Split (1)

train · 617k rows

text stringlengths 2 132k	source dict
cross over. > 125 13.1.4. Slide auto-stainer This provides a rapid and consistent method of staining slides with Giemsa with minimal operator involvement. Currently available autostainers allow intelligent and flexible sample scheduling from 1 to 520 slides to be stained and rinsed unattended with identical or varied p...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
high-resolution images of metaphase spreads acquired by metaphase finders can be digitally encrypted and transferred via a virtual private network for downstream remote analysis and assessment. This kind of ‘telescoring’ needs harmonized scoring criteria to be established to ensure comparable results. > 13.2.2. Automat...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
perform automatic dicentric scoring. At first, a slide will be scanned by a metaphase finder. In a second step, the detected metaphases will be captured automatically and digitized at a high resolution. Then, the metaphase images will be segmented, to identify the chromosomes and candidate dicentrics. In the 1990s, onl...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
dicentric scoring > 127 has not yet been established as a routine method. Furthermore data are needed to decide if the detected frequency of dicentrics should be related to the number of detected chromosomes, or if it may be counted as dicentrics per cell bearing in mind that it is not a constant number of chromosomes ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
the CBMN assay have been developed. The MN software module integrated in the metaphase finder system MSearch, developed and commercialized by Metasystems (a manufacturer of microscopic imaging systems) automatically identifies by morphological criteria BN cells by the occurrence of two adjacent similarly DAPI stained n...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
treatment, from those less exposed. The fully automated MN scores obtained in the latter study were highly correlated with the manual MN scores (r 2 = 0.917) and demonstrated that a visual validation was not needed . The reference dose response curve obtained for automated MN scoring, based on MN data of 10 individuals...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of metaphases with counterstain fluorescence, followed by the detection of translocations involving chromosomes labelled with whole chromosome paint. From the candidate list of translocations, similar false positive and false negative rates have been measured on fluorescence stained lymphocyte preparations (about 10%),...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
notably that digitized images of metaphases sometimes assisted the analysis of chromosome rearrangements because cells could be revisited easily for re-examination and further analysis. This system is further modified by using a binary decision tree for classification of observed metaphases and for improving scanning a...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
— Keeps the database working efficiently, helps maintain record integrity and ensures that scientific data are securely backed up. • Reporting — Generating formatted individual case reports which can be communicated to the treating physician. • Instrument integration — Data can be automatically collected and collated d...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
the general public. Confounding factors such as conventional physical injuries could also be present and dealing with life threatening injuries takes precedence over dosimetric and other activities . Planning and preparedness is critical for an effective response to a mass casualty event. In the case of a radiation eme...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
The result of such an event would be catastrophic. > 14.1.2. Accidental Events Radiation exposures could result from several scenarios including but not limited to : (a) Reactor emergencies with a breach of irradiated fuel elements during loss of coolant. These emergencies may result in high doses to workers and genera...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Retrospective Accidents can have different characteristics such as a sudden recognized event with many identified casualties in a short period of time (e.g. Chernobyl) or a more slowly evolving situation with delayed discovery of exposed individuals (e.g. Goiânia). An accident could 134 also involve just a few real cas...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
for the ‘concept of operations’ for first-responders in a mass casualty radiological incident are well described by IAEA resources [322, 323, 331]. The implementation of a multiparameter biological dosimetry assessment approach in a mass casualty radiation emergency, however, can be a significant confounder without acc...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
> 6 Gy) to provide timely information to the medical community that can be used for patient treatment . At this stage it is also possible to refute false positive samples due to symptoms such as vomiting from other causes. Partial-body exposures may also be identified at this stage. Once the initial urgency of the requ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
