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For MTT assay and cytosolic Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release are common cytotoxicity or cell viability assays. == Supply issue == A common problem that plagues drug development is obtaining a sustainable supply of the compound. Compounds isolated from invertebrates can be difficult to obtain in sufficient quantity f...	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }
Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean" by Mayer, A.M.S at Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Pharmacology Department	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }
Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two chemical compounds: D-DOPA (R), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine L-DOPA (S), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of a neurotransmitter	{ "page_id": 9569326, "source": null, "title": "Dihydroxyphenylalanine" }
A diffusion tube is a scientific device that passively samples the concentration of one or more gases in the air, commonly used to monitor average air pollution levels over a period ranging from days to about a month. Diffusion tubes are widely used by local authorities for monitoring air quality in urban areas, in cit...	{ "page_id": 70190130, "source": null, "title": "Diffusion tube" }
calculated using the amount captured and Fick's laws of diffusion. Diffusion tubes can be used to sample various different gases, including oxides of nitrogen (nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide), sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and ozone. Although tubes sampling these gases all work through the same process of molecular diff...	{ "page_id": 70190130, "source": null, "title": "Diffusion tube" }
exceeded while they're in place. They're also much less accurate than the highly sensitive, automated monitoring equipment used in roadside pollution monitoring cabins. Sources of inaccuracy include air turbulence (caused by things like wind movements or air conditioners), pollution from building ventilation systems, u...	{ "page_id": 70190130, "source": null, "title": "Diffusion tube" }
Cinnamyl alcohol or styron is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, Balsam of Peru, and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax. Cinnamyl alcohol occurs naturally only in small quan...	{ "page_id": 6095923, "source": null, "title": "Cinnamyl alcohol" }
Johann Schröder (1600, Bad Salzuflen – 1664) was a German physician and pharmacologist who was the first person to recognise that arsenic was an element. In 1649, he produced the elemental form of arsenic by heating its oxide, and published two methods for its preparation. == Works == Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica sive ...	{ "page_id": 3015731, "source": null, "title": "Johann Schröder (physician)" }
ViroCap is a test announced in 2015 by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis which can detect most of the infectious viruses which affect both humans and animals. It was demonstrated to be as sensitive as the various Polymerase chain reaction assays for the viruses. It will not be available for clinical use...	{ "page_id": 47973429, "source": null, "title": "ViroCap" }
An intercellular cleft is a channel between two cells through which molecules may travel and gap junctions and tight junctions may be present. Most notably, intercellular clefts are often found between epithelial cells and the endothelium of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, also helping to form the blood-nerve barr...	{ "page_id": 35128374, "source": null, "title": "Intercellular cleft" }
channel is critical for the life of the cells that border the intercellular cleft. === Research utilizing cleft communication === Research at the cell level can deliver proteins, ions, or specific small molecules into the intercellular cleft as a means of injecting a cell. This method is especially useful in cell-to-ce...	{ "page_id": 35128374, "source": null, "title": "Intercellular cleft" }
the least porous of the three and discontinuous capillaries being extremely high in permeability. Continuous blood capillaries have the smallest intercellular clefts, with discontinuous blood capillaries having the largest intercellular clefts, commonly accompanied with gaps in the basement membrane6.Often, fluid is fo...	{ "page_id": 35128374, "source": null, "title": "Intercellular cleft" }
cell signaling, is more developed. The organization of the endocardial endothelium and the intercellular cleft help to establish the blood-heart barrier by ensuring an active transendothelial physicochemical gradient of various ions1. == References == Thiriet, M. (2015). Interactions between cardiac cell populations. I...	{ "page_id": 35128374, "source": null, "title": "Intercellular cleft" }
WonderFest is an American fan convention focusing on science fiction and horror, held annually since 1992 after two years as a predecessor event. "One of the biggest hobby events in the country," it takes place in Louisville, Kentucky, and is the site of the annual presentation of the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards...	{ "page_id": 76547127, "source": null, "title": "WonderFest" }
