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A relief valve or pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system; excessive pressure might otherwise build up and create a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, explosion, or fire. == Pressure relief == Excess pressure is relieved by allowing the pressu...	{ "page_id": 984070, "source": null, "title": "Relief valve" }
open air. In systems where the outlet is connected to piping, the opening of a relief valve will give a pressure build-up in the piping system downstream of the relief valve. This often means that the relief valve will not re-seat once the set pressure is reached. For these systems often so-called "differential" relief...	{ "page_id": 984070, "source": null, "title": "Relief valve" }
of vacuum. == Technical terms == In the petroleum refining, petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, natural gas processing and power generation industries, the term relief valve is associated with the terms pressure relief valve (PRV), pressure safety valve (PSV) and safety valve: Pressure relief valve (PRV) or Press...	{ "page_id": 984070, "source": null, "title": "Relief valve" }
pressure of a gas. The relieving pressure is small, negative, or positive, and near the atmospheric pressure. Pressure vacuum release valve (PVRV): A combination of vacuum pressure and a relief valve in one housing. Used on storage tanks for liquids to prevent implosion or overpressure. Snap acting: The opposite of mod...	{ "page_id": 984070, "source": null, "title": "Relief valve" }
for sizing pressure relief systems for chemical reactors, particularly those in which exothermic reactions are carried out. Such reactions include many classes of industrially important processes including polymerizations, nitrations, diazotizations, sulphonations, epoxidations, aminations, esterifications, neutralizat...	{ "page_id": 984070, "source": null, "title": "Relief valve" }
The Hertzsprung gap is a feature of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for a star cluster. This diagram is a plot of effective temperature versus luminosity for a population of stars. The gap is named after Ejnar Hertzsprung, who first noticed the absence of stars in the region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram between A...	{ "page_id": 5571591, "source": null, "title": "Hertzsprung gap" }
In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding t...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
repel the co-ions of the charge while attracting counterions to their surfaces. Two layers of opposite polarity form at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. In 1853, he showed that an electrical double layer (DL) is essentially a molecular dielectric and stores charge electrostatically. Below the electrolyt...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
that disrupts cationic depletion and prevents long-distance charge transport. Similar effects are observed at the redox active site of photosynthetic complexes. === Stern === The Gouy-Chapman model fails for highly charged DLs. In 1924, Otto Stern suggested combining the Helmholtz model with the Gouy-Chapman model: in ...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
water, would have a fixed alignment to the electrode surface. This first layer of solvent molecules displays a strong orientation to the electric field depending on the charge. This orientation has great influence on the permittivity of the solvent that varies with field strength. The IHP passes through the centers of ...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
electron can move from one chemical species to another. It was originally formulated to address outer sphere electron transfer reactions, in which two chemical species change only in their charge, with an electron jumping. For redox reactions without making or breaking bonds, Marcus theory takes the place of Henry Eyri...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
Stern potential. Electric potential difference between the fluid bulk and the surface is called the electric surface potential. Usually zeta potential is used for estimating the degree of DL charge. A characteristic value of this electric potential in the DL is 25 mV with a maximum value around 100 mV (up to several vo...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
holds. It yields the following expression for electric potential Ψ in the spherical DL as a function of the distance r from the particle center: Ψ ( r ) = Ψ d a r exp ⁡ ( − κ ( r − a ) ) {\displaystyle {\Psi }(r)={\Psi ^{d}}{\frac {a}{r}}\exp({-\kappa }(r-a))} There are several asymptotic models which play important ro...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
With an electrode, it is possible to regulate the surface charge by applying an external electric potential. This application, however, is impossible in colloidal and porous double layers, because for colloidal particles, one does not have access to the interior of the particle to apply a potential difference. EDLs are...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
