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terrestrial inputs (e.g. soil organic matter, leaf litterfall), submerged or floating aquatic vegetation, or autochthonous production of algae (living or detrital). Each source of POM has its own chemical composition that affects its lability, or accessibility to the food web. Algal-derived POM is thought to be most la...	{ "page_id": 49090922, "title": "Particulate organic matter" }
a portion of it fuels the metabolism of the organisms living there, including deep-sea fish and benthic organisms. Zooplankton play a critical role in shaping particle flux through ingestion and fragmentation of particles, production of fast-sinking fecal material and active vertical migration. Besides the importance o...	{ "page_id": 49090922, "title": "Particulate organic matter" }
and diatom chains with a diameter of >5 μm have been shown to sink at rates up to several 10 s meters per day, though this is only possible owing to the heavy ballast of a silica frustule. Both size and density affect particle sinking velocity; for example, for sinking velocities that follow Stokes' Law, doubling the s...	{ "page_id": 49090922, "title": "Particulate organic matter" }
right, the sinking POC is moving downward followed by a chemical plume. The plain white arrows represent the carbon flow. Panel (a) represents the classical view of a non-bioluminescent particle. The length of the plume is identified by the scale on the side. Panel (b) represents the case of a glowing particle in the b...	{ "page_id": 49090922, "title": "Particulate organic matter" }
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. This takes place through a pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation an...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
the F-factor. The F-factor is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination) with a length of about 100 kb. It carries its own origin of replication, the oriV, and an origin of transfer, or oriT. There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
factor IHF. The nicked strand, or T-strand, is then unwound from the unbroken strand and transferred to the recipient cell in a 5'-terminus to 3'-terminus direction. The remaining strand is replicated either independent of conjugative action (vegetative replication beginning at the oriV) or in concert with conjugation ...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
the E. coli chromosome is a rare spontaneous occurrence, and since the numerous genes promoting DNA transfer are in the plasmid genome rather than in the bacterial genome, it has been argued that conjugative bacterial gene transfer, as it occurs in the E. coli Hfr system, is not an evolutionary adaptation of the bacter...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
unlike in bacteria, where conjugation apparatus typically mediates the transfer of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids or transposons, the conjugative machinery of hyperthermophilic archaea, called Ced (Crenarchaeal system for exchange of DNA) and Ted (Thermoproteales system for exchange of DNA), appears to be re...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
genetic transfer including minimal disruption of the target's cellular envelope and the ability to transfer relatively large amounts of genetic material (see the above discussion of E. coli chromosome transfer). In plant engineering, Agrobacterium-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mos...	{ "page_id": 4460, "title": "Bacterial conjugation" }
Chemical Agent Detector Paper is a type of paper used for detecting the presence of chemical agents, including nerve agents, mustard agents, and blister agents. The paper typically change color in the presence of a chemical agent. The U.S. Military and first responders typically use the paper. == M8 Detector Paper == M...	{ "page_id": 67309930, "title": "Chemical Agent Detector Paper" }
used in the tape was mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic. Adoption nonetheless proceeded and the Army was able to find a replacement dye that was not mutagenic. == Chemical Detection Kit == The M256/M256A1 Chemical Detection Kits include not only M8 Detector Paper for detecting the presence of toxins, but also enzyme-b...	{ "page_id": 67309930, "title": "Chemical Agent Detector Paper" }
Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state in extremophilic organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. When environmental conditi...	{ "page_id": 1708398, "title": "Cryptobiosis" }
pathways is involved in anhydrobiosis at the molecular level. These are mainly defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics, expression of heat shock proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins as well as biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyamines. Some of them are conserved amo...	{ "page_id": 1708398, "title": "Cryptobiosis" }
nematodes, and sponge gemmules, are capable of surviving in a seemingly inactive state during anoxic conditions for months to decades. Studies of the metabolic activity of these idling organisms during anoxia have been mostly inconclusive. This is because it is difficult to measure very small degrees of metabolic activ...	{ "page_id": 1708398, "title": "Cryptobiosis" }
