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In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an a...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
an electron neutrino is released. == Description == The two types of beta decay are known as beta minus and beta plus. In beta minus (β−) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β+) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
νe β+ decay also results in nuclear transmutation, with the daughter element having an atomic number that is decreased by one. The beta spectrum, or distribution of energy values for the beta particles, is continuous. The total energy of the decay process is divided between the electron, the antineutrino, and the recoi...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
beta particle is in fact an electron. In 1901, Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed that alpha and beta radioactivity involves the transmutation of atoms into atoms of other chemical elements. In 1913, after the products of more radioactive decays were known, Soddy and Kazimierz Fajans independently proposed their rad...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
momentum. Molecular band spectra showed that the nuclear spin of nitrogen-14 is 1 (i.e., equal to the reduced Planck constant) and more generally that the spin is integral for nuclei of even mass number and half-integral for nuclei of odd mass number. This was later explained by the proton-neutron model of the nucleus....	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
landmark theory for beta decay, where he applied the principles of quantum mechanics to matter particles, supposing that they can be created and annihilated, just as the light quanta in atomic transitions. Thus, according to Fermi, neutrinos are created in the beta-decay process, rather than contained in the nucleus; t...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
was conserved in weak interactions, and so they postulated that this symmetry may not be preserved by the weak force. They sketched the design for an experiment for testing conservation of parity in the laboratory. Later that year, Chien-Shiung Wu and coworkers conducted the Wu experiment showing an asymmetrical beta d...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
and an electron neutrino (νe). β+ decay generally occurs in proton-rich nuclei. The generic equation is: AZX → AZ−1X′ + e+ + νe This may be considered as the decay of a proton inside the nucleus to a neutron: p → n + e+ + νe However, β+ decay cannot occur in an isolated proton because it requires energy, due to the mas...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
capture is the sole decay mode. If the captured electron comes from the innermost shell of the atom, the K-shell, which has the highest probability to interact with the nucleus, the process is called K-capture. If it comes from the L-shell, the process is called L-capture, etc. Electron capture is a competing (simultan...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
rarely, due to the higher energy requirements, positron decay). However, in a few cases of odd-proton, odd-neutron radionuclides, it may be energetically favorable for the radionuclide to decay to an even-proton, even-neutron isobar either by undergoing beta-positive or beta-negative decay. Three types of beta decay in...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
= { 1 2 up quark − 1 2 down quark {\displaystyle I_{\text{z}}={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{2}}&{\text{up quark}}\\-{\frac {1}{2}}&{\text{down quark}}\end{cases}}} All other quarks have I = 0. In general I z = 1 2 ( n u − n d ) {\displaystyle I_{\text{z}}={\frac {1}{2}}(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\text{d}})} === Lepton number is conse...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
beta particle is only 9.8% of the speed of light. The following table gives some examples: Tritium β− decay being used in the KATRIN experimental search for sterile neutrinos. === β− decay === Consider the generic equation for beta decay AZX → AZ+1X′ + e− + νe. The Q value for this decay is Q = [ m N ( X Z A ) − m N ( ...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
masses into the Q-value equation, while neglecting the nearly-zero antineutrino mass and the difference in electron binding energies, which is very small for high-Z atoms, we have Q = [ m ( X Z A ) − m ( X Z + 1 A ′ ) ] c 2 {\displaystyle Q=\left[m\left({\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{\mathit {Z}}X}}\right)-m\left({\ce {^{\mathi...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
for electron capture AZX + e− → AZ−1X′ + νe we have Q = [ m N ( X Z A ) + m e − m N ( X Z − 1 A ′ ) − m ν e ] c 2 , {\displaystyle Q=\left[m_{N}\left({\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{\mathit {Z}}X}}\right)+m_{e}-m_{N}\left({\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{{\mathit {Z}}-1}X'}}\right)-m_{\nu _{e}}\right]c^{2},} which simplifies to Q = [ m ( X...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