interface have been investigated at high electrolyte concentrations using an all-optical technique. In these experiments, the surface propensity of protons (H3O+) at the air–aqueous interface was perturbed quasi-instantaneously, and the subsequent relaxation of the EDL was monitored using femtosecond time-resolved vibr...	{ "page_id": 13566984, "source": null, "title": "Double layer (surface science)" }
The mating of yeast, also known as yeast sexual reproduction, is a biological process that promotes genetic diversity and adaptation in yeast species. Yeast species, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), are single-celled eukaryotes that can exist as either haploid cells, which contain a single set of chrom...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
with other haploid cells of the opposite mating type (an a cell can only mate with an α cell and vice versa) to produce a stable diploid cell. Diploid cells, usually upon facing stressful conditions like nutrient depletion, can undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spores: two a spores and two α spores. === Differenc...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
on chromosome III. The MAT locus is usually divided into five regions (W, X, Y, Z1, and Z2) based on the sequences shared among the two mating types. The difference lie in the Y region (Ya and Yα), which contains most of the genes and promoters. The MATa allele of MAT encodes a gene called a1, which directs the a-speci...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
each of the 16 chromosomes and therefore only possess one MAT allele (either MATa or MATα), which determines their mating type. Diploid cells result from the mating of an a cell and an α cell, and they possess 32 chromosomes (in 16 pairs), including one chromosome bearing the MATa allele and another chromosome bearing ...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
faker assay. This test exposes the MATα population, which lacks an active copy of the HIS3 gene, to a tester strain like YPH316 yeast, which lack a HIS1 gene, on YEPD agar. After transferring the pairs of yeast strains onto Sabouraud agar, only those that formed diploid cells by having a-like faker cells mate with the ...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
switch-like mating decision. In yeast, mating as well as the production of shmoos occur via an all-or-none, switch-like mechanism. This switch-like mechanism allows yeast cells to avoid making an unwise commitment to a highly demanding procedure. The decision to mate must balance being energy-conservative and fast enou...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
HO gene; see below). This allows the stable propagation of haploid yeast, as haploid cells of the a mating type will remain a cells (and α cells will remain α cells), unable to form diploid cells unless artificially exposed to the other mating type. === HML and HMR: the silent mating cassettes === Haploid yeast switch ...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
HO gene. The HO gene is a tightly regulated haploid-specific gene that is only activated in haploid cells during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The protein encoded by the HO gene is a DNA endonuclease, which physically cleaves DNA, but only at the MAT locus (due to the DNA sequence specificity of the HO endonuclease)....	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
III. Normally, a cells have Mcm1 bind to the RE to promote recombination using the HML region. Deletion of the RE causes a cells to instead repair using HMR, maintaining their status as a cells rather than switching mating types. In α cells, the α2 factor binds at the RE to repress recombination using the HML region. T...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
type α. Filaments ordinarily have haploid nuclei, but these can undergo a process of diploidization (perhaps by endoreduplication or stimulated nuclear fusion) to form diploid cells termed blastospores. The diploid nuclei of blastospores can then undergo meiosis, including recombination, to form haploid basidiospores t...	{ "page_id": 3343370, "source": null, "title": "Mating of yeast" }
Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802. Dalton's law is related to the ideal...	{ "page_id": 66570, "source": null, "title": "Dalton's law" }
Anatoly I. Frenkel (born 1964 in Leningrad, USSR) is an American physicist and professor. Frenkel is a researcher in the physicochemical properties of materials, focusing on the processes that link the nanoscale details of their structure to the mechanisms of work. His work has led to new techniques for materials chara...	{ "page_id": 77071370, "source": null, "title": "Anatoly Frenkel" }
Junior Faculty Award, Yeshiva University == References ==	{ "page_id": 77071370, "source": null, "title": "Anatoly Frenkel" }