the Pediatric AIDS Foundation and the WHAS Crusade for Children. In 2014, three Louisville, Kentucky-based podcasters attempted to set a Guinness World Record at WonderFest for the Longest Uninterrupted Webcast (now called now Longest Audio-Only Live Stream), Tower of Technobabble, to raise money for a local animal org...	{ "page_id": 76547127, "source": null, "title": "WonderFest" }
In general relativity, a scalar field solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is due entirely to the field energy and momentum of a scalar field. Such a field may or may not be massless, and it may be taken to have minimal curvature coupling, or some other choice, s...	{ "page_id": 2425912, "source": null, "title": "Scalar field solution" }
m ψ ; n {\displaystyle L=-g^{mn}\,\psi _{;m}\,\psi _{;n}} Here, δ L δ ψ = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\delta L}{\delta \psi }}=0} gives the wave equation, while δ L δ g a b = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\delta L}{\delta g^{ab}}}=0} gives the Einstein equation (in the case where the field energy of the scalar field is the onl...	{ "page_id": 2425912, "source": null, "title": "Scalar field solution" }
σ ) 3 ( λ − 8 π σ ) {\displaystyle \chi (\lambda )=(\lambda +8\pi \sigma )^{3}\,(\lambda -8\pi \sigma )} In other words, we have a simple eigenvalue and a triple eigenvalue, each being the negative of the other. Multiply out and using Gröbner basis methods, we find that the following three invariants must vanish identi...	{ "page_id": 2425912, "source": null, "title": "Scalar field solution" }
Code of a Killer is a three-part British police drama television series which tells the true story of Alec Jeffreys' discovery of DNA fingerprinting and its introductory use by Detective David Baker in catching the double murderer Colin Pitchfork. Filming commenced in late September 2014, and the program aired on the I...	{ "page_id": 42796093, "source": null, "title": "Code of a Killer" }
online as three 45-minute episodes plus one 28-minute ‘Behind the Scenes’ special. The episode descriptions below are for the (current) thee-episode format, while air dates and viewership data apply to the (original) two-episode format. == Reception == === Critical reception === The drama received a mixed reception. Th...	{ "page_id": 42796093, "source": null, "title": "Code of a Killer" }
Mannophryne vulcano, the Caracas collared frog, is a frog in the family Aromobatidae. It has been observed in the Sierra de Portuguesa in Lara, Venezuela.It is differentiated from other types of frogs having a narrow neck with different pattern and color.</ref>MNH>Frost, Darrel R. "Mannophryne vulcano Barrio-Amorós, Sa...	{ "page_id": 79365186, "source": null, "title": "Mannophryne vulcano" }
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest-mass energy given by Einstein's relation, E = m 0 c 2 {\displaystyle E=m_{0}c^{2}} , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light c {\displaystyle c} . This is achie...	{ "page_id": 3605571, "source": null, "title": "Relativistic particle" }
light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different diele...	{ "page_id": 3605571, "source": null, "title": "Relativistic particle" }
A nucleolar detention center (DC) is a region of the cell in which certain proteins are temporarily detained in periods of cellular stress. DCs are absent from cells under normal culture conditions, but form in response to specific environmental triggers. The detention of numerous proteins in DCs is believed to reduce ...	{ "page_id": 41288775, "source": null, "title": "Detention center (cell biology)" }
is dependent on the type of IGS lncRNA produced, and therefore on the type of environmental stressor present. == References ==	{ "page_id": 41288775, "source": null, "title": "Detention center (cell biology)" }
Data exploration is an approach similar to initial data analysis, whereby a data analyst uses visual exploration to understand what is in a dataset and the characteristics of the data, rather than through traditional data management systems. These characteristics can include size or amount of data, completeness of the ...	{ "page_id": 43385931, "source": null, "title": "Data exploration" }
exploration is more widespread and is the focus of data analysts and data scientists; the latter being a relatively new role within enterprises and larger organizations. == Interactive Data Exploration == This area of data exploration has become an area of interest in the field of machine learning. This is a relatively...	{ "page_id": 43385931, "source": null, "title": "Data exploration" }
Cognitive hearing science is an interdisciplinary science field concerned with the physiological and cognitive basis of hearing and its interplay with signal processing in hearing aids. The field includes genetics, physiology, medical and technical audiology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, linguistics an...	{ "page_id": 29819979, "source": null, "title": "Cognitive hearing science" }
The Larry Sandler Memorial Award is a prestigious international award given for research in the Drosophila community. The award is given for the best dissertation of the preceding year, and is given at the annual Drosophila Research Conference. Awardees may be nominated only by their graduate advisors. The awardees giv...	{ "page_id": 8848462, "source": null, "title": "Larry Sandler Memorial Award" }