As an example, the beta decay spectrum of 210Bi (originally called RaE) is shown to the right. === Fermi function === The Fermi function that appears in the beta spectrum formula accounts for the Coulomb attraction / repulsion between the emitted beta and the final state nucleus. Approximating the associated wavefuncti...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory. The energy-axis (x-axis) intercept of a Kurie plot corresponds to the maximum energy imparted to the electron/positron (the decay's Q value). With a Kurie plot one can find the limit on the effective mass of a neutr...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition). In the non-relativistic limit, the nuclear part of the operator for a Fermi transition is given by O F = G V ∑ a τ ^ a ± {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{F}=G_{V}\sum _{a}{\hat {\tau }}_{a\pm }} with G V {\displaystyle G_{V}} the weak vector coupling constant, τ ± {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
structure of the final state is very similar to the structure of the initial state, is referred to as "superallowed" for beta decay, and proceeds very quickly. The following table lists the ΔJ and Δπ values for the first few values of L: == Rare decay modes == === Bound-state β− decay === A very small minority of free ...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
that β− decay is energetically impossible for natural atoms but theoretically possible when fully ionized also for 193Ir, 194Au, 202Tl, 215At, 243Am, and 246Bk. Another possibility is that a fully ionized atom undergoes greatly accelerated β decay, as observed for 187Re by Bosch et al., also at Darmstadt. Neutral 187Re...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
to both single and double beta decay. "Ordinary" 2β results in the emission of two electrons and two antineutrinos. If neutrinos are Majorana particles (i.e., they are their own antiparticles), then a decay known as neutrinoless double beta decay will occur. Most neutrino physicists believe that neutrinoless 2β has nev...	{ "page_id": 4651, "title": "Beta decay" }
Meibomian glands (also called tarsal glands, palpebral glands, and tarsoconjunctival glands) are sebaceous glands along the rims of the eyelid inside the tarsal plate. They produce meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film. Meibum prevents tears from spilling onto the cheek, traps them ...	{ "page_id": 2167346, "title": "Meibomian gland" }
in combination with liquid chromatography. The lipids are the main component of the lipid layer of the tear film, preventing rapid evaporation and it is believed they lower the surface tension which helps to stabilize the tear film. ==== Proteins ==== In humans, more than 90 different proteins have been identified in m...	{ "page_id": 2167346, "title": "Meibomian gland" }
by some prescription medications, notably isotretinoin. A blocked meibomian gland can cause a chalazion (or "meibomian cyst") to form in the eyelid. == See also == Gland of Zeis List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system Meibomian gland dysfunction Moll's gland == References == == External links =...	{ "page_id": 2167346, "title": "Meibomian gland" }
Roman Ulrich Sexl (19 October 1939 – 10 July 1986) was one of the leading Austrian theoretical physicists. He is famous for his textbooks on special relativity. == Life == His most cited work is "On the gravitational field of a massless particle" together with Peter C. Aichelburg. Since 1972 he was professor for Cosmol...	{ "page_id": 13177394, "title": "Roman Ulrich Sexl" }
Electromechanical Film (EMFI, EMFIT, trademarks of Emfit Ltd) is a thin, flexible film that can function as a sensor or actuator. It is composed of a charged polymer coated with two conductive layers, making it an electret. It was invented and first made by Finnish inventor Kari Kirjavainen. Its voided internal structu...	{ "page_id": 14488117, "title": "Electromechanical film" }
from the Corona method, electrical breakdowns occur and the surfaces of the voids are permanently charged. There is one basic type of EMFFIT sensor film manufactured currently, the thicknesses being 70 μm respectively. == Operation == === Sensor === The film can be used as a sensor. As the film is charged, it creates a...	{ "page_id": 14488117, "title": "Electromechanical film" }
noise cancellation, a part of a sensor product can be used in the sensor mode to identify sound signals, and a part can be used as an actuator and then be used to produce sound signals that cancel out the first. EMFIT sensors has been implemented in physiological bio-signal sensors where no direct contact with the skin...	{ "page_id": 14488117, "title": "Electromechanical film" }
In organic chemistry, a primary carbon is a carbon atom which is bound to only one other carbon atom. It is thus at the end of a carbon chain. In case of an alkane, three hydrogen atoms are bound to a primary carbon (see propane in the figure on the right). A hydrogen atom could also be replaced by a hydroxy group (−OH...	{ "page_id": 16912952, "title": "Primary carbon" }