the solution the organism lives in. Little is known for certain, other than that osmobiosis appears to involve a cessation of metabolism. == Examples == The brine shrimp Artemia salina, which can be found in the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana, survives over the dry season when the water of the pans evaporates, leaving a...	{ "page_id": 1708398, "title": "Cryptobiosis" }
A lithium atom is an atom of the chemical element lithium. Stable lithium is composed of three electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing three protons along with either three or four neutrons, depending on the isotope, held together by the strong force. Similarly to the case of the helium ato...	{ "page_id": 43979118, "title": "Lithium atom" }
In the history of chemistry, the chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the reformulation of chemistry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion. During the 19th and 20th century, this transformat...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
century. Furthermore, work by Jean Rey in the early 17th century with metals like tin and lead and their oxidation in the presence of air and water helped pinpoint the contribution and existence of oxygen in the oxidation process. Other factors included new experimental techniques and the discovery of 'fixed air' (carb...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
show that through the transformation of chemical species the total amount of substance was conserved. Lavoisier used instrumentation for thermometric and barometric measurements in his experiments, and collaborated with Pierre Simon de Laplace in the invention of the calorimeter, an instrument for measuring heat change...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
the law of conservation of mass was discovered by Lavoisier, this claim has been refuted by scientist Marcellin Berthelot. Earlier use of the law of conservation of mass has been suggested by Henry Guerlac, noting that scientist Jan Baptist van Helmont had implicitly applied the methodology to his work in the 16th and ...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
de Fourcroy, published Méthode de nomenclature chimique in 1787. This work established a terminology for the "new chemistry" which Lavoisier was creating, which focused on a standardized set of terms, establishment of new elements, and experimental work. Méthode established 55 elements which were substances that could ...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
doubt upon some of Lavoisier's key ideas such as the acidity of oxygen and the idea of a caloric element. Davy was able to show that acidity was not due to the presence of oxygen using muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) as proof. He also proved that the compound oxymuriatic acid contained no oxygen and was instead an el...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
was known to be a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, thus Dalton believed water to be a binary compound containing one hydrogen and one oxygen. Dalton was able to accurately compute the relative quantity of gases in atmospheric air. He used the specific gravity of azotic (nitrogen), oxygenous, carbonic acid (carbon di...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
== == Further reading == William B. Jensen, "Logic, History, and the Chemistry Textbook: III. One Chemical Revolution or Three?", Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 75, No. 8, August 1998 John G. McEvoy (2010). Historiography of the Chemical Revolution: Patterns of Interpretation in the History of Science. Pickering &...	{ "page_id": 3543408, "title": "Chemical revolution" }
Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor (ALPS) motifs were first identified in 2005 in ARFGAP1 and have been reviewed. The curving of a phospholipid bilayer, for example into a liposome, causes disturbances to the packing of the lipids on the side of the bilayer that has the larger surface area (the outside of a liposome for ...	{ "page_id": 54202739, "title": "Amphipathic lipid packing sensor motifs" }
Continuous reactors (alternatively referred to as flow reactors) carry chemical materials as a flowing stream. Reactants are continuously fed into the reactor and emerge as continuous stream of product. Continuous reactors are used for a wide variety of chemical and biological processes within the food, chemical and ph...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
=== The rate of many chemical reactions is dependent on reactant concentration. Continuous reactors are generally able to cope with much higher reactant concentrations due to their superior heat transfer capacities. Plug flow reactors have the additional advantage of greater separation between reactants and products gi...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
quality. It can also lead to boiling or freezing within the reactor which may stop the reactor from working altogether. In extreme cases, poor temperature control can lead to severe over pressure which can be destructive on the equipment and potentially dangerous. === Single stage systems with high heating or cooling f...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