Freeman 2015 Chair: Erika Bach 2016 Chair: Daniela Drummond-Barbosa 2017 Chair: Bob Duronio 2018 Chair: Kim McCall 2019 Chair: Daniel Barbash 2020 Chair: Barbara Mellone 2021 Chair: Guy Tanentzapf 2022 Chair: Alissa Armstrong 2023 Chair: Tim Mosca 2024 Chair: Elizabeth Rideout == See also == List of biology awards == R...	{ "page_id": 8848462, "source": null, "title": "Larry Sandler Memorial Award" }
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. The...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
fundamental physical significance here, but is necessary to retain consistency with the previous historical definition of entropy by Clausius (1865) (see Boltzmann constant). However, the MaxEnt school argue that the MaxEnt approach is a general technique of statistical inference, with applications far beyond this. It ...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
number of bits of uncertainty lost by fixing on p(x) rather than m(x). Unlike the Shannon entropy, the relative entropy Hc has the advantage of remaining finite and well-defined for continuous x, and invariant under 1-to-1 coordinate transformations. The two expressions coincide for discrete probability distributions, ...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
in this context. He accepted that in a sense, a state of knowledge has a subjective aspect, simply because it refers to thought, which is a mental process. But he emphasized that the principle of maximum entropy refers only to thought which is rational and objective, independent of the personality of the thinker. In ge...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
function of the state variables of the model description. It is therefore as "real" as the other variables in the model description. If the model constraints in the probability assignment are a "good" description, containing all the information needed to predict reproducible experimental results, then that includes all...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
them is a good indicator that relevant macroscopically determinable physics may be missing from the model. === The second law === According to Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian dynamics, the hyper-volume of a cloud of points in phase space remains constant as the system evolves. Therefore, the information entropy mus...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
this result represents coarse graining—i.e., information loss by smoothing out very fine-scale detail. === Caveats with the argument === Some caveats should be considered with the above. 1. Like all statistical mechanical results according to the MaxEnt school, this increase in thermodynamic entropy is only a predictio...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
but we can now no longer be certain that it is greater than STh(1) = SI(1). This then leaves open the possibility for fluctuations in STh. The thermodynamic entropy may go "down" as well as up. A more sophisticated analysis is given by the entropy Fluctuation Theorem, which can be established as a consequence of the ti...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
cosmological scale (see arrow of time). == Criticisms == The Maximum Entropy thermodynamics has some important opposition, in part because of the relative paucity of published results from the MaxEnt school, especially with regard to new testable predictions far-from-equilibrium. The theory has also been criticized in ...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
destroy local thermodynamic equilibrium. In other words, for entropy for non-equilibrium systems in general, the definition will need at least to involve specification of the process including non-zero fluxes, beyond the classical static thermodynamic state variables. The 'entropy' that is maximized needs to be defined...	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59271-0. Kleidon, Axel; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2005). Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the production of entropy: life, earth, and beyond. Springer. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-3-540-22495-2. == Further reading ==	{ "page_id": 3015758, "source": null, "title": "Maximum entropy thermodynamics" }
Chitra Dutta is a former chief scientist and head of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics division in CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India. She is a physicist working in the areas of bioinformatics and computational biology. She is engaged in 'in-silico' analysis of genome/proteome architectures o...	{ "page_id": 44106830, "source": null, "title": "Chitra Dutta" }
Institute of Chemical Biology, University of Calcutta in 1984. Among honours and awards conferred on her are Fellowship of National Academy of Sciences (1992), DBT Overseas Associateship (1994), The Young Physicist Award (1985), The Special Prize for Academic Achievement- Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (1978), National...	{ "page_id": 44106830, "source": null, "title": "Chitra Dutta" }
Sven Kullander (9 March 1936 – 28 January 2014) was a Swedish physicist. He was professor of High Energy Physics at Uppsala University. Kullander received his doctorate from Uppsala University in 1971. He took part in experiments on measurements of nuclear shell structure from meson scattering carried out in accelerato...	{ "page_id": 31458385, "source": null, "title": "Sven Kullander (physicist)" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on glycerol. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. [1] == Structur...	{ "page_id": 11207764, "source": null, "title": "Glycerol (data page)" }