In quantum mechanics, an unextendible product basis is a set of orthogonal, non-entangled state vectors for a multipartite system, with the property that local operations and classical communication are insufficient to distinguish one member of the set from the others. Because these states are product states and yet lo...	{ "page_id": 78582329, "title": "Unextendible product basis" }
The flora of Turkey consists of almost 10,000 species of plants, as well as a number of fungi and algae. Around 32% of Turkey's plants are found only in the country. One reason for the high proportion of endemics is that Anatolia is both mountainous and quite fragmented. The country is divided into three main floristic...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
the eastern end of the Black Sea to the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea. Many species found to the east of this break are not found to the west and vice versa, and about four hundred species are only found along this divide. The natural vegetation in eastern Turkey is the Eastern Anatolian deciduous forest...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
Hassan Dağ are surprisingly poor in endemics. For a visitor from Central Europe, climatic diversity within Turkey is quite astonishing. All climatic zones present in Europe can be found in Turkey on a somewhat smaller scale. The Black Sea coast is humid all year round, with the highest rainfall between Rize and Hopa. S...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
forming a barrier to floral biodiversity, about four hundred species of plant are endemic to the diagonal itself. With almost 400 species the genus Astragalus (milk-vetch, goat's-thorn; Fabaceae) has by far the most species of the Turkish flora; as historically humans have dramatically expanded its favored treeless, dr...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
stem or a very short one. === Non-vascular plants === There are over 700 species of moss. === Fungi === There are over 12,000 varieties of mushroom in Turkey, some of which are edible. === Algae === There are over 2000 taxa of freshwater algae. == Vegetation types == Steppe grassland is mostly in Central and southeast ...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
the climate immediately gets drier. In the mountains first Abies nordmanniana, but then soon Pinus becomes dominant. In the western parts of Anatolia this is often Black Pine (Pinus nigra), in the east nearly exclusively Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Penetrating further into the central parts of inner Anatolia leads t...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
Adana, there is intense agriculture. Mediterranean vegetation is resilient to drought. == Origins and evolution == As local endemics take a long time to evolve, we also have to compare the history of the central and north European mountains with the Anatolian ones. During each of the glacial periods the former were cov...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
of flora of Turkey I... X" are 10 (as of May 2024) supplemental lists of new taxa that have been found in Turkey (released as PDFs). "Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, ed 3", 2006, 640 pp, by Pierre Delforge (English, includes the entirety of Turkey). "Endemism in Mainland Regions – Case Studies: Tur...	{ "page_id": 24646202, "title": "Flora of Turkey" }
One use of the concept of biocontainment is related to laboratory biosafety and pertains to microbiology laboratories in which the physical containment of pathogenic organisms or agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) is required, usually by isolation in environmentally and biologically secure cabinets or rooms, to pre...	{ "page_id": 5116483, "title": "Biocontainment" }
and the immediate laboratory environment from exposure to infectious agents. Primary containment requires using proper storage containers, good microbiological technique, and the use of appropriate safety equipment such as biological safety cabinets. Secondary containment is the protection of the environment external t...	{ "page_id": 5116483, "title": "Biocontainment" }
the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels. In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive. == Guidelines == Today, guiding publications for biosafety and containment in the US are set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...	{ "page_id": 5116483, "title": "Biocontainment" }
incorporating security controls into an information system Select agent – Controlled biological agents in the United States == References == Citations Other sources Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (1999), 4th Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers ...	{ "page_id": 5116483, "title": "Biocontainment" }
Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arr...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
British range or pre-1950 range. The typical geographic ranges could be the latitudinal range and elevational range. Disjunct distribution occurs when two or more areas of the range of a taxon are considerably separated from each other geographically. == Factors affecting species distribution == Distribution patterns m...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