can occur. Thus the product temperature can be controlled by regulating the temperature of the heat transfer fluid (or the product). The feedback signal for controlling the process temperature can be the product temperature or the heat transfer fluid temperature. It is often more practical to control the temperature of...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
within the reactor). There is however a measure of conflict between good mixing and plug flow since mixing generates axial as well as radial movement of the fluid. In tube type reactors (with or without static mixing), adequate mixing can be achieved without seriously compromising plug flow. For this reason, these type...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
has the benefit of allowing the reactor to be kept comparatively short. === Mixing with a mechanical agitator === Some continuous reactors use mechanical agitation for mixing (rather than the product transfer pump). Whilst this adds complexity to the reactor design, it offers significant advantages in terms of versatil...	{ "page_id": 18289011, "title": "Continuous reactor" }
A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemon...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
Clean Argon's K-Capture. ==== Period 4 ==== Kindly Cannibals Scare Timid Visitors, 'n' Cruelly Menace Female Communist Nitwits Cuddling Zany Gabbling Geese Astride Several Brutal Kangaroos. In reverse order: Kry Brother! SeAs of Germany and Gaul sink copper ships Nice and Cold From Manx to Crimea, Vancouver to Timor, a...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
Einstein Firmly Mended Noble Lawreins. Ace Thor Protects Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Army Cured Bark. In California Einstein and Fermi Made Noble Laws. Actually Thor Protects Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Army Cured Bark. In California Einstein and Fermi Made Noble Laws. === 56 elements in sequence === Here Lies Benjamin...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
Ladies. ==== Group 17 (Halogens) ==== Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, Tennessine Funny Clowns Broil Innocent Ants. Fast Clouds Break In Atlantis. Father Clark B(r)lesses Ivan A(s)tlast. First Class Briyani In Australia ==== Group 18 (noble gases) ==== Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon. Hero Neve...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
Makes A Zany Idiot Totally Lose His Composure, Sir! Good! == Reactions and ions == === Redox reactions === A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a change in oxidation state of atoms participating in the reaction. === Ions === An atom (or ion) whose oxidation number increases in a redox reaction is s...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
electrode in which oxidation takes place is called an anode while in that which reduction takes place is called cathode. This applies for both electrolytic and electrochemical cells, though the charge on them reverses. The red cat and an ox mnemonics are useful to remember the same. Red cat: Reduction at cathode An ox:...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
= 7) are used. Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas For the first five chains. Many Elephants Pee Behind Plants Mom Eats Pretty Big Pears === Carboxylic acids === Common names of homogeneous aliphatic carboxylic acids, Frogs Are Polite, Being Very Courteous. === Dicarboxylic acids === The sequence of dicarboxylic acids can be re...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
human body; Chopin's CaFe I.P. Cohn's CaFe === Essential amino acids === PVT TIM HaLL and TT HALL Very IMPortant. These Ten Valuable Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Men MATT HILL, VP LIFT HIM KIW(V)I TV FILM HW(R)K. FM TK HW RIVL Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable. This method begins wi...	{ "page_id": 34410870, "title": "List of chemistry mnemonics" }
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, i.e. 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum sta...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
papers. The result of their efforts is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by Bose–Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now called bosons. Bosons are allowed to share a quantum state. Einstein proposed that cooling bosonic atoms to a very low temper...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
atomic hydrogen at the time, which give a significant head start when performing the final forced evaporative cooling to cross the condensation threshold. These early studies founded the field of ultracold atoms, and hundreds of research groups around the world now routinely produce BECs of dilute atomic vapors in thei...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
on the density. A more concise and experimentally relevant condition involves the phase-space density D = n λ T 3 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}=n\lambda _{T}^{3}} , where λ T = ℏ 2 π m k B T {\displaystyle \lambda _{T}=\hbar {\sqrt {\frac {2\pi }{mk_{\text{B}}T}}}} is the thermal de Broglie wavelength. It is a dimensio...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