will have to break the coding to be able to communicate to the physicians and therefore should probably not be involved in sample scoring. 14.4. EXISTING MASS CASUALTY STRATEGIES > 14.4.1. Triage scoring Rapid triage scoring can be applied to several of the cytogentic assays used for biological dosimetry. It has been d...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
expertise and training required for scoring is much less than the dicentric assay so that scorers could be quickly trained in a mass casualty situation. > 14.4.2. Automation Automation has been discussed in detail in Section 13. It is clear that automation will increase throughput and free up human resources for other ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Worldwide Response and Assistance Network (RANET) IAEA Continue to change 4DCA, FISH, PCC, CBMN Worldwide BioDoseNet WHO 63 DCA, FISH, PCC, CBMN Europe Tri-Partite dependent on location of event 3UK, France, Germany DCA, FISH, PCC, CBMN Latin America Latin American Biological Dosimetry Network 1Argentina —Nuclear Regul...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
verification. A complete quality programme provides the strategy for safeguarding the quality of the laboratory's product, whether it is a measurement or a service. Furthermore, these capabilities require periodic comparison with those of other certified or suitably qualified cytogenetic biological dosimetry laboratori...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
laboratory. The laboratory is then notified of the percentage difference through a report. For direct testing, only the laboratory's measurement capabilities are being tested. On the other hand, when the laboratory assays its own product and also sends an aliquot to the testing laboratory for confirmational and explici...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
dosimetry was proposed in 1998 and accepted by ISO in 1999 within Technical Committee 85, Nuclear Energy, at the level of Subcommittee 2, Radiation Protection. The working group includes 13 specialists from 11 countries, plus a representative of IAEA. ISO 19238 standard, published in 2004, provides Standard Criteria fo...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
and, finally, a report that is reviewed and endorsed by a qualified expert. (e) Routinely, the laboratory report should reproduce any relevant information provided by the customer since this may influence the interpretation of the findings. All observed aberrations must be listed and interpreted according to the curren...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
and successfully performed rapid dose assessment in mass casualty emergencies or exercises. Their approach, essentially based on the > 143 dicentric assay, included preplanning, reagent stockpiling, simplified sample processing, and automation, scoring criteria, and networking with other expert laboratories. Whilst fol...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
appropriate, in relevant educational, training and exercise programmes. (g) Participating in periodic interlaboratory comparison studies. > (2) During the event: (a) The reference laboratory responsible for the dose estimation calls for collaboration of network laboratories when the number of cases to be examined is ab...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
with medical staff some patients may be selected for increased cell scoring in order to improve statistical uncertainties on dose estimates and better discrimination of inhomogeneous overexposure. Such further examination will be made according to the performance criteria described in the ISO standard 19238. According ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
livestock, agriculture or the environment. It has thus become necessary to expand biosafety through the introduction of laboratory biosecurity measures. ‘Laboratory biosecurity’ describes the protection, control and accountability for valuable biological materials within laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthor...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
appropriate. If a particular vaccine or toxoid is locally licensed and available, it should be offered after an appropriate risk assessment of possible exposure and a clinical health assessment of the individual have been carried out . 16.2. OPTICAL The use of Ultraviolet (UV) light may be necessary for certain proced...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
FOR BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY LABORATORY AND THEIR INTERNATIONALLY AGREED RISK PHRASES Reagent Risk phrase (R number a )Acetic acid 10; 25 Acridine orange 36; 37; 38 Barium hydroxide 20; 22; 34 Benzylpenicillin 42; 43 Bromodeoxyuridine 20; 21; 22; 46; 61 Calyculin A 23; 24; 25; 38 Colcemid 25; 63 Cytochalasin B 26; 27; 28; ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
the unborn child 149 REFERENCES INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Biological Dosimetry: Chromosomal Aberration Analysis for Dose Assessment, Technical Reports Series No. 260, IAEA, Vienna (1986). TURAI, I., The IAEA’s co-ordinated research project on biodosimetry, 1998– 2000, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52 (2000) 1...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
High-energy gamma rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Implications for risk and W R , Health Phys. 69 (1995) 954–956. SCHMID, E., BAUCHINGER, M., LET dependence of dicentric yields in human lymphocytes induced by low doses of sparsely ionizing radiations and its implication for risk assessments, Health Phys. 74 (1998) 719...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