such as the coyote. An advantage of a herd, community, or other clumped distribution allows a population to detect predators earlier, at a greater distance, and potentially mount an effective defense. Due to limited resources, populations may be evenly distributed to minimize competition, as is found in forests, where ...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
of a bird wildlife corridor would be a mountain range corridor. In the U.S. of North America, the Sierra Nevada range in the west, and the Appalachian Mountains in the east are two examples of this habitat, used in summer, and winter, by separate species, for different reasons. Bird species in these corridors are conne...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
nest of eaglets exhibits a clumped species distribution because all the offspring are in a small subset of a survey area before they learn to fly. Clumped distribution can be beneficial to the individuals in that group. However, in some herbivore cases, such as cows and wildebeests, the vegetation around them can suffe...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
distribution, is evenly spaced. Uniform distributions are found in populations in which the distance between neighboring individuals is maximized. The need to maximize the space between individuals generally arises from competition for a resource such as moisture or nutrients, or as a result of direct social interactio...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
the other individuals: they neither attract nor repel one another. Random distribution is rare in nature as biotic factors, such as the interactions with neighboring individuals, and abiotic factors, such as climate or soil conditions, generally cause organisms to be either clustered or spread. Random distribution usua...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
is clumped. Statistical tests (such as t-test, chi squared, etc.) can then be used to determine whether R is significantly different from 1. The variance/mean ratio method focuses mainly on determining whether a species fits a randomly spaced distribution, but can also be used as evidence for either an even or clumped ...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
this leads to a relationship between habitat suitability and species occurrence. == Species distribution models == Species distribution can be predicted based on the pattern of biodiversity at spatial scales. A general hierarchical model can integrate disturbance, dispersal and population dynamics. Based on factors of ...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
of protected areas intended for a species future habitat. == Species Distribution Grids Project == The Species Distribution Grids Project is an effort led out of the University of Columbia to create maps and databases of the whereabouts of various animal species. This work is centered on preventing deforestation and pr...	{ "page_id": 5509703, "title": "Species distribution" }
The Olmec colossal heads are stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders. They range in height from 1.17 to 3.4 metres (3.8 to 11.2 ft). The heads date from at least 900 BCE and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. All portray mature individuals with f...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head. This is the only known example from outside the Olmec heartland. Dating the monuments remains difficult because many were removed from their original contexts prior to archaeological investigation. Most have been dated to the Early Preclassic period (1500–1000...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
BC. Examples of script have been found on roller stamps and stone artefacts; the texts are short and have been partially deciphered based on their similarity to other Mesoamerican scripts. The evidence of complex society developing in the Olmec heartland has led to the Olmecs being regarded as the "Mother Culture" of M...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
found partially exposed on the modern ground surface. The period of production of the colossal heads is therefore unknown, as is whether it spanned a century or a millennium. Estimates of the time span during which colossal heads were produced vary from 50 to 200 years. The San Lorenzo heads are believed to be the olde...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
were portraits of living (or recently deceased) rulers well known to the sculptors. Each head is distinct and naturalistic, displaying individualised features. They were once thought to represent ballplayers although this theory is no longer widely held; it is possible, however, that they represent rulers equipped for ...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
other artisans producing the tools to make and move the monument, in addition to the support needed to feed and otherwise attend to these workers. The seasonal and agricultural cycles and river levels needed to have been taken into account to plan the production of the monument and the whole project may well have taken...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