the equation of state can be rewritten as 1 v = 1 λ 3 g 3 / 2 ( f ) + ⟨ n 0 ⟩ V ⇔ ⟨ n 0 ⟩ V λ 3 = λ 3 v − g 3 / 2 ( f ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{v}}={\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}g_{3/2}(f)+{\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{V}}\Leftrightarrow {\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{V}}\lambda ^{3}={\frac {\lambda ^{3}}{v}}-g_{3/2}(f...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
⟩ N = 1 − ( T T c ) 3 / 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{N}}=1-\left({\frac {T}{T_{\text{c}}}}\right)^{3/2}.} So, if T ≪ T c {\displaystyle T\ll T_{\text{c}}} , the fraction ⟨ n 0 ⟩ N ≈ 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\langle n_{0}\rangle }{N}}\approx 1} , and if T ≫ T c {\displaystyle T\gg T_{\text{c}}} , th...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
June 1995. They cooled a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics) and magnetic evaporative cooling. About four months ...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
as the cover design for the 1999 textbook Thermal Physics by Ralph Baierlein. === Quasiparticles === Bose–Einstein condensation also applies to quasiparticles in solids. Magnons, excitons, and polaritons have integer spin which means they are bosons that can form condensates. Magnons, electron spin waves, can be contro...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, \| 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|0\rangle } and \| 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|1\rangle } . If the two states are equal in energy, each different configuration is equally likely. If we can tell which particle is which, there are 2 N {\dis...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|0\rangle } . But in the indistinguishable case, since there is no statistical pressure toward equal numbers, the most-likely outcome is that most of the particles will collapse into state \| 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|0\rangle } . In the distinguishable case, for large N, the fraction in state \| 0 ⟩ {\displ...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
in different states. In this limit, the gas is classical. As the density increases or the temperature decreases, the number of accessible states per particle becomes smaller, and at some point, more particles will be forced into a single state than the maximum allowed for that state by statistical weighting. From this ...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
of dilute gas, finding a finite pressure at zero temperature and positive chemical potential. This leads to corrections for the ground state. The Bogoliubov state has pressure ( T = 0 ) {\displaystyle (T=0)} : P = g n 2 / 2 {\displaystyle P=gn^{2}/2} . The original interacting system can be converted to a system of non...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
this energy with respect to infinitesimal variations in ψ ( r → ) {\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {r}})} , and holding the number of atoms constant, yields the Gross–Pitaevski equation (GPE) (also a non-linear Schrödinger equation): i ℏ ∂ ψ ( r → ) ∂ t = ( − ℏ 2 ∇ 2 2 m + V ( r → ) + U 0 \| ψ ( r → ) \| 2 ) ψ ( r → ) {\displa...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
the following simplifications: it assumes that interactions between condensate particles are of the contact two-body type and also neglects anomalous contributions to self-energy. These assumptions are suitable mostly for the dilute three-dimensional condensates. If one relaxes any of these assumptions, the equation fo...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
of phase transition, these phenomena were observed in helium-4 and different classes of superconductors. In this sense, the superconductivity is often called the superfluidity of Fermi gas. In the simplest form, the origin of superfluidity can be seen from the weakly interacting bosons model. == Peculiar properties == ...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
( ρ , z ) e i ℓ θ {\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {r}})=\phi (\rho ,z)e^{i\ell \theta }} . This is usually done computationally, however, in a uniform medium, the following analytic form demonstrates the correct behavior, and is a good approximation: ϕ = n x 2 + x 2 . {\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {nx}{\sqrt {2+x^{2}}}}\,.} H...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
even in propagation and interaction. Although solitons carry no charge and are thus prone to decay, relatively long-lived dark solitons have been produced and studied extensively. === Attractive interactions === Experiments led by Randall Hulet at Rice University from 1995 through 2000 showed that lithium condensates w...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
to leave the trap without being detected. The process of creation of molecular Bose condensate during the sweep of the magnetic field throughout the Feshbach resonance, as well as the reverse process, are described by the exactly solvable model that can explain many experimental observations. == Current research == Com...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
