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The Froissart–Stora equation describes the change in polarization which a high energy charged particle beam in a storage ring will undergo as it passes through a resonance in the spin tune. It is named after the French physicists Marcel Froissart and Raymond Stora. The polarization following passage through the resonan... | {
"page_id": 38470594,
"source": null,
"title": "Froissart–Stora equation"
} |
In molecular biology mir-275 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-275 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373443,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-275 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs) constitute a class of macrocyclic ligands. When complexed to metals, TAMLs are proposed as environmentally friendly catalysts. Although never commercialized, iron-TAML complexes catalyze the degradation of pesticides, effluent streams from paper mills, dibenzothiophenes from dies... | {
"page_id": 4260804,
"source": null,
"title": "Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand"
} |
The necrobiome has been defined as the community of species associated with decaying remains after the death of an organism. The process of decomposition is complex. Microbes decompose cadavers, but other organisms including fungi, nematodes, insects, and larger scavenger animals also contribute. Once the immune system... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
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the 13th century when officials realized human cadavers were necessary for a better understanding of the human body. It was not until 1676 that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed a lens that made it possible to visualize microbes, and not until the late 18th century when microbes were considered useful in understanding t... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
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in which the death possibly occurred. Forensic microbiologists investigate ways to determine time and place of death by analyzing the microbes present on the corpse. The microbial timeline of how a body decays is known as the microbial clock. It estimates how long a body has been in a certain place based on microbes pr... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
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environmental conditions, this type of analysis cannot give the actual time of death, but results only in a minimum time since death. The deceased could not have been dead longer than the oldest maggot found. Insect activity can also indicate the cause of death. Blowflies typically lay their eggs in natural body caviti... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
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was on the bloat stage, when hydrogen sulfide and methane produced by bacteria build up and inflate the cadaver. They found that "by the end of the bloat period...anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridia had become dominant" and swaps of the oral cavity "showed a shift toward Firmicutes, a group of bacteria that includes ... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
} |
the most abundant present, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria during the active stage of decomposition. During the advanced stage of decomposition, Proteobacteria decreased from 99.4% to 81.6% in the oral cavity but were most abundant in the non-fur samples. Firmicutes were the most abundant for ... | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
} |
still 5 to 10 years away from becoming available. == See also == Microbiology of decomposition Biome Human microbiome == References == | {
"page_id": 56951751,
"source": null,
"title": "Necrobiome"
} |
In molecular biology mir-277 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-277 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373455,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-277 microRNA precursor family"
} |
A methylene group is any part of a molecule that consists of two hydrogen atoms bound to a carbon atom, which is connected to the remainder of the molecule by two single bonds. The group may be represented as −CH2− or >CH2, where the '>' denotes the two bonds. This stands in contrast to a situation where the carbon ato... | {
"page_id": 38339537,
"source": null,
"title": "Methylene group"
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In particle physics the Froissart bound, or Froissart limit, is a generic constraint that the total scattering cross section of two colliding high-energy particles cannot increase faster than c ln 2 ( s ) {\displaystyle c\ln ^{2}(s)} , with c a normalization constant and s the square of the center-of-mass energy (s i... | {
"page_id": 65471441,
"source": null,
"title": "Froissart bound"
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The Creighton process involves the hydrogenation of a 6 carbon chain aldehyde. The reactant is 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal (an aldehyde) and the product is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol (an alcohol). The product thus has two more hydrogen atoms than the reactant: -CHO is replaced by -CH2OH. The Creighton process was patent... | {
"page_id": 13698005,
"source": null,
"title": "Creighton process"
} |