found in an area affected by large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that carried substantial blocks of stone down the mountain slopes, which suggests that the Olmecs did not need to quarry the raw material for sculpting the heads. Roughly spherical boulders were carefully selected to mimic the shape of a human head. The sto...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
the San Lorenzo Plateau. Earth structures such as mounds, platforms and causeways upon the plateau demonstrate that the Olmec possessed the necessary knowledge and could commit the resources to build large-scale earthworks. The flat backs of many of the colossal heads represented the flat bases of the monumental throne...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
of the San Lorenzo heads had been re-carved from older thrones. San Lorenzo Colossal Head 1 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 1) was lying facing upwards when excavated. The erosion of a path passing on top of the monument uncovered its eye and led to the discovery of the Olmec site. Colossal Head 1 is 2.84 metres (9...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
(also known as San Lorenzo Monument 2) was reworked from a monumental throne. The head stands 2.69 metres (8.8 ft) high and measures 1.83 metres (6.0 ft) wide by 1.05 metres (3.4 ft) deep; it weighs 20 tons. Colossal Head 2 was discovered in 1945 when Matthew Stirling's guide cleared away some of the vegetation and mud...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
frown. The lips are thick and slightly parted to reveal the teeth; the head has a pronounced chin. San Lorenzo Colossal Head 3 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 3. The head measures 1.78 metres (5.8 ft) high by 1.63 metres (5.3 ft) wide by 0.95 metres (3.1 ft) deep and weighs 9.4 tons. The head was discovered in a ...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
on its right-hand side and in a very good state of preservation. Ceramic materials excavated with the head became mixed with ceramics associated with Head 5, making ceramic dating of the monument difficult. The headdress is decorated with a horizontal band formed of four sculpted cords, similar to those of Head 3. On t...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
from the archaeological site. The band of the headdress is set at an angle and has a notch above the bridge of the nose. The headdress is decorated with jaguar paws; this general identification of the decoration is contested by Beatriz de la Fuente since the "paws" have three claws each; she identifies them as the claw...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
headband is divided into four strips and begins above the right ear, extending around the entire head. A short strap descends from either side of the head to the ear. The ear ornaments are complex and are larger at the front of the ear than at the back. The face is that of an ageing male with the forehead creased in a ...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
the Xalapa Museum of Anthropology. San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) high; it measures 1.65 metres (5.4 ft) wide by 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) deep and weighs 13 tons. It is one of the finest examples of an Olmec colossal head. It was found lying on its side to the ...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
the collapsed side of a gully and washed by a stream. Although it was documented by archaeologists, it remained for some time in its place of discovery before being moved to the Xalapa Museum of Anthropology. The headdress is of a single piece without a distinct headband. The sides display features that are possibly in...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
sagging cheeks and lines under the eyes. The mouth is sensitively carved and the head possesses a pronounced chin. === La Venta === Three of the La Venta heads were found in a line running east-west in the northern Complex I; all three faced northwards, away from the city centre. The other head was found in Complex B t...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
1925. When discovered, it was half-buried; its massive size meant that the discoverers were unable to excavate it completely. Matthew Stirling fully excavated the monument in 1940, after clearing the thick vegetation that had covered it in the intervening years. Monument 1 has been moved to the Parque-Museo La Venta in...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
to the Museo del Estado de Tabasco in Villahermosa. La Venta Monument 3 stands 1.98 metres (6.5 ft) high and measures 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) wide by 1 metre (3.3 ft) deep; it weighs 12.8 tons. Monument 3 was located a few metres to the east of Monument 2, but was moved to the Parque-Museo La Venta in Villahermosa. Like th...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