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures such as hair, scales, feathers,...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake, are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and upper limits of inta...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
them. Through digestion, proteins are broken down by proteases back into free amino acids. Fats consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both double a...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a dietary source. Apart from water, which is universally required for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular metabolic processes and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs. ...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). The requirement for vitamin D is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin. ==== Minerals ==== Minerals are the exogenous ch...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include premature birth, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states. Inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in ...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered empty calorie foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients. By definition, phytochemicals include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional consti...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
inadequacy". In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union. The table below...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
Reference Intake is the European Union equivalent of RDA; it is higher for adults than for children and maybe even higher for pregnant or lactating women. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed. Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels. ND ULs...	{ "page_id": 66575, "source": null, "title": "Nutrient" }
Tierra is a computer simulation developed by ecologist Thomas S. Ray in the early 1990s in which computer programs compete for time (central processing unit (CPU) time) and space (access to main memory). In this context, the computer programs in Tierra are considered to be evolvable and can mutate, self-replicate and r...	{ "page_id": 328721, "source": null, "title": "Tierra (computer simulation)" }
of classifying evolutionary systems and in 1997, Bedau et al. applied these statistics to Evita, an Artificial life model similar to Tierra and Avida, but with limited organism interaction and no parasitism, and concluded that Tierra-like systems do not exhibit the open-ended evolutionary signatures of naturally evolvi...	{ "page_id": 328721, "source": null, "title": "Tierra (computer simulation)" }
Methallorphan may refer to: Dextrallorphan Levallorphan == See also == Methorphan	{ "page_id": 57738257, "source": null, "title": "Methallorphan" }
A biotone is a biogeographical region characterized not by distinctive biota but rather by a distinctive transition from one set of biota to another. They often contain the limits of distribution of the biota of neighbouring regions. Biotones are especially useful in marine biogeography, where the movement of water may...	{ "page_id": 15991827, "source": null, "title": "Biotone" }
The Historical Museum of the Palatinate (German: Historisches Museum der Pfalz) is a museum in the city of Speyer in the Palatinate region of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is situated across the square from the Speyer Cathedral. The museum's focus is on the History of the Palatinate; it has a collection ...	{ "page_id": 39584789, "source": null, "title": "Historical Museum of the Palatinate" }
in a gravel quarry near Neupotz, 30 km south of Speyer. "Attila and the Huns" (2007) "The Samurai" (2008) "The Vikings" (2009) "Witches – Myth and Reality" (2010) "Amazons – mysterious Female Warriors" (2010/2011) "The Salian Dynasty – Changing Power" (2011) "Discovering Egypt’s Treasurs. Masterworks from the Egyptian ...	{ "page_id": 39584789, "source": null, "title": "Historical Museum of the Palatinate" }
tight connection between the development of the Protestant Church and Palatinate history. == The Young Museum == The first museum of its kind, it playfully gets children in touch with history. It offers workshops during school holidays and programmes for school classes. == The Forum == The 650 m2-area of covered courty...	{ "page_id": 39584789, "source": null, "title": "Historical Museum of the Palatinate" }
The Fission Product Pilot Plant, building 3515 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), was built in 1948 to extract radioactive isotopes from liquid radioactive waste. It was formerly known as the 'ruthenium-106 tank arrangement'. It is a relatively small facility; the task of extracting radioactive isotopes later too...	{ "page_id": 16188434, "source": null, "title": "Fission Product Pilot Plant" }
Stable and persistent phosphorus radicals are phosphorus-centred radicals that are isolable and can exist for at least short periods of time. Radicals consisting of main group elements are often very reactive and undergo uncontrollable reactions, notably dimerization and polymerization. The common strategies for stabil...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