the particles along one or two directions, effectively eliminating one or two dimension from the system. Further, the sensitivity of the pinning transition of strongly interacting bosons confined in a shallow one-dimensional optical lattice originally observed by Haller has been explored via a tweaking of the primary o...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
also the subject of two upcoming experiments on the International Space Station. Researchers in the new field of atomtronics use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates in the emerging quantum technology of matter-wave circuits. In 1970, BECs were proposed by Emmanuel David Tannenbaum for anti-stealth technology. =...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
gases, also called "Fermi condensates". Cooling fermions to extremely low temperatures has created degenerate gases, subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. To exhibit Bose–Einstein condensation, the fermions must "pair up" to form bosonic compound particles (e.g. molecules or Cooper pairs). The first molecular conde...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
particle existed for 10−23 seconds and was named d(2380). This particle is hypothesized to consist of three up and three down quarks. It is theorized that groups of d (d-stars) could form Bose–Einstein condensates due to prevailing low temperatures in the early universe, and that BECs made of such hexaquarks with tra...	{ "page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate" }
Clinical biophysics is that branch of medical science that studies the action process and the effects of non-ionising physical energies utilised for therapeutic purposes. Physical energy can be applied for diagnostic or therapeutic aims. The principle on which clinical biophysics is based are represented by the recogni...	{ "page_id": 32182651, "title": "Clinical biophysics" }
A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation, though this term is used for other procedures as well. In a restriction digest, DNA molecules are cleaved at specific restriction sites of 4-12 nucleotides in length b...	{ "page_id": 1708412, "title": "Restriction digest" }
"loaded" onto a slab of agarose gel (literally pipetted into small wells at one end of the slab). The gel is then subjected to an electric field, which draws the negatively charged DNA across it. The molecules travel at different rates (and therefore end up at different distances) depending on their net charge (more hi...	{ "page_id": 1708412, "title": "Restriction digest" }
enzyme has distinct properties that determine how efficiently it can cut and under what conditions. Most manufacturers that produce such enzymes will often provide a specific buffer solution that contains the unique mix of cations and other components that aid the enzyme in cutting as efficiently as possible. Different...	{ "page_id": 1708412, "title": "Restriction digest" }
The Beer–Bouguer–Lambert (BBL) extinction law is an empirical relationship describing the attenuation in intensity of a radiation beam passing through a macroscopically homogenous medium with which it interacts. Formally, it states that the intensity of radiation decays exponentially in the absorbance of the medium, an...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
modern physics. Lambert began by assuming that the intensity I of light traveling into an absorbing body would be given by the differential equation − d I = μ I d x , {\displaystyle -\mathrm {d} I=\mu I\mathrm {d} x,} which is compatible with Bouguer's observations. The constant of proportionality μ was often termed th...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
mathematically equivalent to the modern law, modern treatments instead emphasize the logarithm of λ, which clarifies that concentration and path length have equivalent effects on the absorption. An early, possibly the first, modern formulation was given by Robert Luther and Andreas Nikolopulos in 1913. == Mathematical ...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
Beer's relates the optical attenuation of a physical material containing a single attenuating species of uniform concentration to the optical path length through the sample and absorptivity of the species. This expression is: log 10 ⁡ ( I 0 / I ) = A = ε ℓ c {\displaystyle \log _{10}(I_{0}/I)=A=\varepsilon \ell c} The ...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
i ( z ) n i ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}A&=\int {\mu _{10}(z)\,dz}&&=\int {\sum _{i}{\epsilon _{i}(z)c_{i}(z)}\,dz},\\\tau &=\int {\mu (z)\,dz}&&=\int {\sum _{i}{\sigma _{i}(z)n_{i}(z)}\,dz}.\end{alignedat}}} These formulations then reduce to the simpler versions when there is only one active specie...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
′ ) {\displaystyle \exp \left(\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d} z'\right)} throughout to obtain d Φ e ( z ) d z exp ⁡ ( ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ ) + μ ( z ) Φ e ( z ) exp ⁡ ( ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ ) = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{\mathrm {e} }(z)}{\mathrm {d} z}}\,\exp \left(\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
