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while the stars represent the 50 states of the Union. The colors of the flag are symbolic as well; red symbolizes hardiness and valor; white signifies purity and innocence; and blue represents vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Traditionally, a symbol of liberty, the American flag has carried the message of freedom,... | {
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as Americans, enjoy today. The United States flag represents who we are. It stands for the freedom we all share and the pride and patriotism we feel for our country. We cherish its legacy as a beacon of hope to one and all. Long may it wave. 24.12. Types of Flags There are specific sizes, types, and occasions for prope... | {
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flag. For details, refer to AFI 65-601, Volume 1, Budget Guidance and Procedures, on using Organization & Maintenance funds for this purchase. Garrison Flag. The garrison flag is 20 feet by 38 feet. This flag is flown on holidays and special occasions and can be substituted with the installation flag. Interment Flag. T... | {
"page_id": null,
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be displayed on the following national holidays. New Year's Day Father's Day Inauguration Day Independence Day Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday Nat’l Korean War Veterans Armistice Day Lincoln's Birthday Labor Day Washington's Birthday Constitution Day Easter Sunday (variable) Columbus Day 244 Mother's Day Navy Day Arm... | {
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the highest point of the group. Projecting from a Building. When the United States flag is displayed from a staff projecting horizontally or at an angle from the windowsill, balcony, or front of a building, the union of the flag should be placed at the peak of the staff. In a Row or Line with Equal Height. When the Uni... | {
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be suspended vertically with the union to the uppermost and the flag’s own right, that is, to the observer’s left (north on an east and west street, or east on a north and south street). This also applies when the flag is suspended from the main entrance of a building or hangar. Displayed Horizontally. When displayed h... | {
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before lowering at the end of the day. 246 Figure 24.2 . U.S. Flag Display Configurations . U.S. Flag Carried in Procession with Another Flag. U.S. Flag and Another Flag Displayed with Crossed Staffs. U.S. Flag with Other Flags Radiating from a Central Point. U.S. Flag Projecting from a Building. U.S. Flag Displayed in... | {
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States flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery. The United States flag should never be festooned, drawn back or up, or in folds, but always allowed to fall freely. - The United States flag should never be fastened, displayed, used, or stored in such a manner as to permit it to be easily torn, ... | {
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placed above or, if on the same level, to the right (observer’s left) of the United States flag, except during church services conducted by naval chaplains at sea when the church pennant may be flown above the flag during church services for the personnel of the Navy. 248 - Exercise extreme care to ensure proper handli... | {
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acts of courtesy. Common acts of courtesy that contribute to a positive, professional working environment include simple things like saying “please” and “thank you” and respecting other people’s time. When in the workplace, being helpful, taking and delivering messages, and offering assistance when possible, are demons... | {
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who is equal to or has a higher rank than the officer entering the room. In that case, do not call the room to attention. Entering or Exiting Vehicles. Military personnel enter automobiles and small boats in reverse order of rank. Juniors will enter a vehicle first and take their appropriate seat on the senior’s left. ... | {
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of all nations, you should learn the ranks, grades, and insignia of the most frequently contacted nations, particularly during an overseas assignment or deployment. 24.20. Rendering the Salute Saluting is a courtesy exchanged between members of the U.S. Armed Forces as both a greeting and a symbol of mutual respect. Th... | {
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enter when told to do so, march to approximately two paces from the officer or desk, halt, salute, and report, “Sir (Ma’am), (rank and last name) reports as ordered,” or “Sir (Ma’am), (rank and last name) reports.” When the conversation is completed, execute a sharp salute, hold the salute until the officer acknowledge... | {
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when officer passengers are readily identifiable (for example, officers in appropriately marked staff vehicles), the salute must be rendered. This includes the U.S. President, the Vice President, Secretary of Defense, Service Secretaries, and senior officers in vehicles when distinguished by vehicle plates and/or flags... | {