In mathematics, the cobordism hypothesis, due to John C. Baez and James Dolan, concerns the classification of extended topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). In 2008, Jacob Lurie outlined a proof of the cobordism hypothesis, though the details of his approach have yet to appear in the literature as of 2022. In 202... | {
"page_id": 41419738,
"source": null,
"title": "Cobordism hypothesis"
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Jacob Lurie (4 May 2009). On the Classification of Topological Field Theories == External links == cobordism hypothesis at the nLab | {
"page_id": 41419738,
"source": null,
"title": "Cobordism hypothesis"
} |
5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline, also known as P-4000 and Ultrasüss, is about 4,000 times the intensity of sucrose (hence its alternate name, P-4000). It is an orange solid that is only slightly soluble in water. It is stable in boiling water and dilute acids. 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline was once used as an artificial sweetener ... | {
"page_id": 1967067,
"source": null,
"title": "5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline"
} |
Lists of human genes are as follows: == By chromosome == Human chromosomes, each of which contains an incomplete list of genes located on that chromosome, are as follows: == Protein-coding genes == The lists below constitute a complete list of all known human protein-coding genes: == Transcription factors == 1639 genes... | {
"page_id": 1639390,
"source": null,
"title": "Lists of human genes"
} |
In the field of obstetrics, lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. Lochia discharge typically continues for four to eight weeks after childbirth, a time known as the postpartum period or puerperium. A 2016 review ties this "lochial period" to worldwide customs o... | {
"page_id": 1377246,
"source": null,
"title": "Lochia"
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reported to a physician. == Complications == In general, lochia has an odor similar to that of normal menstrual fluid. Any offensive odor or change to a greenish color indicates contamination by organisms such as chlamydia or staph saprophyticus. Lochia that is retained within the uterus is known as lochiostasis or loc... | {
"page_id": 1377246,
"source": null,
"title": "Lochia"
} |
Belgian Scientific Expedition was a scientific survey of the Great Barrier Reef, conducted in 1967–1968. The Belgian Scientific Expedition to the Great Barrier Reef was a seven month expedition beginning in 1967, sponsored by the University of Liege, Belgium, the Belgium Ministry of Education and the National Foundatio... | {
"page_id": 57738208,
"source": null,
"title": "Belgian Scientific Expedition"
} |
== | {
"page_id": 57738208,
"source": null,
"title": "Belgian Scientific Expedition"
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Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calcul... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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at i {\displaystyle i} -th example, and Q ( w ) {\displaystyle Q(w)} is the empirical risk. When used to minimize the above function, a standard (or "batch") gradient descent method would perform the following iterations: w := w − η ∇ Q ( w ) = w − η n ∑ i = 1 n ∇ Q i ( w ) . {\displaystyle w:=w-\eta \,\nabla Q(w)=w-{\... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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can be shuffled for each pass to prevent cycles. Typical implementations may use an adaptive learning rate so that the algorithm converges. In pseudocode, stochastic gradient descent can be presented as : A compromise between computing the true gradient and the gradient at a single sample is to compute the gradient aga... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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1 n Q i ( w ) = ∑ i = 1 n ( y ^ i − y i ) 2 = ∑ i = 1 n ( w 1 + w 2 x i − y i ) 2 . {\displaystyle Q(w)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}Q_{i}(w)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\hat {y}}_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(w_{1}+w_{2}x_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}.} The last line in the above pseudocode for this specific problem will become: [ w 1... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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. This is true even when the learning rate remains constant. In the underparameterized case, SGD does not converge if learning rate remains constant. == History == In 1951, Herbert Robbins and Sutton Monro introduced the earliest stochastic approximation methods, preceding stochastic gradient descent. Building on this ... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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PyTorch, by far the most popular machine learning libraries, as of 2023 largely only include Adam-derived optimizers, as well as predecessors to Adam such as RMSprop and classic SGD. PyTorch also partially supports Limited-memory BFGS, a line-search method, but only for single-device setups without parameter groups. ==... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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As mentioned earlier, classical stochastic gradient descent is generally sensitive to learning rate η. Fast convergence requires large learning rates but this may induce numerical instability. The problem can be largely solved by considering implicit updates whereby the stochastic gradient is evaluated at the next iter... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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convergence of this procedure happens under relatively mild assumptions, in practice the procedure can be quite unstable. In particular, when η {\displaystyle \eta } is misspecified so that I − η x i x i ′ {\displaystyle I-\eta x_{i}x_{i}'} has large absolute eigenvalues with high probability, the procedure may diverge... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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y i − x i ′ w {\displaystyle q(x_{i}'w)=y_{i}-x_{i}'w} , and in logistic regression q ( x i ′ w ) = y i − S ( x i ′ w ) {\displaystyle q(x_{i}'w)=y_{i}-S(x_{i}'w)} , where S ( u ) = e u / ( 1 + e u ) {\displaystyle S(u)=e^{u}/(1+e^{u})} is the logistic function. In Poisson regression, q ( x i ′ w ) = y i − e x i ′ w {\... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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combination of the gradient and the previous update: Δ w := α Δ w − η ∇ Q i ( w ) {\displaystyle \Delta w:=\alpha \Delta w-\eta \,\nabla Q_{i}(w)} w := w + Δ w {\displaystyle w:=w+\Delta w} that leads to: w := w − η ∇ Q i ( w ) + α Δ w {\displaystyle w:=w-\eta \,\nabla Q_{i}(w)+\alpha \Delta w} where the parameter w {\... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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¯ = 1 t ∑ i = 0 t − 1 w i . {\displaystyle {\bar {w}}={\frac {1}{t}}\sum _{i=0}^{t-1}w_{i}.} When optimization is done, this averaged parameter vector takes the place of w. === AdaGrad === AdaGrad (for adaptive gradient algorithm) is a modified stochastic gradient descent algorithm with per-parameter learning rate, fir... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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G i = ∑ τ = 1 t g τ 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {G_{i}}}={\sqrt {\sum _{\tau =1}^{t}g_{\tau }^{2}}}} is the ℓ2 norm of previous derivatives, extreme parameter updates get dampened, while parameters that get few or small updates receive higher learning rates. While designed for convex problems, AdaGrad has been successfully ap... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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well opposed to only full-batches. === Adam === Adam (short for Adaptive Moment Estimation) is a 2014 update to the RMSProp optimizer combining it with the main feature of the Momentum method. In this optimization algorithm, running averages with exponential forgetting of both the gradients and the second moments of th... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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done element-wise. As the exponential moving averages of the gradient m w ( t ) {\displaystyle m_{w}^{(t)}} and the squared gradient v w ( t ) {\displaystyle v_{w}^{(t)}} are initialized with a vector of 0's, there would be a bias towards zero in the first training iterations. A factor 1 1 − β 1 / 2 t {\displaystyle {\... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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the algorithm for determining the learning rates can be long and unknown in advance. Adaptive SGD does not need a loop in determining learning rates. On the other hand, adaptive SGD does not guarantee the "descent property" – which Backtracking line search enjoys – which is that f ( x n + 1 ) ≤ f ( x n ) {\displaystyle... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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Q ( w ) = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n Q i ( w ) = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( m ( w ; x i ) − y i ) 2 , {\displaystyle Q(w)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}Q_{i}(w)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(m(w;x_{i})-y_{i})^{2},} where m ( w ; x i ) {\displaystyle m(w;x_{i})} is the predictive model (e.g., a deep neural network) the objective's structure can... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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mean behavior of stochastic gradient descent solutions to stochastic differential equations (SDEs) have been proposed as limiting objects. More precisely, the solution to the SDE d W t = − ∇ ( Q ( W t ) + 1 4 η | ∇ Q ( W t ) | 2 ) d t + η Σ ( W t ) 1 / 2 d B t , {\displaystyle dW_{t}=-\nabla \left(Q(W_{t})+{\tfrac {1}{... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
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ISBN 978-3-540-23122-6 Buduma, Nikhil; Locascio, Nicholas (2017), "Beyond Gradient Descent", Fundamentals of Deep Learning : Designing Next-Generation Machine Intelligence Algorithms, O'Reilly, ISBN 9781491925584 LeCun, Yann A.; Bottou, Léon; Orr, Genevieve B.; Müller, Klaus-Robert (2012), "Efficient BackProp", Neural ... | {
"page_id": 1180641,
"source": null,
"title": "Stochastic gradient descent"
} |
Crab cavities are a form of electromagnetic cavity used in particle accelerators to provide a transverse deflection to particle bunches. They can be used to provide rotation to a charged particle bunch by applying a time varying magnetic field. This rotation of the bunch can be used as a diagnostic tool to measure the ... | {
"page_id": 1770466,
"source": null,
"title": "Crab cavity"
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A spur or track in radiation chemistry is a region of high concentration of chemical products after ionizing radiation passes through. The spur model, proposed by Samuel and Magee in 1953, describes the kinetic behavior of reaction spurs involving one type of radicals in a diffusion-driven environment. The spurs from g... | {