ENERGY AGENCY, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Diagnosis and Treatment of Radiation Injuries, Safety Report Series No. 2, IAEA, Vienna (1998). McLEAN, A.R., MICHIE, C.A., In vivo estimates of division and death rates of human T lymphocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 3707–3711. BOGEN, K.T., Reassessment of hu...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
radiations for radical reaction mechanisms, Radiat Res. 28 (1966) 203–14. GEORGAKILAS, A.G., Processing of DNA damage clusters in human cells: current status of knowledge, Mol. BioSyst., 4 (2008) 30–35. JAEA R&D REVIEW, Dependency of yield of DNA damage refractory to enzymatic repair on ionization and excitation dens...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
H.J., Chromosome aberrations induced by ionizing radiations, Int. Rev. Cytol. 13 (1962) 221–321. MESTRES, M., et al., Analysis of alpha-particle induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes, using pan-centromeric and pan-telomeric probes, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 80 (2004) 737–744. > 153 BENKHALED, L., et al., An...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
from studies on males treated with X-rays for ankylosing spondylitis”, Human Radiation Cytogenetics (Proc. Conf. Edinburgh, 1966) (EVANS, H.J., COURT BROWN, W.M., McLEAN, A.S., Eds), North-Holland, Amsterdam (1967) 106–114. EDWARDS, A.A., et al., Review of translocations detected by FISH for retrospective biological d...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of mitosis: mechanisms and new tools, J. Cell Physiol. 209 (2006) 297–304. BLAKELY, W.F., PRASANNA, P.G.S., KOLANKO, C.J., PYLE, M.D., MOSBROOK, D.M., LOATS, A.S., RIPPEON, T.L., LOATS, H., Application of the premature chromosome condensation assay in simulated partial-body radiation exposures: evaluation of the use o...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
lymphocytes, Mutat. Res. 41 (1976) 321–331. FENECH, J., MORLEY, A.A., Measurement of micronuclei in lymphocytes, Mutat. Res. 147 (1985) 29–36. FENECH, J., MORLEY, A.A., Cytokinesis-block micronucleus method in human lymphocytes: Effect of in vivo ageing and low-dose X-irradiation, Mutat. Res. 161 (1986) 193–198. VRA...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
vitro ,Strahlentherapie 162 (1986) 63–67. LLOYD, D.C., EDWARDS, A.A., PROSSER, J.S., CORP, M.J., The dose response relationship obtained at constant irradiation times for the induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by cobalt-60 gamma rays, Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 23 (1984) 179–189. MYSKA, J.C., et ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
genotoxicity studies in human populations, Mutat. Res. 285 ( 1993) 35–44. PETERSON, L.E., PIRLS, Poisson iteratively reweighted least squares computer program for additive, multiplicative, power, and non-linear models, J. Stat. Soft. 2 (1997) 1–28. AINSBURY, E.A., BARQUINERO J.F., Biodosimetric tools for a fast triag...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood, Exp. Cell Res. 20 (1960) 613–616. HUNGERFORD, D.A., Leukocytes cultured from small inocula of whole blood and the preparation of metaphase chromosomes by treatment with hypotonic KCl, Stain Technol. 40 (1965) 333–338. HAYATA, I., et al., Robot system for preparing l...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals, Am. Stat. > 55 (2001) 182–182. AUSTIN, P.C., HUX, J.E., A brief note on overlapping confidence intervals, J. Vas. Surg. (2002) 194–195. > 158 BRAME, R.S., GROER, P.G., Bayesian methods for chromosome dosimetry following a criticality accident, Radi...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
yield after 60Co-irradiation of human lymphocytes, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 35 (1979) 229–233. DUFRAIN, R.J., LITTLEFIELD, L.G., JOINER, E.E., FROME, E.L., “ In vitro human cytogenetic dose-response systems”, The Medical Basis for Radiation Accident Preparedness, Elsevier North-Holland, Amsterdam (1980) 358–374. INTERNA...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
J.S., Accidental intake of tritiated water: a report of two cases, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 15 (1986) 191–196. PINKEL, D., STRAUME, T., GRAY, J.W., Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative high-sensitivity fluorescence hybridisation, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1986) 2934–2938. GREULICH, K.M., et al., Rapid detection...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
71 (1997) 35–39. SAVAGE, J.R., TUCKER, J.D., Nomenclature systems for FISH-painted chromosome aberrations, Mutat. Res. 366 (1996) 153–161. LINDHOLM, C., EDWARDS A.A., Long-term persistence of translocations in stable lymphcytes from victims of a radiological accident, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 80 (2004) 559–566. TUCKER,...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
BRASELMANN, H., FIGELI, M., BAUCHINGER, M., DNA-proportional distribution of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization painting of all chromosomes of a human female karyotype, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. > 74 (1998) 315–323. CIGARRAN, S., et al., Relationship between the DNA con...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