Ecospirituality connects the science of ecology with spirituality. It brings together religion and environmental activism. Ecospirituality has been defined as "a manifestation of the spiritual connection between human beings and the environment." The new millennium and the modern ecological crisis has created a need fo...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
origin stories about how the spiritual relationship with people and the environment began. In Native America philosophy, there are many unique stories of how spirituality came to be. A common theme in a number of them is the discussion of a Great Spirit that lives within the universe and the earth represents its presen...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
is controversial due to the divide between religion and science. Ecospirituality is prepared to acknowledge science, and work in tandem with religion to frame the environment as a sacred entity in need of protection. Mary Evelyn Tucker notes the importance of religion and ecology connecting with sustainability. Due to ...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
is an acronym for cardiovascular disease. From analyzing journal entries of participants, researchers abstracted four major themes of ecospirituality meditation: entering a new time zone, environmental reawakening, finding a new rhythm, and the creation of a healing environment. Entering a new time zone was described b...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
and sacred. Spiritual types of Dark Green Religion include Naturalistic and Supernaturalistic forms of Animism and of Gaianism. The diverse views within Dark Green Religion are not without the idea that the earth is sacred and worthy of care. The perceptions of Dark Green Religion are global and flexible. Taylor's use ...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
Ruether provides three recommendations on ways to move forward with repairing and "healing" the ecological crisis. The first recommendation is that "the ecological crisis needs to be seen not just as a crisis in the health of nonhuman ecosystems, polluted water, contaminated skies, threatened climate change, deforestat...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
living beings or we choose to die by our own bad decisions." == World religions and ecospirituality == === Ecospirituality and paganism === Paganism is a nature-based religion that exists in a multitude of forms. There is no official doctrine or sacred text that structures its practice. Due to its lack of structure, ma...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
to become involved in conservation work. Encourage pagans to become involved in environmental campaigns. Develop the principles and practice of magical and spiritual action for the environment. Paganism combines religion with environmental activism. Pagans organize protests, campaigns, and petitions with the environmen...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
II wrote a letter on ecological issues. He concluded the letter with a discussion of Christian belief and how it should lead to ethical care of the earth. He ended the letter with the principle "respect for life and the dignity of human person must extend also to the rest of creation." The doctrines of Christ that Chri...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
contexts. === Ecospirituality and Hinduism === Many teachings in Hinduism are intertwined with the ethics of ecospirituality in their stress on environmental wellbeing. The Hindu text called the Taittariya Upanishad refers to creation as offspring of the Supreme Power, paramatman. Thus, the environment is related to so...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
Ahimsa “is said to contain the key to advancement along the spiritual path (sreni). This requires abstaining from harm to any being that possesses more than one sense” The principles of the Jaina tradition are rooted in environmental practices. The Jaina connection to nature is conducive to ecospirituality. === Ecospir...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
degradation are especially important to Muslims as majority of Muslims live in developing countries where they see the effects of the ecological crisis on a daily basis. This has led to conferences discussing Islam and the environment to take place in Iran and Saudi Arabia as well as the introduction of environmental n...	{ "page_id": 4457559, "source": null, "title": "Ecospirituality" }
The Anselme Payen Award is an annual prize named in honor of Anselme Payen, the French scientist who discovered cellulose, and was a pioneer in the chemistry of both cellulose and lignin. In 1838, he discovered that treating successively wood with nitric acid and an alkaline solution yielded a major insoluble residue t...	{ "page_id": 12387417, "source": null, "title": "Anselme Payen Award" }