be synthesised from the dissolution, melting or evaporation of the dimer. In 2001, Grützmacher et al. reported the first stable diphosphanyl radical [MesMeP-PMes]• (Mes = 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) from the reduction of the phosphonium salt [MesMeP-PMes]+(O3SCF3)− in an acetonitrile solution containing tetrakis(dimeth...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
supporting the reported resonance structures. This delocalisation across the vanadium atoms was identified as the source of stabilisation for this species due to the ease for transition metals to undergo one-electron chemistry. Cummins and co-workers postulated that the p-character of the system could be tuned by chang...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
of strain energy during homolytic cleavage at the P-P bond of the dimer that favoured the existence of the radical. The dimer shows a syn,anti conformation, which allows for better packing but has excessive crowding at the trimethylsilyl groups, while the radical monomer displays syn,syn conformation. Theoretical calcu...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
is more pronounced with Ter where the biradical is stable in inert atmospheres in the solid state for long periods of time at temperatures up to 224 C. Computational studies determined that the [P(μ-NTer)]2 radical shows an openshell singlet ground state biradical character. Villinger et al later synthesised a stable c...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
in toluene with Ph3C+B(C6F5)4− at room temperature in inert atmosphere to produce radical cations (Dipp=2,6-Diisopropylphenyl). The Bertrand group reported the synthesis of [(cAAC)P2]•+ , [(NHC)P2]•+ and [(NHC)P2]++ . The EPR signal for [(cAAC)P2]•+ is a triplet of quintents, resulting form coupling to with 2 P nuclei ...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
of [P(μ-NTer)2As]•+ the spin was found to mostly reside on the As nuclei (70.6% on As compared to 29.4% on P atom). Many other cyclic radical cations have been reported. It is difficult to form radical cations with diphosphenes due to low lying HOMO at the phosphorus centre. Ghadwal and co-workers were able to synthesi...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
antiferromagnetic interaction of the phosphorus radical with the high-spim TMII ion. The spin density is mostly localised on TM and phosphorus nuclei. The group further synthesised radical anion lanthanide complexes which also showed antiferromagnetic interaction. The π-acid properties of boryl substituents were employ...	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
Effect of Motion on the EPR Spectrum of an R1(R2)PPR1 Radical". Chemistry - A European Journal. 11 (11): 3463–3468. doi:10.1002/chem.200401276. PMID 15818567. S2CID 1128664. == References ==	{ "page_id": 72418328, "source": null, "title": "Stable phosphorus radicals" }
In statistical mechanics of continuous systems, a potential for a many-body system is called H-stable (or simply stable) if the potential energy per particle is bounded below by a constant that is independent of the total number of particles. In many circumstances, if a potential is not H-stable, it is not possible to ...	{ "page_id": 26412061, "source": null, "title": "H-stable potential" }
j ) ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\phi (x_{i}-x_{j})\geq 0} then the potential ϕ ( x ) {\displaystyle \phi (x)} is stable (with the constant B {\displaystyle B} given by ϕ ( 0 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\phi (0)}{2}}} ). This condition applies for example to potentials that are: a) positive functions; b) positive...	{ "page_id": 26412061, "source": null, "title": "H-stable potential" }
1 , … , x n ) = ∑ i < j ϕ ( x i − x j ) {\displaystyle V_{n}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\sum _{i<j}\phi (x_{i}-x_{j})} and the system is H-stable with B = 0 {\displaystyle B=0} ; but the thermodynamic limit doesn't exist, because the potential is not tempered. If the potential is not bounded, H-stability is not a necessary c...	{ "page_id": 26412061, "source": null, "title": "H-stable potential" }
in the quantum case the kinetic term plays an important role in the lower bound for the total energy because of the uncertainty principle. (In fact, stability of matter was the historical reason for introducing such a principle in mechanics.) The definition of stability is : ∃ B : E 0 N > − B , {\displaystyle \exists B...	{ "page_id": 26412061, "source": null, "title": "H-stable potential" }
In population ecology, density-dependent processes occur when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population. This article will focus on density dependence in the context of macroparasite life cycles. == Positive density-dependence == Positive density-dependence, density-dependent facilitation, or...	{ "page_id": 11797534, "source": null, "title": "Density dependence" }