"page_id": 70714339,
"source": null,
"title": "Spur (chemistry)"
} |
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all pa... | {
"page_id": 3736547,
"source": null,
"title": "Dilution (equation)"
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[ C ending C initial ] = − Q V ⋅ ( t ending − t initial ) {\displaystyle \ln \left[{\frac {C_{\text{ending}}}{C_{\text{initial}}}}\right]\quad ={-}{\frac {Q}{V}}\cdot (t_{\text{ending}}-t_{\text{initial}})} where t initial = 0 {\displaystyle t_{\text{initial}}=0} Dt = time required; the unit of time used is the same as... | {
"page_id": 3736547,
"source": null,
"title": "Dilution (equation)"
} |
Purushottam Chakraborty is an Indian physicist who is one of the renowned experts in materials analysis using ion beams and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). He is a former senior professor of Physics at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India & former adjunct professor of Physics at University of Preto... | {
"page_id": 66126820,
"source": null,
"title": "Purushottam Chakraborty"
} |
imaging Solar Corona and Solar Flakes in the X-UV domain of electromagnetic spectrum. The European Space Agency, Netherlands also used this technique for reflecting X-rays with wavelengths of 1.85 and 10 to 17 Angstroms. Prof. Chakraborty's "Alkali-element based MCsn+ Molecular-ion SIMS" approach has been used for the ... | {
"page_id": 66126820,
"source": null,
"title": "Purushottam Chakraborty"
} |
Chakraborty organized and delivered keynote address at various international conferences; to name a few: 16th International Workshop on Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions (IISC-16) 17 - 22 Sep. 2006 Hernstein, A-2560 Hernstein, Austria 7th Asian International Seminar on Atomic and Molecular Physics, 4 – 7 December, IIT-M... | {
"page_id": 66126820,
"source": null,
"title": "Purushottam Chakraborty"
} |
Manjula Sharma and Milan K Sanyal, Exact compositional analysis of SiGe alloys by matrix effect compensated MCs+-SIMS, Appl Phys A 108, 671 (2012) P. Chakraborty, Metal nanoclusters in glasses as non-linear photonic materials, Journal of Materials Science (Kluwer Academic Publishers) Volume 33, p: 2235-2249 (1998) Bini... | {
"page_id": 66126820,
"source": null,
"title": "Purushottam Chakraborty"
} |
Rajeshwari Chatterjee (24 January 1922 – 3 September 2010) was an Indian scientist and an academic. She was the first woman engineer from Karnataka and described herself as an engineering-scientist. During her tenure at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, Chatterjee was a professor and later chairperson ... | {
"page_id": 42206181,
"source": null,
"title": "Rajeshwari Chatterjee"
} |
as a "bright student" by the Government of Delhi and given a scholarship to go abroad to pursue higher studies. Chatterjee chose to study in University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in the United States. In the 1950s, it was very difficult for Indian women to go abroad to pursue higher education. But Chatterjee was determined... | {
"page_id": 42206181,
"source": null,
"title": "Rajeshwari Chatterjee"
} |
lifetime, she mentored 20 PhD students, wrote over 100 research papers, and authored seven books. She taught classes in electromagnetic theory, electron tube circuits, microwave technology and radio engineering. Following her retirement from the IISc in 1982, she worked on social programs, including the Indian Associat... | {
"page_id": 42206181,
"source": null,
"title": "Rajeshwari Chatterjee"
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award in 2017 from the Indian Ministry of Women and Child Development, when she was named as one of "the first women achievers of India" for her work in microwave engineering and antennae engineering. == References == | {
"page_id": 42206181,
"source": null,
"title": "Rajeshwari Chatterjee"
} |
Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. In plants both phases are multicellular: the haploid sexual phase – the gametophyte – alternates with a diploid asexual phase – the sporophyte. A mature sporophyte produces haploid spores b... | {
"page_id": 66535,
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"title": "Alternation of generations"
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reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte. Animals develop differently. They directly produce haploid gametes. No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced, so generally there is no multicellular haploid phase. Some insects have a ... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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the sporophyte, which protects and nurtures it and the embryonic sporophyte that it produces. The pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases). Here the notion of two generations is less obvious; as Bateman & Dimichele say "sporophyte and gametophyte e... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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plants == === Fundamental elements === The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants. There are many variations in different groups of plants. The processes involved are as follows: Two single-celled haploid gametes, each containing n unpaired chromosomes, fuse to form a s... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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generation. Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs, but the females are all diploid. === Variations === The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae (e.g. the genus Cladophora) which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical app... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term 'alternation of generations' is somewhat misleading: "[s]porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism". Some authors have preferred the term 'alternation of... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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dioicous: male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes, female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules. Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous. However, the parent sporophyte may be monoecious, producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious, producing gametophytes of one ... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte. There are some correlations between these variations, but they are just that, correlations, and not absolute. For example, in flowering plants, microspores ultimately produce microgametes (sperm) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes (eggs). However, in ferns ... | {
"page_id": 66535,
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"title": "Alternation of generations"
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ovule (megagametophyte), where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg. A female zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte, which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia. Megaspores develop within the megasporangium; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bu... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium. Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. Most mosses rely on t... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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zygote, the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form 'endosperm', which nourishes the developing embryo. == Evolution of the dominant diploid phase == It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle (sporophyte) as the dominant phase (e.g. as in vascular ... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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process is called plasmogamy. Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy, and may not occur until sporangia are formed. Karogamy produces a diploid zygote, which is a short-lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. When the spores germinate, they develop into new mycelia. === Sl... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
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29709953, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-15, retrieved 2010-12-30 Bell, P.R. & Hemsley, A.R. (2000), Green Plants: their Origin and Diversity (2nd ed.), Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-64109-8 Foster, A.S. & Gifford, E.M. (1974), Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants (2nd ed... | {
"page_id": 66535,
"source": null,
"title": "Alternation of generations"
} |
Cuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde) is a natural organic compound with the molecular formula C10H12O. It is a benzaldehyde with an isopropyl group substituted in the 4-position. Cuminaldehyde is a constituent of the essential oils of eucalyptus, myrrh, cassia, cumin, and others. It has a pleasant smell and contribu... | {
"page_id": 3212264,
"source": null,
"title": "Cuminaldehyde"
} |
Frame Arms Girl (Japanese: フレームアームズ・ガール, Hepburn: Furēmu Āmuzu Gāru) is a series of heavily customizable model kit girls produced by Kotobukiya, originally released in 2015 as a moé reimagining of the more traditional, equally customizable Frame Arms mecha line and acts as a sister series to the Megami Device line of m... | {
"page_id": 53085159,
"source": null,
"title": "Frame Arms Girl"
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Hikasa A human girl who is given the job of providing data for the F.A. Girls by Factory Advance. Because her parents have business overseas, she lives alone in her apartment. As more F.A. Girls are sent to her, she slowly begins accepting them as a family. Gourai (轟雷, Gōrai) Voiced by: Narumi Kaho An F.A. Girl who is ... | {
"page_id": 53085159,
"source": null,
"title": "Frame Arms Girl"
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according to Stylet, has no physical body and only manifests herself during certain battles to carry out her programming. She was given a physical body after Gourai and Jinrai defeated her, loaded with the data generated during their battle. She shows very little emotion compared to the other F.A. Girls, and has the ab... | {
"page_id": 53085159,
"source": null,
"title": "Frame Arms Girl"
} |
by these small robots who are tasked with recharging them and preparing them for battles. They can also act as a chair or as a bed for them, and can serve as a communication device. Sleipni-taro It was originally a cleaning robot that experiences malfunctions. After it was repaired, the robot was also given an upgrade ... | {
"page_id": 53085159,
"source": null,
"title": "Frame Arms Girl"
} |
by Keiichiro Kawaguchi at studios Zexcs and Studio A-Cat with scripts written by Deko Akao and the music is produced by Keigo Hoashi and Kakeru Ishihama. Sentai Filmworks have licensed it for home video and digital release. The series was streamed by the Anime Network. The opening theme is "Tiny Tiny" by Rie Murakawa w... | {