next Spring ACS meeting. The awardee for that year is honored at the following Spring ACS meeting at a Symposium and Banquet. The award bears the year the winner was announced. It is presented the following year to allow time for organization of the Symposium and Banquet. == Recipients == == References ==	{ "page_id": 12387417, "source": null, "title": "Anselme Payen Award" }
Cytochrome P450, family 76, also known as CYP76, is a cytochrome P450 family in land plants, related to the biosynthesis of many plant monoterpenes and diterpenes such as 8-hydroxygeraniol, tanshinone and alkannin. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP76A1 and CYP76A2 from the eggplant. == References ==	{ "page_id": 76874842, "source": null, "title": "CYP76 family" }
Membranome is the set of biological membranes existing in a specific organism. The term was proposed by British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith to discuss epigenetics of biological membranes. The term was also used to define the entire set of membrane proteins in an organism or a combination of membrane proteome and li...	{ "page_id": 19268700, "source": null, "title": "Membranome" }
Mark L. Wheelis is an American microbiologist. Wheelis is currently a professor in the College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis. Carl Woese and Otto Kandler with Wheelis wrote the important paper Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya that p...	{ "page_id": 40436829, "source": null, "title": "Mark Wheelis" }
In astrophysics, the ergosphere is a region located outside a rotating black hole's outer event horizon. Its name was proposed by Remo Ruffini and John Archibald Wheeler during the Les Houches lectures in 1971 and is derived from Ancient Greek ἔργον (ergon) 'work'. It received this name because it is theoretically poss...	{ "page_id": 1508445, "source": null, "title": "Ergosphere" }
being time-like outside the static limit to being space-like inside it. It is the speed of light that arbitrarily defines the ergosphere surface. Such a surface would appear as an oblate that is coincident with the event horizon at the pole of rotation, but at a greater distance from the event horizon at the equator. O...	{ "page_id": 1508445, "source": null, "title": "Ergosphere" }
a possible explanation for a source of energy of such energetic phenomena as gamma-ray bursts. Results from computer models show that the Penrose process is capable of producing the high-energy particles that are observed being emitted from quasars and other active galactic nuclei. == Ergosphere size == The size of the...	{ "page_id": 1508445, "source": null, "title": "Ergosphere" }
Biomarkers of aging are biomarkers that could predict functional capacity at some later age better than chronological age. Stated another way, biomarkers of aging would give the true "biological age", which may be different from the chronological age. Validated biomarkers of aging would allow for testing interventions ...	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
from South Korean, Canadian, and Eastern European populations demonstrated that biomarkers of aging may be population-specific and predictive of mortality. It is also possible to predict the human chronological age using the transcriptomic clock. == Epigenetic marks == === Loss of histones === A new epigenetic mark fou...	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
is incorporated into the genome independent of replication. It is the major form of histone H3 seen in the chromatin of senescent human cells, and it appears that excess H3.3 can drive senescence. There are multiple variants of histone 2, the one most notably implicated in aging is macroH2A. The function of macroH2A ha...	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
memory of stresses and damages experienced by the organism as it develops and ages. UTX-1, a H3K27me3 demethylase, plays a critical role in the aging of C.elegans: increased utx-1 expression correlates with a decrease in H3K27me3 and a decrease in lifespan. Utx-1 knockdowns showed an increase in lifespan Changes in H3K...	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
conversion of helper CD4 T-cells to a cytotoxic variety might be an adaptation to the late stage of aging aiding in the fighting infections and potentially enhancing tumor surveillance. == Applications of aging biomarkers == The main mechanisms identified as potential biomarkers of aging are DNA methylation, loss of hi...	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
Python package pyaging are available to the public as hubs for several biomarkers of aging. == See also == Epigenetic clock Hallmarks of aging Biomarker (medicine) Senescence == References == == External links == Biomarkers of Aging News Advisory National Institute on Aging	{ "page_id": 33948767, "source": null, "title": "Biomarkers of aging" }
The Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) was formed in 1981 and exists to study the field of biopolitics as a subfield of political science. APLS owns an academic peer-reviewed journal, Politics and the Life Sciences (PLS), which is published semi-annually by Cambridge University Press. == External lin...	{ "page_id": 9700447, "source": null, "title": "Association for Politics and the Life Sciences" }
Monosaccharide nomenclature is the naming system of the building blocks of carbohydrates, the monosaccharides, which may be monomers or part of a larger polymer. Monosaccharides are subunits that cannot be further hydrolysed in to simpler units. Depending on the number of carbon atom they are further classified into tr...	{ "page_id": 22414431, "source": null, "title": "Monosaccharide nomenclature" }