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time to plan, aim at having details planned out at least three weeks in advance, or more. In such cases, planning committees will need to begin meeting and discussing details of the event far in advance of the invitations being sent out. This could mean, depending on the size and scope of the event, planning as early a... | {
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uniform specified by the host. 252 Promotion Ceremony. Promotions are significant events in the lives of military people. Commanders and supervisors are responsible for ensuring their personnel receive proper recognition. Many of the guidelines for promotion ceremonies are the same as for decoration ceremonies. Because... | {
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name), /// having been appointed a (rank), in the United States Air Force /// do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend /// the Constitution of the United States /// against all enemies, foreign and domestic, /// that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, /// that I take this obligation ... | {
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__________, /// and the orders of the officers appointed over me, /// according to law and regulations, /// so help me God. Civilian Oath I, (state your name), /// do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend /// the constitution of the United States /// against all enemies, foreign and domestic, /// th... | {
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day is the playing of reveille. Because the time for the start of the duty day varies among different locations, the commander designates the specified time for reveille. If the commander desires, a reveille ceremony may accompany the raising of the flag. This ceremony takes place after sunrise near the base flagstaff.... | {
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and attaches the flag to the halyards. The two junior members attend the halyards, taking a position facing the staff to hoist the flag without entangling the halyards. The flag is always raised and lowered from the leeward side of the flagstaff. The senior member continues to hold the flag, taking particular care that... | {
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flag security detail also marches to the flagstaff and halts, and the senior member gives the command “Parade, REST” to the security detail. - As soon as the Airmen are dressed, the commander commands “Parade, REST.” The commander 255 then faces the flagstaff, assumes parade rest, and waits for the specified time for r... | {
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the right and the flag bearer in the center, marches to a position three paces from the commander (or officer of the day in an informal ceremony). The senior member salutes and reports “Sir (Ma’am), the flag is secured.” The commander returns the salute, and the flag security detail marches away. The Airmen in formatio... | {
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and Dining-Out Dining-ins and dining-outs are both formal events. The one significant difference is that nonmilitary spouses, friends, and civilians may attend a dining-out, but the dining-in is a formal dinner for military members only. The present dining-in format had its beginnings in the Air Corps when General Henr... | {
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level. The Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and major command command chiefs are known as the “keepers of the sword,” and maintain the official lists of order of the sword recipients, respectively. History of the Order of the Sword. The first recorded order of the sword ceremony in the United States was in the 18... | {
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Components. As a Total Force Air Force, we are a values-based, mission-focused, people-oriented air and space force. Professionalism is the heart and soul of who we are and who we aspire to be every day. Our sense of professionalism underlies the pride we feel when we say I am an American Airman . Professional Obligati... | {
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—doing the right thing, even when no one is looking. We develop partnerships at home and around the world, grounded in integrity and trust. Our culture embraces diversity and fiercely protects character, respect, and leadership. Mission-Focused. As Airmen, we stand ready, performing selfless duty in defense of our Nati... | {
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on- or off-duty, Airmen must hold true to the sacred trust our institution requires. This level of trust demonstrates respect to all fellow Airmen, strives to bring out the best version of each of us, commits to a higher calling of service, and maintains the honor our standards demand. As Airmen, we continually seek to... | {
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in the profession of arms, which is in turn reflected in our behavior and serves to 259 guide us in proudly exhibiting the highest levels of professional service to our country. Standards, responsibilities, and the readiness to perform perpetuate the Air Force culture and provide a clear picture of what is expected of ... | {
"page_id": null,