\mu _{10}={\tfrac {\mu }{\ln 10}},} we also have T = exp ⁡ ( − ∫ 0 ℓ ln ⁡ ( 10 ) μ 10 ( z ) d z ) = 10 ∧ ( − ∫ 0 ℓ μ 10 ( z ) d z ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T&=\exp \left(-\int _{0}^{\ell }\ln(10)\,\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z\right)\\[4pt]&=10^{\;\!\wedge }\!\!\left(-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z\rig...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
⁡ ( 10 ) = 10 ∧ ( − ∑ i = 1 N ε i ∫ 0 ℓ c i ( z ) d z ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T&=\exp \left(-\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {\ln(10)}{\mathrm {N_{A}} }}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }n_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z\right)\\[4pt]&=\exp \left(-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }{\frac {n_{i}(z)}{\mathrm {N_{A}} }}...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
the Beer–Lambert law. The law tends to break down at very high concentrations, especially if the material is highly scattering. Absorbance within range of 0.2 to 0.5 is ideal to maintain linearity in the Beer–Lambert law. If the radiation is especially intense, nonlinear optical processes can also cause variances. The ...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
Measurements of decadic attenuation coefficient μ10 are made at one wavelength λ that is nearly unique for bilirubin and at a second wavelength in order to correct for possible interferences. The amount concentration c is then given by c = μ 10 ( λ ) ε ( λ ) . {\displaystyle c={\frac {\mu _{10}(\lambda )}{\varepsilon (...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
l {\displaystyle l} is the path length. The law is used widely in infra-red spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy for analysis of polymer degradation and oxidation (also in biological tissue) as well as to measure the concentration of various compounds in different food samples. The carbonyl group attenuation at ...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
from molecular oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) (responsible for the blue color of the sky); the selection of the attenuators which have to be considered depends on the wavelength range and can include various other compounds. This can include tetraoxygen, HONO, formaldehyde, glyoxal, a series of halogen radicals and othe...	{ "page_id": 4476, "title": "Beer–Lambert law" }
dcGO is a comprehensive ontology database for protein domains. As an ontology resource, dcGO integrates Open Biomedical Ontologies from a variety of contexts, ranging from functional information like Gene Ontology to others on enzymes and pathways, from phenotype information across major model organisms to information ...	{ "page_id": 37818751, "title": "DcGO" }
and phenotype. == Software == Open-source software dcGOR is developed using R programming language to analyse domain-centric ontologies and annotations. Supported analyses include: easy access to a wide range of ontologies and their domain-centric annotations; able to build customised ontologies and annotations; domain...	{ "page_id": 37818751, "title": "DcGO" }
The molecular formula C20H22O7 (molar mass: 374.384 g/mol, exact mass: 374.1366 u) may refer to: Diffractaic acid Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) Saudin Tinosporide	{ "page_id": 59969920, "title": "C20H22O7" }
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a strain of unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis during light periods and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during dark periods. Gene expression is regulated by a cir...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
one found in land plants. The organism also exhibits phototactic movement. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 can be grown on either agar plates or in liquid culture. The most widely used culture medium is a BG-11 salt solution. The ideal pH is between 7 and 8.5. A light intensity of 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1 leads to best growth...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
to 15 minutes (blue) light per day. This regulatory role of light is intact in both PSI and PSII deficient strains. Some glycolytic genes are regulated by the gene sll1330 under light and glucose-supplemented conditions. One of the most important glycolytic genes is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbaA). The mRNA l...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
(σ70), which can be divided into three groups. Group 1 sigma factors are critical for cell viability. Group 2, similar in structure to Group 1, is not essential for cell vitality. Group 3 is structurally different and involved with survival under stress conditions. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 lacks the σN factor found in...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
Type I promoters consists of a consensus -35 and -10 region (Pribnow box) upstream of the gene start site. Heidorn et al. 2011 compiled a list of native Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 promoters that have been used in synthetic constructs, although this leads to cross talk and non-orthogonal or non-specific gene expression. ...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
