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means “value of a particular quantity subject to measurement”. Since “particular quantity” is generally understood to mean a definite or specified quantity (see B.2.1, Note 1), the adjective “true” in “true value of a measurand” (or in “true value of a quantity”) is unnecessary — the “true” value of the measurand (or quantity) is simply the value of the measurand (or quantity). In addition, as indicated in the discussion above, a unique “true” value is only an idealized concept. # D.4 Error A corrected measurement result is not the value of the measurand — that is, it is in error — because of imperfect measurement of the realized quantity due to random variations of the observations (random effects), inadequate determination of the corrections for systematic effects, and incomplete knowledge of certain physical phenomena (also systematic effects). Neither the value of the realized quantity nor the value of the measurand can ever be known exactly; all that can be known is their estimated values. In the example above, the measured thickness of the sheet may be in error, that is, may differ from the value of the measurand (the thickness of the sheet), because each of the following may combine to contribute an unknown error to the measurement result: a) slight differences between the indications of the micrometer when it is repeatedly applied to the same realized quantity; b) imperfect calibration of the micrometer; c) imperfect measurement of the temperature and of the applied pressure; d) incomplete knowledge of the effects of temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity on the specimen or the micrometer or both. JCGM 100:2008 > © JCGM 2008 – All rights reserved 51 # D.5 Uncertainty D.5.1 Whereas the exact values of the contributions to the error of a result of a measurement are unknown and unknowable, the
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{"source": 4933, "title": "from dpo"}
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isogeny is p. > 3 > 4a The j-invariant of E is the quantity 1728 4a3+27 b2 . Two elliptic curves over Fq are isomorphic over a finite extension Fqr if and only if they have the same j-invariant. Given an element j ∈ Fq , there is an > 233j2j elliptic curve E over Fq with j(E) = j. For example, one may take E : y = x + x +1728 −j 1728 −j > 2323 (y = x + x if j = 1728 and y = x + 1 if j = 0). An elliptic curve E over Fq is called supersingular if for every finite extension Fqr there are no point in E(Fqr ) of exact order p. The j-invariants of supersingular elliptic curves are called supersingular j-invariants . They all lie in Fp2 , in particular there are finitely many such j-invariants. For more on elliptic curves and the various characterizations of supersingular elliptic curves see . Expander graphs. Let G = ( V, E) be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. We will deal with undirected graphs, and say a graph is k-regular if each vertex has k edges coming out of it. An expander graph with N vertices has expansion constant c > 0 if for any subset U ⊂ V of size |U | ≤ N ,2 the boundary Γ (U ) of U (which is all neighbors of U minus all elements of U ) has size |Γ (U )| ≥ c|U |. An alternate definition of the expansion constant requires that for any subset U ⊂ V , the boundary union all elements of U has size satisfying: N |Γ (U ) ∪ U | ≥ min {(1 + c)|U |, + 1 }. 2
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{"source": 6157, "title": "from dpo"}
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Immunoconjugates are antibodies conjugated (joined) to a second molecule, usually a toxin, radioisotope or label. These conjugates are used in immunotherapy and to develop monoclonal antibody therapy as a targeted form of chemotherapy when they are often known as antibody-drug conjugates. When the conjugates include a radioisotope see radioimmunotherapy. When the conjugates include a toxin see immunotoxin. == References == == Further reading == Technology Insight: cytotoxic drug immunoconjugates for cancer therapy. 2007 looks useful from the abstract. Targeted Therapy of Cancer: New Prospects for Antibodies and Immunoconjugates. 2006 full article, 18 pages. Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugates. 2005 10 pages.