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fundamental reason for being, a purpose of the organization/effort, and why it exists beyond present day operations. Every Airman, those who are leaders and those who aspire to lead, will be vital to the process of developing our personnel. The Air Force will proactively develop each Airman within a professional cultur... | {
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understanding of airpower, and develop professional perspectives that will create and maintain the future force. - Goal 3: Foster relationships that strengthen an environment of trust. Trust is the foundation of the profession of arms. How we treat one another and how we strive to bring out the best version of our peop... | {
"page_id": null,
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manner in which we perform our service. Core values are so fundamental that they define our very identity through a common bond among all professional Airmen - past, and present. For those of us who join this proud community, being a part of the Air Force family requires a commitment to living by these values at all ti... | {
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who fl y, fi ght, and win as one Air Force. We are the world’s greatest Air Force...powered by Airmen, fueled by innovation. We are surrounded by reminders on a daily basis of the meaning of service in our profession...the profession of arms.” 25.9. Core Values – Defined Professional Air Force ethics consist of three f... | {
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with honor, maintaining independent judgment, and performing duties with impartiality, help to maintain integrity and avoid conflicts of interest. Integrity encompasses many characteristics indispensable to Airmen and makes us who we are and what we stand for. Integrity is as much a part of a professional reputation as... | {
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ourselves. Accountable individuals maintain transparency, seek honest and constructive feedback, and take ownership of the outcomes of their actions and decisions. They are responsible to themselves and others, and refrain from actions which discredit themselves or our service. Service Before Self. As an Air Force core... | {
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duty, loyalty, and respect. - Duty. While duty is the obligation to perform what is required for the mission as determined by the law, the Department of Defense, and Air Force instructions, directives, and guidance, duty may also involve having to make sacrifices in ways that no other profession has or will. Our sense ... | {
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quantum leaps towards accomplishment and performance. Virtues of Excellence In All We Do. The virtues of excellence include mission, discipline, and teamwork. - Mission. Having a mission focus encompasses operation, product, and resource excellence. The complex undertaking of the Air Force mission requires us to harnes... | {
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of Air Force capabilities required to support the Air Force mission and meet national security objectives. As Airmen, we proudly serve in the most lethal Air Force the world has ever seen. We have inherited an Air Force forged through the ingenuity, courage, and strength of Airmen who 264 preceded us. It is our duty to... | {
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almost always present, but they must not take precedence over ethical values. Ethical values relate to what is right and wrong, and thus take precedence over non-ethical values when making decisions. The key is to align ethical values with personal values, and enhance the commitment we have made to the dedicated servic... | {
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to bind the government. 265 - Employees shall act impartially and not give preferential treatment to any private organization or individual. - Employees shall protect and conserve federal property and shall not use it for other than authorized activities. - Employees shall satisfy, in good faith, their obligations as c... | {
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apply a sense of order to our priorities so we are able to overcome temptation to stray from our military norms and values. When contemplating what to do, consider possible courses of action by listing to the best options and quality checking ideas to take the right path. When possible, take the decision process to the... | {
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this decision? Would you feel guilt or loss of trust from this action? If you can’t confidently provide a positive response, the course of action fails the divine test. 25.13. Honorable Characteristics Airmen share a history of valor, courage, and sacrifice. From the earliest days of airpower to the heights of space, A... | {
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the willingness to step outside the comfort zone to deal with unexpected situations. Such situations can happen almost anywhere. In addition to demonstrating valor on the battlefield, an Airman can exhibit valor when presented with unusual circumstances in the daily routine of life. Consider the demonstration of valor ... | {