smoking habits on the frequencies of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, Mutagenesis 10 (1995) 487–495. TUCKER, J.D., et al., Multi-endpoint biological monitoring of phosphine workers, Mutat. Res. 536 (200...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
1075–1081. DULOUT, F.N., et al., Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from native Andean women and children from northwestern Argentina exposed to arsenic in drinking water, Mutat. Res. 370 (1996) 151–158. NATARAJAN, A. T., et al., 137 Cs-induced chromosome aberrations analyzed by fluorescence in s...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Dose assessment of past accidental or chronic exposure using FISH chromosome painting, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 88 (2000) 21–25. 163 MULLER, I., et al., Time-course of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in tumor patients after radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63 (2005) 1214–1220. XUNCLA, M., et al....	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
E., ZITZELBERGER, H., BRASELMANN, H., AHRSTEDT, U., Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations analyzed by two colour fluorescence in situ hybridization with composite whole chromosome-specific DNA probes and a pancentromeric DNA probe, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 64 (1993) 179–84. FERNANDEZ, J. L., et al., X-ray biological ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of symmetrical translocations for retrospective biodosimetry in radiation workers of the Mayak nuclear-industrial complex (Southern Urals) using FISH-chromosome painting, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 74 (1999) 431–439. BAUCHINGER, M., et al., FISH-based analysis of stable translocations in a Techa river population, Int. J. R...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of total and partial body irradiation in a monkey model: a comparative study of chromosomal aberration, micronuclei and > 165 premature chromosome condensation assays, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 74 (1998) 207-215. PRASANNA, P.G.S., KOLANKO, C.J., GERSTENBERG, H.M., BLAKELY, W.F., Premature chromosome condensation assay for...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Mutagen. 30 (1997) 112–118. MIKHALEVICH, L.S., et al., Radiation effects in lymphocytes of children living in a Chernobyl contaminated region of Belarus, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76 (2000) 1377–1385. FUCIC, A., et al., Genomic damage in children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation: A review of the literature, Mut...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of the reticulocyte micronucleus assay in patients treated with radioiodine for thyroid cancer, Mutat. Res. 583 (2005) 12–25. VRAL, A., Micronuclei induced by fast neutrons versus 60 Co γ-rays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65 (1994) 321–328. VERHAEGEN, F., VRAL, A., Sensitivity of micro...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
lymphocytes of 24 male subjects, Mutagenesis 14 (1999) 491–496. 167 THIERENS, H., VRAL, A., DERIDDER, L., Biological dosimetry using the micronucleus assay for lymphocytes: interindividual differences in dose-response, Hlth Phys. 61 (1991) 623–630. EASTMOND, D.A., TUCKER, J.D., Identification of aneuploidy-inducing a...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Toxicol. Pharmacol. 23 (2007) 228–233. SARI-MINODIER, I., et al., Cytogenetic monitoring by use of the micronucleus assay among hospital workers exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation, Mutat. Res. 629 (2007) 111–121. THIERENS, H., et al., Micronucleus assay reveals no radiation effects among nuclear power plant w...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Eds), Elsevier, New York, NY (1990) 479-487. FINNON, P., LLOYD, D.C., EDWARDS, A.A., An assessment of the metaphase finding capability of the Cytoscan 110, Mutation Res, 164 (1986) 101–108. LLOYD, D.C., “Automated aberration scoring: the requirements of an end-user”, Automation of Cytogenetics (LUNDSTEEN, C., PIPER, ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
for fluorescence metaphase finding and scoring of chromosomal translocations visualized by in situ hybridisation, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66 (1994) 287–295. WU, Q., SNELLINGS, J., AMORY, L., SUETENS, P., OOSTERIJNCK, A., “Model-based contour analysis in a chromosome segmentation system”, Automation of Cytogenetics, Spri...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
a uranium conversion test plant in Tokai-mura, NIRS-M-154, National Institute of Radiation Sciences, Japan (2002). US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Radiation Event Medical Management, LLOYD, D.C., EDWARDS, A.A., MOQUET, J.E., GUERRERO-CARBAJAL, Y.C., The role of cytogenetics in early triage of radiation c...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
D.C., EDWARDS, A.A., Chromosomal dosimetry for some groups of evacuees from Prypiat and Ukrainian liquidators, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 74 (1997) 5–11. SHEVCHENKO, V.A., SNIGIRYOVA, G.P., “Cytogenetic effects of the action of ionizing radiations on human population”, Research Activities about the Radiological Consequences...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Br. J. Rad. 82 (2009) 764–770. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Biorisk Management: Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance, WHO, Geneva (2006). WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd edn, WHO, Geneva (2004). INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Glossary, Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