means H(CHOH)2(C=O)(CHOH)2H. An alternative nomenclature uses the suffix '-ose' only for aldoses, and '-ulose' for ketoses. The position of the carbonyl (when it is not 1 or 2) is indicated by a numerical infix. For example, hexose in this nomenclature means H(C=O)(CHOH)5H, pentulose means H(CHOH)(C=O)(CHOH)3H, and hex...	{ "page_id": 22414431, "source": null, "title": "Monosaccharide nomenclature" }
graph. So for example, D-glucose is D-gluco-hexose, D-ribose is D-ribo-pentose, and D-psicose is D-ribo-hexulose. Note that, in this nomenclature, mirror-image isomers differ only in the 'D'/'L' prefix, even though all their hydroxyls are reversed. The following tables shows the Fischer projections of selected monosacc...	{ "page_id": 22414431, "source": null, "title": "Monosaccharide nomenclature" }
aglycone. Glycosides are named by giving the aglyconic alcohol HOR, followed by the saccharide name with the '-e' ending replaced by '-ide'; as in phenol D-glucopyranoside. == Modified sugars == Modification of sugar is generally done by replacing one or more –OH group with other functional groups at all positions exce...	{ "page_id": 22414431, "source": null, "title": "Monosaccharide nomenclature" }
The Birkeland–Eyde process was one of the competing industrial processes in the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. It is a multi-step nitrogen fixation reaction that uses electrical arcs to react atmospheric nitrogen (N2) with oxygen (O2), ultimately producing nitric acid (HNO3) with water. The resultan...	{ "page_id": 9569377, "source": null, "title": "Birkeland–Eyde process" }
placing the ends of a U-shaped electromagnet around a spark gap so that the gap between them was perpendicular to the gap between the electrodes, and which was later replicated similarly by Walther Nernst and others. The plasma temperature in the disc was in excess of 3000 °C. Air was blown through this arc, causing so...	{ "page_id": 9569377, "source": null, "title": "Birkeland–Eyde process" }
in a series of packed column or plate column absorption towers each four stories tall to produce approximately 40–50% nitric acid. The first towers bubbled the nitrogen dioxide through water and non-reactive quartz fragments. Once the first tower reached final concentration, the nitric acid was moved to a granite stora...	{ "page_id": 9569377, "source": null, "title": "Birkeland–Eyde process" }
Phycoerythrobilin is a red phycobilin, i.e. an open tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes and some cryptomonads. Phycoerythrobilin is present in the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin, of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. The amount of phycoerythrobili...	{ "page_id": 3736674, "source": null, "title": "Phycoerythrobilin" }
Guaiacol () is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)(OCH3). It is a phenolic compound containing a methoxy functional group. Guaiacol appears as a viscous colorless oil, although aged or impure samples are often yellowish. It occurs widely in nature and is a common product of the pyrolysis of wood. == Occurrenc...	{ "page_id": 3212389, "source": null, "title": "Guaiacol" }
from angiosperms. Sugarcane bagasse is one useful source of guaiacol; pyrolysis of the bagasse lignins yields compounds including guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol. === Chemical intermediate === Guaiacol is a useful precursor for the synthesis of other compounds. Being derived from biomass, it is a potenti...	{ "page_id": 3212389, "source": null, "title": "Guaiacol" }
Replica cluster move in condensed matter physics refers to a family of non-local cluster algorithms used to simulate spin glasses. It is an extension of the Swendsen-Wang algorithm in that it generates non-trivial spin clusters informed by the interaction states on two (or more) replicas instead of just one. It is diff...	{ "page_id": 67437670, "source": null, "title": "Replica cluster move" }
total Hamiltonian can be represented as H = − 2 J i j ∑ < i j > cos ⁡ ( θ j − θ i ) . {\displaystyle H=-2J_{ij}\sum _{<ij>}\cos(\theta _{j}-\theta _{i}).} In the graphical representation of this model, there are two types of bonds that can be open, referred to as blue and red. To generate the bonds on the lattice, the ...	{ "page_id": 67437670, "source": null, "title": "Replica cluster move" }
∘ {\displaystyle 180^{\circ }} ) the clock states with some arbitrary probability. Following this, for every grey cluster (blue clusters connected with red bonds), we can rotate all the clock states simultaneously by a random angle. It can be shown that both updates are consistent with the bond-formation rules, and sat...	{ "page_id": 67437670, "source": null, "title": "Replica cluster move" }
nearly all the spins between the replicas. This is why the original algorithm only performs well in low dimensional settings (where the site percolation ratio is sufficiently high). To efficiently extend this algorithm to higher dimensions, one has to perform certain algorithmic interventions. For instance, one can res...	{ "page_id": 67437670, "source": null, "title": "Replica cluster move" }