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day’s work for this dedicated Airman. Courage. Courage is about the ability to face fear, danger, or adversity. Three types of courage are critical in the profession of arms: personal, physical, and moral. Personal courage is about doing what’s right even when risking one’s career. Physical courage is the ability to ov... | {
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and was unable to get out of the burning aircraft. He saw a member of the crew mouthing ‘please, please’ and pointing to the troop exit door. Sergeant Clewley refocused his attention to that area and began suppressing the fire, enabling the crew to safely exit the aircraft. He continued to keep the fire under control u... | {
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then I’m glad I gave my efforts with thousands of others for such a cause. - Sergeant Carl Goldman, U.S. Army Air Forces, WWII This next quote is from a letter written by Sergeant Arnold Rahe to his parents. Sergeant Rahe was in the U.S. Army Air Forces and was killed in France during World War II. As I prepare for thi... | {
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2007 by General T. Michael Moseley, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force. Moseley introduced the creed as an aspect of one of his top priorities to reinvigorate the Total Force. The intent of the creed was to enhance the building of a warrior ethos among Airmen and establish a coherent bond between the members of the U... | {
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Title: EPR-Biodosimetry URL Source: Markdown Content: # Cytogenetic Dosimetry: Applications in Preparedness for and Response to Radiation Emergencies P u b l i C A t i o n D At E : S E P t E m b E R 2 0 1 1 E m E R g E n C y P R E PA R E D n E S S > A n D R E S P o n S E > E P R - > bi o DoSi m EtRy # 2 0 1 1 IAEA SAF... | {
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continue to meet users needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by email to Official.Mail@iaea.org. RELATED PUBLICATIONS The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the e... | {
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REPUBLIC ECUADOR EGYPT EL SALVADOR ERITREA ESTONIA ETHIOPIA FINLAND FRANCE GABON GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA HAITI HOLY SEE HONDURAS HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT KYRGYZSTAN LATVIA LEBANON LE... | {
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since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-co... | {
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for research and suggestions for the most suitable techniques for future practice in biological dosimetry. One CRP resulted in the publication in 1986 of a manual, entitled Biological Dosimetry: Chromosomal Aberration Analysis for Dose Assessment (Technical Reports Series No. 260). This was superseded in 2001 by a revi... | {
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Chromatid-Type Aberrations ....................................................................................32 6.4. Premature Chromosome Condensation ....................................................................35 6.5. Micronuclei .................................................................................. | {
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I: DICENTRIC ASSAY......................................................................................173 ANNEX II: FISH BASED TRANSLOCATION ASSAY..................................................177 ANNEX III: PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION ...................................181 ANNEX IV: CYTOKINESIS-BLOCK MICRON... | {
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from the radiation source may also assist with dose calculations. All these sources of information may be combined with biological dosimetry to obtain a clearer evaluation of the case. For many years the dicentric assay using blood lymphocytes was the only method of biological dosimetry available, and still today it is... | {
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with an event involving many casualties. In the investigation of radiation emergencies it is important to estimate the dose to exposed persons for several reasons. In the case of high exposures (>1 Gy acute), information on doses assists in the planning of therapy and in alerting physicians to likely deterministic (tis... | {
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as will be discussed, there are quantification problems associated with factors such as non-uniform exposures, intake of radionuclides and delayed blood sampling. Biological dosimetry also has a valuable role to contribute in the early period after a radiation emergency or terrorist attack where many persons may have b... | {
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condensation (PCC) and micronuclei (CBMN) assays were included. Now, a further 10 years later, this document has been produced. Much of the original text on the metaphase spread dicentric (and ring) chromosome aberration assay (DCA) from the earlier editions is still valid and has been retained although where appropria... | {
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biosampling years after exposure) as well as applications involving triage cytogenetics for radiation mass casualty events. 1.4. STRUCTURE This publication is arranged as follows following this Introduction (Section 1), in Section 2 consideration is given to what is meant by ‘dose’ as determined from chromosome damage ... | {
