Sing Koh" }
systematic review of literature and techniques". Swarm and evolutionary computation. 17: 1–13. doi:10.1016/J.SWEVO.2014.02.001. ISSN 2210-6502. Wikidata Q125185161. Yun Sing Koh; Nathan Rountree; Richard O’Keefe (1 April 2006). "Finding Non-Coincidental Sporadic Rules Using Apriori-Inverse". International Journal of Da...	{ "page_id": 77467525, "title": "Yun Sing Koh" }
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolyme...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
process in most in vivo systems, all biopolymers of a type (say one specific protein) are all alike: they all contain similar sequences and numbers of monomers and thus all have the same mass. This phenomenon is called monodispersity in contrast to the polydispersity encountered in synthetic polymers. As a result, biop...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
determining sequence information. Protein sequence can be determined by Edman degradation, in which the N-terminal residues are hydrolyzed from the chain one at a time, derivatized, and then identified. Mass spectrometer techniques can also be used. Nucleic acid sequence can be determined using gel electrophoresis and ...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
is derived by alkaline hydrolysis containing 18% nitrogen and no amide groups. Elevated temperatures cause the gelatin to melts and exists as coils, whereas lower temperatures result in coil to helix transformation. Gelatin contains many functional groups like NH2, SH, and COOH which allow for gelatin to be modified us...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
tissue regeneration, and keeps a stable temperature environment. Additionally, there have been developments with alginate as a drug delivery medium, as drug release rate can easily be manipulated due to a variety of alginate densities and fibrous composition. == Biopolymer applications == The applications of biopolymer...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
sponges are used as a dressing to treat burn victims and other serious wounds. Collagen based implants are used for cultured skin cells or drug carriers that are used for burn wounds and replacing skin. Collagen as haemostat: When collagen interacts with platelets it causes a rapid coagulation of blood. This rapid coag...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
thiomers) are used for tissue engineering and wound healing, as these biopolymers are able to crosslink via disulfide bonds forming stable three-dimensional networks. === Industrial === Food: Biopolymers are being used in the food industry for things like packaging, edible encapsulation films and coating foods. Polylac...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }
as plastics, replacing the need for polystyrene or polyethylene based plastics. Some plastics are now referred to as being 'degradable', 'oxy-degradable' or 'UV-degradable'. This means that they break down when exposed to light or air, but these plastics are still primarily (as much as 98 per cent) oil-based and are no...	{ "page_id": 3974, "title": "Biopolymer" }

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