right side has obliterated any trace of it. The top of the headdress is decorated with the clawed foot of a bird of prey. Either straps or plaits of hair descend on either side of the face, from the headdress to the base of the monument. Only one earspool survives; it is flat, in the form of a rounded square, and is de...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
Comunitario de Tres Zapotes. Monument A stands 1.47 metres (4.8 ft) tall; it measures 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) wide by 1.45 metres (4.8 ft) deep, and is estimated to weigh 7.8 tons. The head is sculpted with a simple headdress with a wide band that is otherwise unadorned, and wears rectangular ear ornaments that project for...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
was the fifteenth to be recorded. It was discovered in a mountain pass in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, on the north side of El Vigia volcano near to Santiago Tuxtla. The head was largely buried when found; excavations uncovered a Late Classic (600–900 AD) offering associated with the head consisting of a ceramic vessel a...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
from around the earspools as on other heads, and does not narrow towards the base. Large parts of the monument seem to be roughed out without finished detail. The right hand earspool also appears incomplete; the forward portion is marked with a sculpted line while the rear portion has been sculpted in relief, probably ...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
by archaeologists and have been put back into place. == Collections == All of the 17 confirmed colossal heads remain in Mexico. Two heads from San Lorenzo are on permanent display at the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City. Seven of the San Lorenzo heads are on display in the Xalapa Museum of Anthropology. Fi...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
La Venta colossal heads. The vandals were all members of an evangelical church and appeared to have been carrying out a supposed pre-Columbian ritual, during which salts, grape juice, and oil were thrown on the heads. It was estimated that 300,000 pesos (US$21,900) would be needed to repair the damage, and the restorat...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
was installed in 2013 to celebrate the first anniversary of the CUNY Institute of Mexican Studies, housed at the college. The replica was a gift by the government of Veracruz state, Cumbre Tajín and Mexico Trade; it was first placed in Dag Hammerskjold Park, outside the United Nations, in 2012. Paris. Since 2013, the M...	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
of San Lorenzo Head 8 to the people of Belize. It was installed in Belmopan at the roundabout facing the Embassy of Mexico. == See also == Maya stelae Moai Monte Alto culture Stone spheres of Costa Rica == Footnotes == == References == == Further reading ==	{ "page_id": 35721801, "title": "Olmec colossal heads" }
The molecular formula C21H24O10 (molar mass: 436.41 g/mol, exact mass: 436.136947 u) may refer to: Nothofagin, a C-linked phloretin glucoside Phlorizin, an O-linked phloretin glucoside	{ "page_id": 24318538, "title": "C21H24O10" }
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes. See also List of sequence...	{ "page_id": 33362511, "title": "List of sequenced plant genomes" }
Arginine carboxypeptidase may refer to: Lysine carboxypeptidase, an enzyme Carboxypeptidase U, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 39260751, "title": "Arginine carboxypeptidase" }
Dilution cloning or cloning by limiting dilution describes a procedure to obtain a monoclonal cell population starting from a polyclonal mass of cells. This is achieved by setting up a series of increasing dilutions of the parent (polyclonal) cell culture. A suspension of the parent cells is made. Appropriate dilutions...	{ "page_id": 6885971, "title": "Dilution cloning" }
The molecular formula C21H32O3 (molar mass: 332.48 g/mol) may refer to: Alfaxalone Androstenediol 3β-acetate Androstenediol 17β-acetate BNN-27 Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone Dihydrotestosterone acetate Hydroxydione, a neurosteroid Hydroxypregnenolones 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 21-Hydroxypregnenolone Hydroxyhexahydrocannabino...	{ "page_id": 23663191, "title": "C21H32O3" }
Neurocriminology is an emerging sub-discipline of biocriminology and criminology that applies brain imaging techniques and principles from neuroscience to understand, predict, and prevent crime. == Concept == While crime is partially a social and environmental problem, the main idea behind neurocriminology (also known ...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
by the leading researcher in the field, Dr. Adrian Raine, the chair of the Criminology Department at University of Pennsylvania. He was the first to conduct brain imaging study on violent criminals. == Major studies == Many recent studies have revealed that sometimes structural and functional abnormalities are so strik...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