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{"page_id": 13574754, "title": "Immunoconjugate"}
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understand simple sentences and syntactic variations. Elephants can remember tone, melody, and recognise more than 20 words. Nevertheless, there is little evidence that any animal can produce new strings of symbols that correspond to new sentences. === Insight === Wolfgang Köhler is usually credited with introducing the concept of insight into experimental psychology. Working with chimpanzees, Köhler came to dispute Edward Thorndike's theory that animals must solve problems gradually, by trial and error. He said that Thorndike's animals could only use trial and error because the situation precluded other forms of problem solving. He provided chimps with a relatively unstructured situation, and he observed sudden "ah-ha!" insightful changes of behavior, as, for example, when a chimp suddenly moved a box into position so that it could retrieve a banana. More recently, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were shown to exhibit similar insightful problem solving. A male was observed moving a box to a position where it could be stood upon to reach food that had been deliberately hung out of reach. === Numeracy === A variety of studies indicates that animals are able to use and communicate quantitative information, and that some can count in a rudimentary way. Some examples of this research follow. In one study, rhesus monkeys viewed visual displays containing, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 items of different sorts. They were trained to respond to them in several ways involving numerical ordering, for example touching "1" first, "2" second and so on. When tested with displays containing items they had never seen before, they continued to respond to them in order. The authors conclude that monkeys can represent the numerosities 1 to 9 at least on an ordinal scale. Ants are able to use quantitative values and transmit this information. For instance, ants of several species
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{"page_id": 425938, "title": "Animal cognition"}
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In the scientific community, some researchers avoid the term "hallucination" as potentially misleading. It has been criticized by Usama Fayyad, executive director of the Institute for Experimental Artificial Intelligence at Northeastern University, on the grounds that it misleadingly personifies large language models, and that it is vague. Mary Shaw said "The current fashion for calling generative AI’s errors “hallucinations” is appalling. It anthropomorphizes the software, and it spins actual errors as somehow being idiosyncratic quirks of the system even when they’re objectively incorrect." In Salon, statistician Gary N. Smith argues that LLMs "do not understand what words mean" and consequently that the term "hallucination" unreasonably anthropomorphizes the machine. Some see the AI outputs not as illusory but as prospective, i.e. having some chance of being true, similar to early-stage scientific conjectures. The term has also been criticized for its association with psychedelic drug experiences. == In natural language generation == In natural language generation, a hallucination is often defined as "generated content that appears factual but is ungrounded". There are different ways to categorize hallucinations. Depending on whether the output contradicts the source or cannot be verified from the source, they are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic, respectively. Depending on whether the output contradicts the prompt or not they could be divided into closed-domain and open-domain respectively. === Causes === There are several reasons for natural language models to hallucinate data. ==== Hallucination from data ==== The main cause of hallucination from data is source-reference divergence. This divergence happens 1) as an artifact of heuristic data collection or 2) due to the nature of some natural language generation tasks that inevitably contain such divergence. When a model is trained on data with source-reference (target) divergence, the model can be encouraged to generate text that is not necessarily grounded and not
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{"page_id": 72607666, "title": "Hallucination (artificial intelligence)"}
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bankruptcy petitions before the Bankruptcy Court in Florida, which was contested by ITC. In early 2001, the Chitalias proposed a settlement, which ITC accepted. Following the agreement, the Chitalias agreed to the judgement of the Bankruptcy Court, which disallowed their Bankruptcy Petitions. As a part of this settlement ITC also withdrew its objections to few of the claims of Chitalias, for exemption of their assets. However, ITC ’s efforts to recover its dues against the Chitalias continued even in early 2002. The company and its directors inspected documents relating to the notices, with the permission of the ED, to frame appropriate replies to the notices. It was reported that ITC extended complete cooperation to the ED in its investigations. However, the ED issued yet another show-cause notice (the 22 notice so far) to ITC in June 2001, for violating section 16 of FERA, in relation to ITC ’s offer to pay $ 26 million to settle ITC Global ’s debts (under section 16 of FERA, a company should take prior permission from the RBI, before it can forgo any amount payable to it in foreign exchange). ITC replied to the showcase notice in July 2001, stating it did not accept any legal liabilities while offering financial support to ITC Global. On account of the provisions for appeals and counter-appeals, these cases stood unresolved even in early 2002. However, ITC had created a 1.9 million contingency fund for future liabilities. Although the company went through a tough phase during the late 1990s, it succeeded in retaining its leadership position in its core businesses through value additions to products and services and through attaining international competitiveness in quality and cost standards. Despite various hurdles, the company was a financial success, which analysts mainly attributed to the reformed corporate governance practices. What remains
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{"source": 1463, "title": "from dpo"}
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shown on your own credit and by authority. To cut up as much as may be in the sight of the audience. To enforce the right opinion by remarks drawn far and near, and to illustrate man by the structure of animals. Not to praise or dispraise other anatomists, for all did well, and there was some excuse even for those who are in error. Not to dispute with others, or attempt to confute them, except by the most obvious retort. To state things briefly and plainly, yet not letting anything pass unmentioned which can be seen. Not to speak of anything which can be as well explained without the body or can be read at home. Not to enter into too much detail, or in too minute dissection, for the time does not permit. To serve three courses according to the glass [i.e. allot a definite time to each part of the body]. In the first day's lectures the abdomen, nasty yet recompensed by its infinite variety. In the second the parlour, [i.e. the thorax]. In the third day's lecture the divine banquet of the brain." === Physician to James I === Harvey continued to participate in the Lumleian lectures while also taking care of his patients at St Bartholomew's Hospital; he thus soon attained an important and fairly lucrative practice, which climaxed with his appointment as 'Physician Extraordinary' to King James I on 3 February 1618. He seems to have similarly served various aristocrats, including Lord Chancellor Bacon. Bacon entirely failed to impress the more practical-minded Harvey, who refused to regard him as a great philosopher. He said of him "He writes philosophy like a Lord Chancellor." In 1628 he published in Frankfurt his completed treatise on the circulation of the blood, the De Motu Cordis. As a