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the first four describing reproducible working protocols for DCA, FISH based translocation, PCC and CBMN assays. Annex V describes the criteria for measuring the mitotic index and Annex VI contains a guide to a number of statistical tests that are commonly employed in biological dosimetry data analysis and its underlyi... | {
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to tissue. Alternatively, some primary or secondary dosimetry laboratories calibrate in terms of neutron fluence, which may be converted to dose to tissue. As the biological endpoint being scored is chromosomal aberrations, strictly speaking these reflect dose to the cells’ nuclei. For photons and neutrons, dose to sof... | {
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partial body irradiations from external sources have occurred. Most internally incorporated radionuclides also result in non-uniform irradiations but here the dose of concern is not that to the lymphocytes but rather that to the specific organs and tissues where the radioactivity deposits. The usefulness of chromosomal... | {
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aid in understanding and interpreting the principles that underlie the methodology presented in the later sections. Refs [16, 17] should be consulted for additional information. When ionizing radiation passes through an object, it ejects electrons from the atoms through which it travels, leaving positively charged ions... | {
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ionization for radiation of different LET is in the frequency distribution of chromosome aberrations between cells. With low LET, or sparsely ionizing radiation, the ionization at any particular dose will be randomly distributed between cells, particularly since there will be a very large number of tracks. The DNA dama... | {
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(1) It should be noted that X-rays are 2–3 times more effective than gamma rays and therefore the reference radiation should always be defined . Fig. 2 shows the typically shaped linear and linear quadratic dicentric dose response curves obtained with, respectively, high and low LET radiations. FIG. 2. Typical linear a... | {
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induced in the two unreplicated chromosomes involved such that the damaged chromosomes can undergo exchange. This exchange can occur either as a result of the misrepair of DNA strand breaks induced directly by the radiation, or as a result of misrepair during the excision repair of base damage. Thus it can be seen that... | {
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low and the latter much more frequent at high doses. The dose– response curve is generally assumed to fit Eq. (2) 11 2 DDCY βα ++= (2) where: Y is the yield of dicentrics, D is the dose, C is the control (background frequency), α is the linear coefficient, and β is the dose squared coefficient. The ratio of α/β can be ... | {
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RBE versus LET in Fig. 3. Summarizing this discussion, the dose–response curve (Fig. 2) for low LET radiation, high energy protons and fast neutrons will be non-linear and best fit a linear-quadratic model; the dose–response curve for high LET radiation (fission neutrons and alpha particles) will be linear, or close to... | {
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slope equal to that of the linear portion of the linear-quadratic curve for acute exposures. The same argument holds true for fractionated or split doses. If two or more doses are received, lesions from the first can interact with lesions produced by the second, or subsequent, dose, provided that the time interval betw... | {
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weighted identically (W R = 1) . For low LET radiation, decreasing the dose rate also decreases the dicentric frequency per unit dose, such that at very low dose rates the curve is linear and is the same as the linear component of the dose–response curve for acute exposure. A linear curve can be produced from a standar... | {
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4. A typical blood smear with a small lymphocyte and some red cells shown enlarged. FIG. 5. A small lymphocyte as seen in an electron microscope. 15 Two main types of lymphocytes can be distinguished, i.e. T and B cells. Both types originate from immunologically incompetent stem cells in the yolk sac and eventually set... | {
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one of the early deterministic reactions is a rapid fall in the peripheral blood lymphocyte count. These factors should be borne in mind for early blood sampling of radiation casualties for biological dosimetry . The total number of lymphocytes in a healthy young adult has been estimated to be approximately 500 x 10 9 ... | {
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lymph nodes and other tissues, and re-enter the circulation. The mean time that a given lymphocyte of the redistributional pool is present in the peripheral blood is about 30 min. It has been estimated that about 80%, that is, 400 x10 9 lymphocytes, belong to the redistributional pool and that the overall recirculation... | {