a cell population reaches a certain density, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients available to each cell becomes insufficient to allow continued cell growth. This is also true for other organisms because an increased density means an increase in intraspecific competition. Greater competition means an ind...	{ "page_id": 11797534, "source": null, "title": "Density dependence" }
skin and the ingestion of microfilariae by the vector. Within the life-cycle stages taking place in the vector, density-dependence may influence the development of L3 larvae in vectors and vector life expectancy. Within the life-cycle stages taking place in the host, density-dependence may influence the development of ...	{ "page_id": 11797534, "source": null, "title": "Density dependence" }
Interventions that reduce parasite density to a level below this threshold will ultimately lead to the extinction of that parasite in that population. Facilitation processes increase the extinction threshold, making it easier to achieve using parasite control interventions. Conversely, restriction processes complicates...	{ "page_id": 11797534, "source": null, "title": "Density dependence" }
In molecular biology, mir-281 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. mir-281 is found in an intron of the Drosophila ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODA) gene. Using the RACE technique the pri-miRNA was shown to be 2,149 nucleotides...	{ "page_id": 36373535, "source": null, "title": "Mir-281 microRNA precursor family" }
Elmer Drew Merrill (October 15, 1876 – February 25, 1956) was an American botanist and taxonomist. He spent more than twenty years in the Philippines where he became a recognized authority on the flora of the Asia-Pacific region. Through the course of his career he authored nearly 500 publications, described approximat...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
of Agriculture in Manila. Merrill was appointed to the post of botanist in the new organization and arrived in 1902 in Manila where he was to work for the next twenty-two years. Merrill was dismayed to discover that the herbarium he was expecting to find had been destroyed during the war, along with the botanical libra...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
of known Philippine species had been extended from 2,500 plants of all types in 1900 to 8,120 species of flowering plants, 1,000 species of ferns, and 3,000 species of cryptogams. == University of California, Berkeley == In 1924 Merrill returned to the United States to join the University of California, Berkeley. There...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
dual appointments as Director of the New York Botanic Garden and Professor of Botany at Columbia University. He started his new job at the onset of the Great Depression and the Garden was facing severe financial constraints. Despite these difficulties, he was able to continue many of the programs by taking advantage of...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
the Islands of the Pacific. In 1946, at the age of seventy Merrill retired from his administrative duties and became Professor Emeritus in 1948. He continued with his research at Harvard and traveled as much as his age and health would allow. One of his last major contributions was The Botany of Cook's Voyages and its ...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
Bibliography == A handful of his most notable publications are listed below. A more comprehensive bibliography is contained in Robbins' Biographical Memoir. A Flora of Manila. 1912 An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. 1917 A Bibliographic Enumeration of Bornean Plants. 1921 An Enumeration of Philippine...	{ "page_id": 5637152, "source": null, "title": "Elmer Drew Merrill" }
Umbrella sampling is a technique in computational physics and chemistry, used to improve sampling of a system (or different systems) where ergodicity is hindered by the form of the system's energy landscape. It was first suggested by Torrie and Valleau in 1977. It is a particular physical application of the more genera...	{ "page_id": 12059679, "source": null, "title": "Umbrella sampling" }
that w = w(Q), taking high values at intermediate Q and low values at low/high Q, facilitating barrier crossing. Values for a thermodynamic property A deduced from a sampling run performed in this manner can be transformed into canonical-ensemble values by applying the formula ⟨ A ⟩ = ⟨ A / w ⟩ π ⟨ 1 / w ⟩ π , {\displa...	{ "page_id": 12059679, "source": null, "title": "Umbrella sampling" }
further alternative, which functions in full non-equilibrium, is S-PRES. == References == == Further reading == Daan Frenkel and Berend Smit: "Understanding Molecular Simulation: From Algorithms to Applications". Academic Press 2001, ISBN 978-0-12-267351-1 Johannes Kästner: “Umbrella Sampling”, WIREs Computational Mole...	{ "page_id": 12059679, "source": null, "title": "Umbrella sampling" }