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{"page_id": 50203, "title": "William Harvey"}
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CCIR System N is an analog broadcast television system introduced in 1951 and adopted by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, paired with the PAL color system (PAL-N) since 1980. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of CCIR Systems B/G, D/K, and I, but on a 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (similar to NTSC). == Specifications == The general System N specifications are listed below: Frame rate: 25 Hz Interlace: 2/1 Field rate: 50 Hz Lines/frame: 625 Line rate: 15.625 kHz Visual bandwidth: 4.2 MHz Vision modulation: Negative Preemphasis: 75 μs Sound modulation: FM Sound offset: +4.5 MHz Channel bandwidth: 6 MHz == See also == PAL PAL-N Broadcast television systems Multichannel Television Sound Pan-American television frequencies == Notes and references == == External links == World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms Fernsehnormen aller Staaten und Gebiete der Welt
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{"page_id": 69680286, "title": "CCIR System N"}
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investment in native renewable energy technologies and energy conservation is envisaged instead. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy. == Short-term security == === Petroleum === Petroleum, otherwise known as "crude oil", has become the resource most used by countries all around the world, including Russia, China and the United States of America. With all the oil wells located around the world, energy security has become a main issue to ensure the safety of the petroleum that is being harvested. In the middle east, oil fields have become main targets for sabotage due to how heavily countries rely on oil. Many countries hold strategic petroleum reserves as a buffer against the economic and political impacts of an energy crisis. For example, all 31 members of the International Energy Agency hold a minimum of 90 days of their oil imports. These countries also committed to passing legislation to develop an emergency response plan in the case of oil supply shocks and other short-term threats to energy security. The value of such reserves was demonstrated by the relative lack of disruption caused by the 2007 Russia-Belarus energy dispute, when Russia indirectly cut exports to several countries in the European Union. Due to the theories in peak oil and need to curb demand, the United States military and Department of Defense had made significant cuts, and have been making a number of attempts to come up with more efficient ways to use oil. === Natural gas === Compared to petroleum, reliance on imported natural gas creates significant short-term vulnerabilities. The gas conflicts between Ukraine and Russia of 2006 and 2009 serve as vivid examples of
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{"page_id": 9560337, "title": "Energy security"}
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IPMI Management Component Transport Protocol (MCTP), a low-level protocol used for controlling hardware components Open Platform Management Architecture (OPMA), AMD's out-of-band management standard System Service Processor, on some SPARC machines Wired for Management (WfM) == References == == External links == Intel IPMI Technical Resources Website A Comparison of common IPMI Software open-source projects GNU FreeIPMI ipmitool ipmiutil OpenIPMI coreIPM Project - open source firmware for IPMI baseboard management IPMeye - Centralized out-of-band access for enterprises / Part of VendorN's OneDDI platform
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{"page_id": 1928276, "title": "Intelligent Platform Management Interface"}
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by using infrared, millimeter, and radio observations. They have determined that elephant trunks have cold cores (20 K) surrounded by warm gas (60 K) with an outer hot shell (250-320 K). == Examples == === Pillars of Creation === The Pillars of Creation are the most famous example of astronomic elephant trunks. NASA was able to produce a picture of this formation by compositing multiple images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. It is located 7,000 light-years away, in the Eagle Nebula. There are multiple elephant trunks in the formation, one of which is approximately seven light-years long. Astronomers have made observations suggesting that the Pillars were possibly destroyed by the shock waves of a supernova 6,000 years ago. === Rosette Nebula === The Rosette Nebula is an example of an unusual shape that an elephant trunk can assume. It has a double helix structure instead of the normal straight column. The double helix is caused by the presence of magnetic fields and electric currents lined up along the trunk axis of the trunks. This makes the filaments of the columns wavy instead of straight, as they are in normal trunks. These filaments wrap around each other rather than line up next to each other, which forms the twisted structure. === NGC 7822 === The star forming complex NGC 7822 in the constellation of Cepheus has several elephant trunk formations. == References ==
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{"page_id": 31135308, "title": "Elephant trunk (astronomy)"}
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at the top of the chromosphere, where the equilibrium temperature is a few tens of thousands of kelvins. Applying slightly more heat causes the helium to ionize fully, at which point it ceases to couple well to the Lyman continuum and does not radiate nearly as effectively. The temperature jumps up rapidly to nearly one million kelvin, the temperature of the solar corona. This phenomenon is called the temperature catastrophe and is a phase transition analogous to boiling water to make steam; in fact, solar physicists refer to the process as evaporation by analogy to the more familiar process with water. Likewise, if the amount of heat being applied to coronal material is slightly reduced, the material very rapidly cools down past the temperature catastrophe to around one hundred thousand kelvin, and is said to have condensed. The transition region consists of material at or around this temperature catastrophe. == See also == Moreton wave Coronal hole Solar spicule == References == == External links == Animated explanation of the Transition Region (and Chromosphere) (University of South Wales). Animated explanation of the temperature of the Transition Region (and Chromosphere) (University of South Wales).