promoters that are inducible by heavy metals, such as: zinc, cadmium, cobalt, arsenic, nickel and chromium. Several such promoters were evaluated in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 by Peca 2007. These promoters are not ideal, as metal ions are critical in Synechocystis’ metabolic pathways and altering concentrations can lead...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
genetic engineering by the following manipulations: broadening the range of photosynthetic light absorption, altering antenna size in photosystem II, increasing bicarbonate uptake, modifying the Rubisco enzyme to increase carbon fixation, and introduction of biofuel producing metabolic pathways. It is not yet clear whe...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
from 21 fully sequenced cyanobacterial genomes. Through its user-friendly interactive interface, users can employ various criteria to retrieve all TF sequences and their detailed annotation information, including sequence features, domain architecture and sequence similarity against the linked databases. Furthermore, c...	{ "page_id": 18878850, "title": "Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803" }
MEGARes is a hand-curated antibiotic resistance database which incorporates previously published resistance sequences for antimicrobial drugs, while also expanding to include published sequences for metal and biocide resistance determinants. In MEGARes 3.0, the nodes of the acyclic hierarchical ontology include four an...	{ "page_id": 61084034, "title": "MEGARes" }
The breasts are two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso among humans and other primates. Both sexes develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. The relative size and development of the breasts is a major secondary sex distinction between females and males. There is also considerable va...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that "Middle English brest, [comes] from Old English brēost; akin to Old High German brust..., Old Irish brú [belly], [and] Russian bryukho"; the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century. Breasts ...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
carry them in her life. Prospective mates can then evaluate the genes of a potential mate for their ability to sustain her health even with the additional energy demanding burden she is carrying. The zoologist Desmond Morris describes a sociobiological approach in his science book The Naked Ape. He suggests, by making ...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
it and feed. Other suggestions include simply that permanent breasts attracted mates, that "pendulous" breasts gave infants something to cling to, or that permanent breasts shared the function of a camel's hump, to store fat as an energy reserve. == Structure == In women, the breasts overlie the pectoralis major muscle...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
sweat glands known as Montgomery's glands. These glands secrete oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding. Volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn's appetite. The dimensions and weight of the breast vary widely among women. A small-to-me...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
1:1 in a non-lactating woman. In addition to the milk glands, the breast is also composed of connective tissues (collagen, elastin), white fat, and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments. Sensation in the breast is provided by the peripheral nervous system innervation by means of the front (anterior) and side (lateral) cuta...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
virginal breast hypertrophy). The shape of the breasts is naturally determined by the support of the suspensory Cooper's ligaments, the underlying muscle and bone structures of the chest, and by the skin envelope. The suspensory ligaments sustain the breast from the clavicle (collarbone) and the clavico-pectoral fascia...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
smoking, number of pregnancies, gravity, and weight loss or gain. Women sometimes wear bras because they mistakenly believe they prevent breasts from sagging as they get older. Physicians, lingerie retailers, teenagers, and adult women used to believe that bras were medically required to support breasts. In a 1952 arti...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
female physical and sexual development. Medical conditions can cause overdevelopment (e.g., virginal breast hypertrophy, macromastia) or underdevelopment (e.g., tuberous breast deformity, micromastia) in girls and women. Approximately two years after the onset of puberty (a girl's first menstrual cycle), estrogen and g...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }
which has a key role in the production of milk. However, milk production is blocked by the hormones progesterone and estrogen until after delivery, when progesterone and estrogen levels plummet. === Menopause === At menopause, breast atrophy occurs. The breasts can decrease in size when the levels of circulating estrog...	{ "page_id": 4489, "title": "Breast" }

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