study suggested that the psychopaths’ right hippocampus that partially controls emotions and regulates aggression was significantly bigger than the left. This asymmetry was also true in normal people, but it was much more noticeable in psychopaths. Increase in the volume of the striatum. A study in 2010 found that psyc...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
fired a rifle at students below. He killed 15 people and wounding 31 more before police officers shot him. Whitman in his final note complained of inability to control his thoughts and requested an autopsy, which revealed a brain tumor in the hypothalamus region of his brain, a growth that, some hypothesized, put press...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
that individuals with high psychopathy scores showed reduced activity in the amygdala during emotional, personal moral decision-making. Dysfunctional Posterior Cingulate. Two studies found that posterior cingulate functions poorly in adult criminal psychopaths and aggressive patients. Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow in Ang...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
cortisol and baseline levels of testosterone correlating with income-generating crime. Effects of drugs: Illegal drug use and drug abuse are found to be highly correlated with antisocial behaviors leading to crime. Drugs function to mimic and take the place of naturally-occurring neurotransmitters–or chemical brain sig...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
we think about any physical process, such as diabetes or lung disease." == Legal use == US legal defense teams increasingly use brain scans as mitigating evidence in trials of violent criminals and sex offenders. See Neurolaw for more. Here are some of the most famous cases: === Herbert Weinstein === In 1991, a sixty-f...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
spared him from the death penalty. === Donta Page === In 1999, Page robbed, raped and killed a female student in Denver. He later was found guilty of first-degree murder and was a candidate for the death penalty. Professor A. Raine from the University of Pennsylvania was an expert witness for defense and brought Page i...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
young offenders reduces offending and aggression. However, drug treatment is subject to vary based on biological and environmental influences. Variation in genes predisposes differences in biological systems and brain structure and function within individuals, influencing outcomes. === Meditation === Meditation can als...	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
neuroscience Neurolaw Neuropsychiatry == References ==	{ "page_id": 32379480, "title": "Neurocriminology" }
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m). T...	{ "page_id": 1446490, "title": "Temperature gradient" }
other places on the land stay warmer or cooler at the same elevation. This happens on the West Coast of the United States sometimes due to geography. === Weathering === Expansion and contraction of rock, caused by temperature changes during a wildfire, through thermal stress weathering, may result in thermal shock and ...	{ "page_id": 1446490, "title": "Temperature gradient" }
In radiological physics, charged-particle equilibrium (CPE) occurs when the number of charged particles leaving a volume is equal to the number entering, for each energy and type of particle. When CPE exists in an irradiated medium, the absorbed dose in the volume is equal to the collision kerma. In order for this to o...	{ "page_id": 22221404, "title": "Charged-particle equilibrium" }
In humans, males and females differ in their strategies to acquire mates and focus on certain qualities. There are two main categories of strategies that both sexes utilize: short-term and long-term. Human mate choice, an aspect of sexual selection in humans, depends on a variety of factors, such as ecology, demography...	{ "page_id": 70324833, "title": "Mate choice in humans" }
them, or to their offspring. Experimentally, women have reported a preference for men with beards and lower voices. Female mate choice hinges on many different coinciding male traits, and the trade-off between many of these traits must be assessed. The ultimate traits most salient to female human mate choice, however, ...	{ "page_id": 70324833, "title": "Mate choice in humans" }
long-term partner, or to acquire different genes to those of her partner and increase the genetic diversity of her offspring. This relates to what is known as the sexy son hypothesis; if a woman acquires genes from a high quality male, her offspring will likely have higher mate value, resulting in their increased repro...	{ "page_id": 70324833, "title": "Mate choice in humans" }
provide. Women's mate choices will also be constrained by the context in which they are making them, resulting in conditional mate choices. Some of the conditions that may influence female mate choice include the woman's own perceived attractiveness, the woman's personal resources, mate copying and parasite stress. Rom...	{ "page_id": 70324833, "title": "Mate choice in humans" }

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