Palmitate mediated localization is a biological process that trafficks a palmitoylated protein to ordered lipid domains. == Biological function == One function is thought to cluster proteins to increase the efficiency of protein-protein interactions and facilitate biological processes. In the opposite scenario palmitat...	{ "page_id": 62325867, "source": null, "title": "Palmitate mediated localization" }
A photochemical logic gate is based on the photochemical intersystem crossing and molecular electronic transition between photochemically active molecules, leading to logic gates that can be produced. == The OR gate electron–photon transfer chain == The OR gate is based on the activation of molecule A, and thus pass el...	{ "page_id": 4457582, "source": null, "title": "Photochemical logic gate" }
drop from C→C (hνc) is not a valid output frequency. The emission from the C* (hνc + hνc2, hνc3) molecular orbital is a valid output signal;. to be used in subsequent logic gates -arranged to respond to the C ∗ ∗ → c 2 C {\displaystyle C^{**}{\xrightarrow[{c2}]{}}C} emission. The second input of photon(s) to trigger ...	{ "page_id": 4457582, "source": null, "title": "Photochemical logic gate" }
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution), alternatively called evolutionary creationism, is a view that God acts and creates through laws of nature. Here, God is taken as the primary cause while natural causes are secondary, positing that the concept of God and religious beliefs ...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
the Moral Law (the knowledge of right and wrong) and the continuous search for God among all human cultures defy evolutionary explanations and point to our spiritual nature. The executive director of the National Center for Science Education in the United States of America, Eugenie Scott, has used the term to refer to ...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
God-directed evolution or "orthogenesis", in which man will eventually evolve to the "omega point" of union with the Creator. === Alternative terms === Others see "evolutionary creation" (EC, also referred to by some observers as "evolutionary creationism") as the belief that God, as Creator, uses evolution to bring ab...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
Regarding the embracing of Darwinian evolution, historian Ronald Numbers describes the position of the late 19th-century geologist George Frederick Wright as "Christian Darwinism". Jacob Klapwijk and Howard J. Van Till have, while accepting both theistic creation and evolution, rejected the term "theistic evolution". I...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
creature" at the beginning, as read in Genesis, with the peculiarity a set of original species of which all the present species have descended. Linnaeus wrote: Let us suppose that the Divine Being in the beginning progressed from the simpler to the complex; from few to many; similarly that He in the beginning of the pl...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
Species of the same Genus, whence have arisen Varieties. Jens Christian Clausen (1967), refers to Linnaeus' theory as a "forgotten evolutionary theory [that] antedates Darwin's by nearly 100 years", and reports that he was a pioneer in doing experiments about hybridization. Later observations by Protestant botanists Ca...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
a purposeful divine plan aimed at forming humanity. These scientists rejected transmutation of species as materialist radicalism threatening the established hierarchies of society. The idealist Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), a persistent opponent of transmutation, saw mankind as the goal of a sequence of creations, but his...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
slow transmutation. === On the Origin of Species === When Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, many liberal Christians accepted evolution provided they could reconcile it with divine design. The clergymen Charles Kingsley (1819–1875) and Frederick Temple (1821–1902), both conservative Christians i...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
the outset some expressed opposition to the concept of natural selection and searched for a more purposeful mechanism. In 1860 Richard Owen attacked Darwin's Origin of Species in an anonymous review while praising "Professor Owen" for "the establishment of the axiom of the continuous operation of the ordained becoming ...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
saw as resulting from divine purpose. In 1867 the Duke of Argyll published The Reign of Law, which explained beauty in plumage without any adaptive benefit as design generated by the Creator's laws of nature for the delight of humans. Argyll attempted to reconcile evolution with design by suggesting that the laws of va...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }
of Species and Charles Lyell's 1863 Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man by turning to Asa Gray's belief that God had set the rules at the start and only intervened on rare occasions, as a way to harmonise evolution with theology. The idea of evolution did not seriously shake Wright's faith, but he later suffer...	{ "page_id": 328815, "source": null, "title": "Theistic evolution" }

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