Chiral inversion is the process of conversion of one enantiomer of a chiral molecule to its mirror-image version with no other change in the molecule. Chiral inversion happens depending on various factors (viz. biological-, solvent-, light-, temperature- induced, etc.) and the energy barrier energy barrier associated w...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
namely ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, benoxaprophen, etc. For this group, only S-enantiomer (eutomer) is active i.e. has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. In the body, only inactive R-enantiomer can undergo chiral inversion by hepatic enzymes into the active S-enantiomer and not vice versa. The “inactive” R-i...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
Factors influencing inversion == Chiral drugs with stereo-labile configuration are likely to undergo interconversion of the enantiomers that may be enzymatic (biological) or non-enzymatic. Enzyme-mediated conversion is the process of chiral inversion that happens in a living organism. Non-enzymatic inversion of drugs i...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
inversion without the involvement of the liver (hepatocytes). Although liver did not play a substantial role in the inversion of benoxaprofen, studies using benoxaprofen and ketoprofen show that one of the primary sites of inversion in rats is the GI tract. ==== Route of administration ==== ==== Inter-individual variab...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
to determine chiral inversion. Which instrument is used to analyze a chiral compound depends on its physical and chemical properties (i.e., the solubility, vapor pressure, thermal and solvent stability, and detection). For example, capillary electrophoresis or liquid chromatography could be used if the analyte can be i...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
or a two-point attachment (CC' and DD') with the same receptor site as shown in (Fig. B). Eutomer is the version that works the way you want it to, and distomer is the version that doesn't work or works in a way you don't want it to. Most of the time, the mirror-image versions have different binding affinities. In the ...	{ "page_id": 67830819, "source": null, "title": "Chiral inversion" }
Lovelock's theorem of general relativity says that from a local gravitational action which contains only second derivatives of the four-dimensional spacetime metric, then the only possible equations of motion are the Einstein field equations. The theorem was described by British physicist David Lovelock in 1971. == Sta...	{ "page_id": 52823070, "source": null, "title": "Lovelock's theorem" }
theorem == References ==	{ "page_id": 52823070, "source": null, "title": "Lovelock's theorem" }
In molecular biology, mir-282 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-282 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36373543, "source": null, "title": "Mir-282 microRNA precursor family" }
The UCL Prize Lecture in Life and Medical Sciences (previously UCL Prize Lecture in Clinical Science) is a prize awarded annually by University College London since 1997. The prize lecture has become the pre-eminent series on contemporary science in Europe and the annual lecture provides an opportunity to debate and ce...	{ "page_id": 40043560, "source": null, "title": "UCL Prize Lecture in Life and Medical Sciences" }
The molecular formula C7H6O2S may refer to: 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid Thiosalicylic acid	{ "page_id": 78906407, "source": null, "title": "C7H6O2S" }
Protein–ligand docking is a molecular modelling technique. The goal of protein–ligand docking is to predict the position and orientation of a ligand (a small molecule) when it is bound to a protein receptor or enzyme. Pharmaceutical research employs docking techniques for a variety of purposes, most notably in the virt...	{ "page_id": 5702698, "source": null, "title": "Protein–ligand docking" }
protein–ligand docking software applications that calculate the site, geometry and energy of small molecules or peptides interacting with proteins are available, such as AutoDock and AutoDock Vina, rDock, FlexAID, Molecular Operating Environment, and Glide. Peptides are a highly flexible type of ligand that has proven ...	{ "page_id": 5702698, "source": null, "title": "Protein–ligand docking" }
case of protein-peptide docking, as they frequently involve large-scale conformation transitions of the protein receptor. AutoDock is one of the computational tools frequently used to model the interactions between proteins and ligands during the drug discovery process. Although the classically used algorithms to searc...	{ "page_id": 5702698, "source": null, "title": "Protein–ligand docking" }
evaluate molecular dynamics and protein-ligand docking potential are implementing supervised molecular dynamic approach. Essentially, the simulations are sequences of small time windows by which the distance between the center of mass of the ligand and protein is computed. The distance values are updated at regular fre...	{ "page_id": 5702698, "source": null, "title": "Protein–ligand docking" }