inactivated (56 oC for 0.5 hour) foetal calf serum, commercially available and stored frozen. (6) Colcemid: stock solution of 10 μg/mL in sterile physiological saline. It can be stored at 4°C for 6 months. (7) Sterile culture vessels. There are various options, e.g. glass bacteriology bottles or disposable plastic cont...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
g for 10 min. (6) Remove supernatant and resuspend the cells in 5 to 10 mL of freshly prepared 3:1 methanol/acetic acid fixative. The fixative must be added slowly, but at a constant rate with vigorous agitation, ideally using a vortex mixer, to prevent the cell button from becoming a solid clump. A further aid to prev...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
five) days at room temperature should elapse between preparation of the slides and commencement of FPG staining, while the conventional Giemsa stain can be used as soon as the slides are dry. Alternatively, slides can be dried at 37 oC and stained with FPG the following day. Fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) (1) Place app...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
x SSC and 5 μL RNase A (10 μg / μL) (the mixture can be prepared in advance and should be kept at -20 oC). Pipette 100 μL of RNase A per slide, overlay with a coverslip. Incubate in a moist chamber for 60 min at 37°C. Wash three times with 2 x SSC (5 min each at room temperature). During the first wash remove coverslip...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
start warming the CP and hybridization buffer at 37°C 30 min before probe competition. Denature the CP by incubating at 85°C for 10 min in a water bath, then immediately put on ice for 2 to 3 min. For triple colour FISH with a pan-centromeric probe, the final volume of 18 to 20 μL of hybridization mixture per slide sho...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Prepare a wash solution (WS) of 4 x SSC containing 0.05% Tween 20. (2) Dilute blocking protein (BP) to 15% (v/v) in WS. (3) Use the diluted BP for diluting antibodies as follows: 3.1.1 First layer B3 (1:500), Texas Red Avidin. 3.1.2 Second layer B4 (1:250) biotinylated goat anti-avidin. 3.1.3 F1 (1:200) rabbit anti-FIT...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
100 μL of the third layer of antibodies onto each slide and overlay with a coverslip, incubate in a moist chamber for 20 to 30 min at 37°C. (15) Wash slides with 0.05% Tween 20 in 4 x SSC, three times, 5 min each at 42°C. (16) Repeat steps 11 to 14 once. (17) Dehydrate slides in an ethanol series of 70, 90 and 100%, 2 ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
tube over the gel layer and the tube is subjected to a specified centrifuge force for a given duration. Subsequent washings and centrifugations reduce the quantity of platelets present. The resulting preparations of viable mononuclear cells can be used for PCC . (1) Store LeucoPREP tubes (10 mL) upright at room tempera...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
for performing PCC experiments or frozen for future use. III–1.2. Freezing the isolated lymphocytes After the second wash with F-10 and centrifugation, resuspend the cell pellet by gently vortexing and make a cell suspension in 1:1, F-10 + 40% foetal calf serum (FCS): F-10 + 40% FCS + 20% DMSO. Make cell suspensions in...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
among CHO mitotic cells. (1) Freezing mitotic CHO cells Mitotic CHO cells can either be prepared and used immediately for fusion or taken from stock frozen in complete medium supplemented with 8% DMSO. Put them in small aliquots (2.5 x 10 6/ampoule in 1.5 mL) and store them at -110°C. (2) Thawing mitotic CHO cells Take...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
be removed with a Pasteur pipette. (4) Using a micropipette (200 μL), take 0.15 mL PEG and put it directly into the cell pellet, place in a test tube rack for 1.5 min. Shake the tube very gently, only three times (30 s interval). At this point, the cell pellet should appear detached from the bottom of the tube, forming...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
stained with a 3% aqueous Giemsa solution (Gurr Improved R66) for 5 min. When mitotic CHO cells are prelabelled with BrdU, slides can be stained according to the FPG technique. (Section 9.3.) Finally, rinse slides in distilled water, allow them to dry and then > 183 mount under a 24 x 60 mm coverslip. However, note the...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
the lymphocytes in 6 mL of culture medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum and PHA. (6) Incubate at 37°C for 47 hours (an optional step is to add Colcemid, 40 ng/mL, at 24 hours into the culture time). (7) Add calyculin A at a final concentration of 50nM into the culture and incubate at 37°C for 1 hour. (8) Prepa...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