"page_id": 53085159,
"source": null,
"title": "Frame Arms Girl"
} |
Thomas Hertog is a Belgian cosmologist at KU Leuven university and was a key collaborator of Professor Stephen Hawking. == Early life == Thomas Hertog was born on 27 May 1975. He graduated Summa cum laude from KU Leuven in 1997 with an MSc degree in physics. He obtained his Master's degree at the University of Cambridg... | {
"page_id": 56886250,
"source": null,
"title": "Thomas Hertog"
} |
before his death. == Selected publications == === Books === Hertog, Thomas; Baert, Barbara; Van de Stock, Jan (2021). Big Bang: Imagining the Universe. Translated by Simpson, Helen; Logan, Sandy. Hannibal Books. ISBN 9789463887878. Hertog, Thomas (2023). On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking's Final Theory. Random Hou... | {
"page_id": 56886250,
"source": null,
"title": "Thomas Hertog"
} |
This is a categorized list of physics mnemonics. == Mechanics == === Work: formula === "Lots of Work makes me Mad!": Work = Mad: M=Mass a=acceleration d=distance == Thermodynamics == === Ideal gas law === "Pure Virgins Never Really Tire": PV=nRT The equation PV = nRT represents the ideal gas law, where P is the pressur... | {
"page_id": 45417452,
"source": null,
"title": "List of physics mnemonics"
} |
spectrum, as seen in a rainbow. Richard of York gave battle in vain" (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Additionally, the fictitious name Roy G. Biv can be used as well. (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). === Speed of light === The phrase "We guarantee certainty, clearly referring to t... | {
"page_id": 45417452,
"source": null,
"title": "List of physics mnemonics"
} |
George Crawford Hyndman (1796–1867) was an Irish auctioneer and amateur biologist. He was the son of Cherry Crawford Hyndman (1766-1845) and James Hyndman (1761?–1825), a Belfast Woollen merchant. Both parents, in the 1790s, were active in the republican Society of United Irishmen. In heavily garrisoned Belfast, neithe... | {
"page_id": 5243888,
"source": null,
"title": "George Crawford Hyndman"
} |
letters from Francis Archer, Edward Benn, J. Bristow, Edward Charlesworth(1813–93) an English naturalist and palaeontologist), A. Crawford, Robert Damon (1814-1889) Dorset geologist and dealer in fossils), George Dickie, Edmund Getty, John Gwyn Jeffreys, William Molony, R. W. Hincks, J. Morpan, Robert Patterson, Edward... | {
"page_id": 5243888,
"source": null,
"title": "George Crawford Hyndman"
} |
The olive branch, a ramus of Olea europaea, is a symbol of peace. It is generally associated with the customs of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and is connected with supplication to divine beings and persons in power. Likewise, it is found in most cultures of the Mediterranean Basin and thence expanded to become an a... | {
"page_id": 1704944,
"source": null,
"title": "Olive branch"
} |
the enemies of the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus in the Numantine War and by Hasdrubal the Boeotarch of Carthage. Although peace was associated with the olive branch during the time of the Greeks, the symbolism became even stronger under the Pax Romana when envoys used olive branches as tokens of peace. == Early Chri... | {
"page_id": 1704944,
"source": null,
"title": "Olive branch"
} |
indicated by the olive branch (oleae ramusculo) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark." However, in Jewish tradition, there is no association of the olive leaf with peace in the story of the flood. == Modern usage == An olive branch, sometimes held by a dove, was used as a peace symbol in 18th-cent... | {
"page_id": 1704944,
"source": null,
"title": "Olive branch"
} |
the olive branch opposing the bundle of thirteen arrows was to "denote the power of peace & war which is exclusively vested in Congress." The flag of Cyprus and coat of arms of Cyprus both use olive branches as symbols of peace between the communities of the country; it also appears on the flag of Eritrea. Olive branch... | {
"page_id": 1704944,
"source": null,
"title": "Olive branch"
} |
The Cell Ontology is an ontology that aims at capturing the diversity of cell types in animals. It is part of the Open Biomedical and Biological Ontologies (OBO) Foundry. The Cell Ontology identifiers and organizational structure are used to annotate data at the level of cell types, for example in single-cell RNA-seq s... | {
"page_id": 68682738,
"source": null,
"title": "Cell Ontology"
} |
In artificial intelligence, a differentiable neural computer (DNC) is a memory augmented neural network architecture (MANN), which is typically (but not by definition) recurrent in its implementation. The model was published in 2016 by Alex Graves et al. of DeepMind. == Applications == DNC indirectly takes inspiration ... | {
"page_id": 52036598,
"source": null,
"title": "Differentiable neural computer"
} |
temporal attention that records the order of events. This structure allows DNCs to be more robust and abstract than a NTM, and still perform tasks that have longer-term dependencies than some predecessors such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). The memory, which is simply a matrix, can be allocated dynamically and acces... | {
"page_id": 52036598,
"source": null,
"title": "Differentiable neural computer"
} |
In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl'), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group str... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