The Reed reaction is a chemical reaction that utilizes light to oxidize hydrocarbons to alkylsulfonyl chlorides. This reaction is employed in modifying polyethylene to give chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE), which is noted for its toughness. == Commercial implementations == Polyethylene is treated with a mixture of ...	{ "page_id": 3146792, "source": null, "title": "Reed reaction" }
Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf Propan in Tetrachlorkohlen". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 75: 34–41. doi:10.1002/cber.19420750105. Asinger, Friedrich; Ebeneder, Franz; Böck, Erich (1942). "Zur Kenntnis der Produkte der gemeinsamen Einwirkung von Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf aliphatische...	{ "page_id": 3146792, "source": null, "title": "Reed reaction" }
A phageome is a community of bacteriophages and their metagenomes localized in a particular environment, similar to a microbiome. Phageome is a subcategory of virome, which is all of the viruses that are associated with a host or environment. The term was first used in an article by Modi et al. in 2013 and has continue...	{ "page_id": 71697452, "source": null, "title": "Phageome" }
lifespan. Siphoviridae and Myoviridae are the most abundant in infants and their numbers wane into childhood, whereas Crassvirales dominate in adults. The phageome can also experience changes as a result of diet, which can introduce new phages present in our foods. For example, in those with gluten-free diets, crAsspha...	{ "page_id": 71697452, "source": null, "title": "Phageome" }
bacteriophages residing in the gut in Type-2 diabetes patients have been shown to contain numerous genes implicated in disease development. Total phage representation in the virome is higher in individuals with Cardiovascular disease than healthy controls, totaling 63% and 18% respectively. Lastly, researchers studying...	{ "page_id": 71697452, "source": null, "title": "Phageome" }
In statistics, path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables. This includes models equivalent to any form of multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, canonical correlation analysis, discriminant analysis, as well as more general families of models in the multivariate analysi...	{ "page_id": 590893, "source": null, "title": "Path analysis (statistics)" }
these variables have direct and indirect (through En1) effects on En2 (the two dependent or 'endogenous' variables/factors). In most real-world models, the endogenous variables may also be affected by variables and factors stemming from outside the model (external effects including measurement error). These effects are...	{ "page_id": 590893, "source": null, "title": "Path analysis (statistics)" }
assume a model without feedback loops: the directed graph of the model must contain no cycles, i.e. it is a directed acyclic graph, which has been extensively studied in the causal analysis framework of Judea Pearl. === Path tracing in unstandardized models === If the modeled variables have not been standardized, an ad...	{ "page_id": 590893, "source": null, "title": "Path analysis (statistics)" }
Structural Equation Modeling OpenMx - Advanced Structural Equation Modeling LISREL: model, methods and software for Structural Equation Modeling	{ "page_id": 590893, "source": null, "title": "Path analysis (statistics)" }
Marine pharmacognosy is the investigation and identification of medically important plants and animals in the marine environment. It is a sub branch of terrestrial pharmacognosy. Generally the drugs are obtained from the marine species of bacteria, virus, algae, fungi and sponges. It is a relatively new field of study ...	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }
compounds would have to be extremely potent due to the dilution effect of seawater. This has been described to be analogues to pheromones but with the purpose of repelling instead of attracting. As well, predators have evolved chemical weapons in order to paralyze or kill prey. Conus magus is an example of a cone snail...	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }
species per meter squared. The greatest marine tropical biodiversity is reported to be in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. == Sample collection technological requirements == Collecting marine samples can range from very simple and inexpensive to very complicated expensive. Samples from near or on shores are readily accessible v...	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }
are considered more "drug-like". Ideally, polar compounds like salts, peptides, sugars as well as very non-polar compounds like lipids are left behind to simplify chromatography since they are not generally considered "drug-like". Drying of the sample could be completed before extraction by lyophilisation to remove any...	{ "page_id": 12715053, "source": null, "title": "Marine pharmacognosy" }

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