cell pellet is clear. (11) Transfer the cell suspension into a 2 mL tube. (12) Store the tube at -20°C until slide preparation. > 185 Annex IV CYTOKINESIS-BLOCK MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY A simple standard protocol that works well is given below. There are other methods involving more procedural steps and employing cultures of...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
10 min. (8) The supernatant is removed and replaced with 5 mL freshly made fixative consisting of methanol: acetic acid (10:1) diluted 1:1 with Ringer’s solution (4.5 g NaCl, 0.21g KCl, 0.12 g CaCl 2 in 500 mL H 2 O). The fixative should be added whilst agitating the cells to prevent clumps forming. The cells are then ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
denature the chromatin on the slide in 70% formamide in 2xSSC for 2min at 70°C; ii) immerse slides in ice cold 70% ethanol and dehydrate through 70–90–100% ethanol series for 5 min each while shaking. (4) Denature probe just before use: i) warm probe to 37 ˚C for 5 min; ii) denature the probe at 85 ˚C for 10 min (10 μL...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
4321 432( +++= (IV-1) # ∑ ∑ ∑ = = +=+= 4141412 `) ``cov( `2`) var( `)var( i i ij jijiii MMMMMMNDI (IV-2) In Table IV-1 a worked example for calculating the NDI and variance are presented. TABLE IV-1. DISTRIBUTION OF MICRONUCLEI Number of cells with 1, 2, 3 or 4 micronuclei N 1 2 3 4 NDI 500 169 ± 111.878 239 ± 124.758 ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
`) Values of M i ` for Eq. (IV-2) N 1 2 3 4967 169 ± 139.464 478 ± 241.719 144 ± 122.556 176 ± 143.967 The values of M have been recalculated so that M 1 ` = 1 x 169; M 2 ` = 2 x 239; M 3 ` = 3 x 48 and M 4 ` = 4 x 44. The value of n is the sum of these components, which is calculated as follows: n = (169 + 2 x 239 + 3...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
x 239) / 967 = 0.494 p3 = (3 x 48) / 967 = 0.149 p4 = (4 x 44) / 967 = 0.182 So the covariance of M 1 ` and M 2 ` is calculated according to Eq. (IV-5): cov(M 1 `,M 2 `) = - 967 x 0.175 x 0.494 = - 83.539 The values of covariance must then be similarly calculated for every set of M i `, M j `: cov(M 1 `,M 3 `) = - 967 ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
cov(M 3 `,M 4 `) = 144 x 176 x (- 26.209) = -664 238.196 Once all the individual components have been calculated, these can be summed as per the second half of Eq. (IV-2), to give a total of -21 158 594.519. According to Eq. (IV-2), the variance on the NDI is thus: var(NDI) = 66 212 947.630 + 2 x (-21 158 594.519 )= 23...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
boxes are metaphase spreads. 193 Annex VI STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Examples of calculations using statistical procedures for the analysis and interpretation of cytogenetic biological dosimetry data have been given earlier in this publication, notably in Sections 8 and 9. There is a wide selection of statistics text books a...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
chance of observing a difference as large as the measured difference if the null hypothesis was true. Random sampling from identical populations would lead to a difference smaller than measured in 97% of experiments and larger than measured in 3% of experiments. For statistical tests, if p > the significance level (oft...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
cytogenetics, the chi-squared test for homogeneity is used to test for differences between a number of sets of data, for instance observed numbers of dicentrics in scored cells, to determine the number of distinct populations within the data set. In general, the chi statistic is only reliable for sample sizes greater t...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
value is used to identify whether differences between samples are significant and it is usual to set the significance level at 95% or 0.05. There are a number of different forms of the t-test, which are valid in different situations. The paired t-test is used for samples with direct dependence. An example of this would...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
variance testing. 196 VI-1.6. ANOVA Analysis of Variance refers to a collection of several methods which are used to test equality of means. ANOVA uses the F-distribution to test for differences among three or more independent, normally distributed groups, with homogeneity of variances, or between repeated measurements...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
test is a signed rank test, and as such requires that data are measured at repeated intervals. The test statistic looks for equality of population medians. For independent samples, the Mann Whitney test can be used. This is the non-parametric version of the t-test which can be used to test whether two sets of unpaired ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
calibration curves for chromosome aberrations, such as dicentrics or micronuclei. > VI-2.2. Binomial distribution. The binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution which describes the probability of the number of successful outcomes from a sequence of independent experiments, each with one of two possib...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