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in Ham’s F-10 medium, the DNA synthesis starts about 26 hours after culture initiation and the first mitoses are found after about another 10 hours. There are two peaks of DNA synthesis measured by tritiated thymidine treatment, one at 34 hours and a second at 40 hours, and two peaks of mitotic activity, one at around ... | {
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REAC/TS, USA). 5.2. HUMAN KARYOTYPE AND DNA CONTENT OF CHROMOSOMES The human karyotype (Fig. 7) is the characteristic chromosome complement for humans, and consists of 23 pairs of large linear chromosomes of different sizes, giving a total of 46 chromosomes in every diploid cell. Human chromosomes are normally combined... | {
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arm q arm Both arms Chromosome No. p arm q arm Both arms 1 3.97 4.18 8.15 13 0.49 3.04 3.53 2 3.07 4.83 7.90 14 0.50 2.88 3.38 3 3.07 3.56 6.63 15 0.53 2.76 3.29 4 1.74 4.55 6.29 16 1.21 1.83 3.04 5 1.61 4.40 6.01 17 0.87 1.98 2.85 6 2.02 3.66 5.68 18 0.62 2.01 2.63 7 2.01 3.29 5.30 19 0.93 1.15 2.08 8 1.55 3.25 4.80 2... | {
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with the type of cell and the conditions of growth. One can determine the lengths of the stages by using radiolabelled DNA precursors such as tritiated thymidine. In lymphocytes, the first cell cycle following stimulation is nearly synchronized, and these cells are especially convenient for radiobiological studies. Cyc... | {
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complete breaks have been induced and the ends move about and eventually combine to form exchanges. Alternatively, Revell envisaged that the points of damage are not complete severances but are unstable sites which can interact with similar sites to form pairwise exchanges. There is a third possibility, introduced lat... | {
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Damage Sites (MDS) or clustered DNA lesions . MDS lesions produced in DNA might involve one or more DSB, several SSB as well as BD. Complex clustered DNA lesions may be more difficult to repair or indeed fail to repair and hence potentially lead to the generation of lethal chromosome aberrations . The cell has complex ... | {
"page_id": null,
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"title": "from dpo"
} |
induced following treatment of G0 /G 1 and G 2/S cells, respectively. However, UV and chemicals induce mostly chromatid-type aberrations at all stages of the cell cycle. If chromatid-type aberrations are observed in G 0 /G 1cells that have been exposed to ionizing radiation, it can be assumed that these are either not ... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
The ring chromosome is an exchange between two breaks on separate arms of the same chromosome and is also accompanied by an acentric fragment (Fig. 11). 28 FIG. 11. A metaphase spread with two rings (arrowed), a dicentric and acentric fragments (Giemsa staining). Acentrics Acentric aberrations can be formed independent... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
collected from the Yanomami Indian tribes that inhabit the rainforests of Venezuela . Subsequently they have been reported in the inhabitants of many countries including England, Japan, Ukraine, Lithuania and the Russian Federation. The term ‘rogue’ cells was coined by Awa and Neel who described these cells in the off... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
that, for most biological dosimetry purposes, isolated metaphases having the appearance of rogue cells should be excluded from the dose evaluation. An exception to this could be where there is additional evidence of exposure to high LET radiations and then, ideally, several multiply damaged cells present with a continu... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
are about 5% . Interstitial translocations (insertions) This is a bicoloured chromosome where an acentric piece of one chromosome has been inserted within an arm of another chromosome. An example is shown in Fig. 14. FIG. 14. A human metaphase spread with an insertion. Chromosome pair 1 is painted yellow and all other ... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
between the centric and acentric regions must be of a width greater than the width of a chromatid to be considered a terminal deletion. This latter definition is used to distinguish between terminal deletions (chromatid breaks) and achromatic lesions (gaps). Chromatid-type interstitial deletions are not as readily obse... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
with the deleted centric part of the chromosome. The convention for analysis stipulates that since the radiation-induced aberrations in G 0lymphocytes are of the chromosome-type, all paired acentric fragments are to be classified as chromosome-type terminal deletions. Since the frequency of isochromatid deletions will ... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
the fusing agent . However, fusion by means of Sendai virus requires cells with membranes especially receptive to the virus particles and it has been reported that G 0 lymphocytes cannot be satisfactorily fused using Sendai virus. This difficulty was overcome for the purpose of biological dosimetry with the use of PEG ... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