of Villanova (1240–1311 CE) and John of Rupescissa (c. 1310–1366), the latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the aqua vitae or "water of life", also called by John the quintessence of wine). == Nomenclature == === Etymology === The word "alcohol" derives from the Arabic... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
wine," the distilled essence of wine. Libavius in Alchymia (1594) refers to "vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum". Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as "quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat." The word's meaning b... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
for CH3CH(OH)CH3. If a higher priority group is present (such as an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid), then the prefix hydroxy-is used, e.g., as in 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3C(O)CH2OH). Compounds having more than one hydroxy group are called polyols. They are named using suffixes -diol, -triol, etc., following a li... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
of the form RR'CHOH, the simplest of which is 2-propanol (R = R' = CH3). For the tertiary alcohols, the general form is RR'R"COH. The simplest example is tert-butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), for which each of R, R', and R" is CH3. In these shorthands, R, R', and R" represent substituents, alkyl or other attached, genera... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
in water. 1-Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. The boiling point of the alcohol ethanol is 78.29 °C, compared to 69 °C for the hydrocarbon hexane, and 34.6 °C for diethyl ether. == Oc... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
as is common, one typically obtains a linear alcohol: RCH=CH2 + H2 + CO → RCH2CH2CHO RCH2CH2CHO + 3 H2 → RCH2CH2CH2OH Such processes give fatty alcohols, which are useful for detergents. === Hydration reactions === Some low molecular weight alcohols of industrial importance are produced by the addition of water to alke... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
acid catalyzed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst that gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols. Formation of a secondary alcohol via alkene reduction and hydration is shown: The hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-reduction of alkenes are more reliable in organic synthesis. Al... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
that render it weakly basic in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid. For example, with methanol: Upon treatment with strong acids, alcohols undergo the E1 elimination reaction to produce alkenes. The reaction, in general, obeys Zaytsev's rule, which states that the most stable (usually the most substitute... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
to ketones. These include Collins reagent and Dess–Martin periodinane. The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids can be carried out using potassium permanganate or the Jones reagent. == See also == == Notes == == Citations == == General references == Metcalf AA (1999). The World in So Many Words. Hou... | {
"page_id": 1014,
"source": null,
"title": "Alcohol (chemistry)"
} |
The molecular formula C12H15ClN2 (molar mass: 222.72 g/mol) may refer to: 5-Chloro-DMT 5-Chloro-αET | {
"page_id": 78906362,
"source": null,
"title": "C12H15ClN2"
} |
In molecular biology mir-278 microRNA is a short RNA molecule belonging to a class of molecules referred to as microRNAs. These function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms, primarily binding to their target at its 3'UTR. == Mis- and altered expression in Drosophila == miR-278 affects... | {
"page_id": 36373499,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-278 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Thioglycolate broth is a multipurpose, enrichment, differential medium used primarily to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms. Sodium thioglycolate in the medium consumes oxygen and permits the growth of obligate anaerobes. This, combined with the diffusion of oxygen from the top of the broth, produces a... | {
"page_id": 19661820,
"source": null,
"title": "Thioglycolate broth"
} |
The Gewald reaction (or the Gewald aminothiophene synthesis) is an organic reaction involving the condensation of a ketone (or aldehyde when R2 = H) with a α-cyanoester in the presence of elemental sulfur and base to give a poly-substituted 2-amino-thiophene. The reaction is named after the German chemist Karl Gewald. ... | {
"page_id": 2032636,
"source": null,
"title": "Gewald reaction"
} |
The middle finger, long finger, second finger, third finger, toll finger or tall man is the third digit of the human hand, typically located between the index finger and the ring finger. It is typically the longest digit. In anatomy, it is also called the third finger, digitus medius, digitus tertius or digitus III. ==... | {
"page_id": 525310,
"source": null,
"title": "Middle finger"
} |
The Prévost reaction is a chemical reaction in which an alkene is converted by iodine and the silver salt of benzoic acid to a vicinal diol with anti stereochemistry. The reaction was discovered by the French chemist Charles Prévost (1899–1983). == Reaction mechanism == The reaction between silver benzoate (1) and iodi... | {
"page_id": 14091260,
"source": null,
"title": "Prévost reaction"
} |
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