VI-2.5. The Neyman type-A distribution The Neyman distribution was first proposed in 1939 by Neyman, who introduced this new class of distribution to be used to test the difference between means of two samples with different variances. This is in contrast to other standard test such as the z-test and t-test, for exampl...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of a d-dimensional normal distribution produces a log-normal distribution over the d-dimensional simplex. This distribution can be applied in statistical diagnosis where classification of the basic cases is subject to uncertainty, such as chromosomal aberration data. The authors give examples of usage, for instance in ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
ii) the required weight and; iii) the function that one wishes to fit. For this, enter either ‘l’ for a linear fit or ‘lq’ for linear quadratic. The remaining two parts of the routine should only be modified by developers of the script. If one wishes to fit data to the linear dose response function, the data that would...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
contact details: braselm@helmholtz-muenchen.de ## user part: data # cobalt-60 gamma (86) dose<-c(0,0.1,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,3,4,5) ab<-c(8,14,22,55,100,109,100,103,108,103,107) cells<-c(5000,5002,2008,2002,1832,1168,562,332,193,103,59) disp<- 1.0 #disp<- c(1.0,1.0,1.08,0.97,1.03,1.0,1.06,1.14,0.83,0.88,1.15) ## user p...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of slides of metaphase preparations from blood that had been irradiated in vitro to 0.75 and 2.5 Gy with 60 Co γ-rays. Participating laboratories were required to report the frequency of dicentrics that they obtained and the estimated dose after the analysis of 50, 100 cells (triage mode) and after conventional scoring...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
dose estimation u x was the uncertainty on the physical dose delivered. For each analysis, ux was considered negligible according to the following criteria: # ( ) 1uss96 0 2x2 ≤+≤ **. (VII-3) To evaluate the laboratory performance, the following criteria were applied: \| z \| ≤ 2 satisfactory 2 -2,00 -1,50 -1,00 -0,50 0...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
12 13 14 15 # Laboratory Dose [Gy] 204 for each participating laboratory that in the present exercise was 2. After the analysis of 500 cells at 0.75 Gy the SR values were 0.013 for the frequency and 0.116 for the dose. To compare the reproducibility of both measurements, frequency and dose, the coefficient of variation...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Bot. 15 (1975) 87–140. SASAKI, M.S., Chromosomal biodosimetry by unfolding a mixed Poisson distribution: a generalized model, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 79 (2003) 83–97. BRAME, R. S., and GROER, P. G., Bayesian methods for chromosome dosimetry following a criticality accident. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 104 (2003) 61–63. YONG,...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
Institute (USA) ANOVA analysis of variance ARS acute radiation syndrome AS abasic sites ATP adenosine triphosphate BD base damage BER base excision repair BN binucleated BrdU bromodeoxyuridine BSS Basic Safety Standards CABAS chromosomal aberration calculation software CBMN cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay CBMN Cyt...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
interphase chromosome assay RNase ribonuclease SD standard deviation SE standard error SEM standard error of the mean SI International System of Units > 211 SSB single strand break SSBR single strand break repair SSC saline sodium citrate TLD thermoluminescence dosimeter UCL upper confidence limit UN United Nations UV ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
affect cell division and the mitotic spindle apparatus resulting in the loss or gain of whole chromosomes, thus inducing an aneuploidy. ankylosing spondylitis. Chronic, inflammatory arthritis which affects the spine and the sacroilium in the pelvis. Many decades ago, large field external beam radiation was used to trea...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
normal biological or pathogenic processes. Within the scope of biological dosimetry, they are used to distinguish radiation-induced biological damage from that produced by other agents. > Bragg-Gray cavity theory. Relates the ionization produced within a gas-filled cavity inside a medium to the energy absorbed in that ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
regions such as centromeres (C-banding) or characteristic patterns along the arms (G-banding) are visualized. The specific pattern of dark and light stripes (bands), unique to each chromosome pair, is used to identify them and evaluate their structure. > clastogen. A physical or chemical agent that breaks DNA in chromo...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
mathematical analysis of centric ring and dicentric chromosome frequencies which permits dose assessment in cases of suspected partial body exposures. The method permits dose assessment by considering the distribution of dicentrics among all the scored cells and gives additional information about the irradiated volume ...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }
of each data point (assessed by the standard error on the point) and/or constraining the fit to a measured baseline value. > cytochalasin B. A natural compound, of fungal origin, with the unique property of inhibiting cytokinesis in mammalian and human cells used in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. > cytogenet...	{ "page_id": null, "source": 7334, "title": "from dpo" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.