and therefore, the number of radiation induced chromosomal fragments in excess of background frequency. It has also been used to 36 estimate non-uniform exposure . The major advantage of this method is that damage can be observed shortly after blood sampling. Rapid Interphase Chromosome Assay (RICA) allows the visualis... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
properties of nuclei, within the cytoplasm of the daughter cells . 37 A > B > C FIG. 19. (A) Schematic diagram showing the mechanism of origin of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. (B) Examples of binucleated cells without and with 1 and 2 micronuclei. (C) Examples of bin... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
of DNA double strand breaks . NPB measured in the cytokinesis-block cytome assay are thus also applicable for biological dosimetry of ionizing radiation exposure . A strong correlation and similar dose-response curves were observed between NPB, and dicentric chromosomes and centric rings . Detailed information on MN an... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
culture cells promptly if, for example, sampling occurs in a remote region with poor communications. Blood samples may be kept refrigerated but loss of lymphocyte viability soon becomes a major problem . The problem is overcome by stimulating the lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) immediately after venipuncture... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
anticoagulant it is preferable to request a fresh specimen. However this may not always be possible and in such a situation it is possible to ‘rescue’ the sample by washing. The procedure is to take 4 mL of the blood, add 6 mL of a balanced salt solution (Hank’s or Earle’s) or culture medium and spin at 600g for 3 to 5... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
be avoided. Transport of specimens should comply with applicable national and/or international regulations for the transport of infectious substances, as outlined in the current WHO guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances . This document also explains to shippers how to classify, document, ma... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
with all customs paperwork, etc. Transit times of two or three days can be tolerated; however, blood samples need special delivery services to avoid long delays, such as around national holidays. During air transport the blood should not be X rayed in security checks. If this is likely, a piece of X ray film or a stand... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
specimens in lithium heparin tubes should be used and irradiated as whole blood at 37°C. After irradiation they should be held for a further 2 hours at 37 oC and then cultured by the standard method identical to that used for assaying dicentrics, translocations or micronuclei on specimens from suspected overexposure pa... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
an ionization chamber is used but other methods are possible. Fig. 20 for example illustrates measurements using alanine. 45 FIG. 20. Exposure array used to hold and position 15 mL test tubes and 10 mL blood vacutainers for exposures to irradiation with γ-ray sources. The box container of the exposure array is construc... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
by the blood. The usual method of determining doses is to convert the measured air kerma into absorbed dose in tissue or blood and then to convert as necessary for distance (the inverse square law), absorption and mismatch of material at the blood interface. The size and general geometry of the apparatus are a compromi... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
for each dose and the resultant data will not fit so well to the linear quadratic dose response equation . Some laboratories prefer to place the blood sample in a phantom for calibration purposes on the grounds that scatter in a human body is to some extent taken into account (Figs 20 and 21). FIG. 21. A water bath hea... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
dose response is approximated by the linear equation DCY α+= (4) The objective of curve fitting is to determine those values of the coefficients C, α and β which best fit the data points. For dicentrics, irradiation with X or gamma rays produces a distribution of damage which is very well represented by the Poisson dis... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
indeed, beyond this dose there is evidence of saturation of the aberration yield which will lead to a distortion of the β coefficient . For high LET radiation a maximum of 2.0 Gy is suggested. As most radiation accidents involve doses of less than 1.0 Gy, the lower end of the curve is of particular importance in estima... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
-1.64 4.000 103 103 35 41 21 420.88 -0.84 5.000 59 107 11 19 11 9631.15 0.81 Average 1.0 20 MeV 4He particles dose (Gy) NXcell distribution of dicentrics σ2/y u012345670.000 2000 31997 31.00 -0.04 0.051 900 19 881 19 0.98 -0.44 0.104 1029 27 1004 23 21.12 2.84 0.511 1136 199 960 154 21 11.07 1.60 1.010 304 108 217 69 1... | {
"page_id": null,
"source": 7334,
"title": "from dpo"
} |
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