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{"page_id": 4173095, "title": "Solar transition region"}
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636 tod 636 msconfig 636 planting 636 arms 636 industries 635 subcanal 635 edinst 635 foo 635 fantastic 635 ipod 634 darkblue 634 inorganic 634 winhlp 634 whitebox 634 boomer 633 phpmailer 632 coders 632 libra 632 intent 632 surround 632 browserrecord 631 mouseover 631 homegroup 631 vmanual 631 autochk 631 tvision 631 desertstorm 630 metrics 630 avsvideo 630 vcredist 630 defined 630 mssign 630 shifting 630 proposal 629 monica 629 mug 629 winspool 628 marriage 628 noon 628 cdfview 628 canals 628 threat 628 dieterich 628 nota 627 expedia 627 avserver 627 itmap 627 khyber 627 basketball 627 conflicts 627 pcb 627 dato 626 lthumb 626 concepts 626 flt 626 aps 626 skills 626 teg 626 ttl 626 qsystem 626 tick 626 gunner 626 sqmdata 625 evan 625 zdone 625 nifty 625 thechatphone 625 glyphs 625 britney 625 lexicon 625 topl 625 devkit 624 curl 624 outs 624 interest 624 ore 623 nick 623 enhancer 623 analytics 623 orbitz 623 schemes 622 oracleclient 622 celeb 622 ipconfig 622 contactclock 622 readmes 622 rubber 621 patrol 621 vbsdocs 620 nightlit 620 fullscreen 620 libgimp 620 junit 620 mercury 620 davidson 620 ally 619 notices 619 ff 619 isabella 619 gigabit 619 ntbackup 619 tee 619 musicvideos 619 heat 619 tvdigital 619 vida 618 shocked 618 piezo 618 lynx 618 scrbeans 618 formatting 618 collapsed 618 jumping 617 bsd 617 hob 617 metacafe 617 calweek 617 dispatcher 617 msoclip 617 mumbo 616 guru 616 chkdsk 616 bash 615 again 615 environments 615 thugs 615 dmplayerv 615 rod 615 sonora 615 ones 615 inspired 615 university 615 bthprint 614 queen 614 mahjong 614 ispsection 614 piperplane 614 molecule 613 republic 613 bull 612 devtools 612 engineer 612 winnie 612 victoria 612 marc 612 streamingmedia 612 hypertrm 611 webcheck 611 sung 611 couch
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{"source": 1028, "title": "from dpo"}
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features. Finally, constraining the hypothesis class to use a small subset of features can reduce its estimation error and thus prevent overfitting. Ideally, we could have tried all subsets of k out of d features and choose the subset which leads to the best performing predictor. However, such an exhaustive search is usually computationally intractable. In the following we describe three computationally feasible approaches for feature selection. While these methods cannot guarantee finding the optimal subset, they often work reasonably well in practice. Some of the methods come with formal guarantees on the quality of the selected subsets under certain assumptions. We do not discuss these guarantees here. 25.1 Feature Selection 359 25.1.1 Filters Maybe the simplest approach for feature selection is the filter method, in which we assess individual features, independently of other features, according to some quality measure. We can then select the k features that achieve the highest score (alternatively, decide also on the number of features to select according to the value of their scores). Many quality measures for features have been proposed in the literature. Maybe the most straightforward approach is to set the score of a feature ac-cording to the error rate of a predictor that is trained solely by that feature. To illustrate this, consider a linear regression problem with the squared loss. Let v = ( x1,j , . . . , x m,j ) ∈ Rm be a vector designating the values of the jth feature on a training set of m examples and let y = ( y1, . . . , y m) ∈ Rm be the values of the target on the same m examples. The empirical squared loss of an ERM linear predictor that uses only the jth feature would be min > a,b ∈R 1 m
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{"source": 3334, "title": "from dpo"}
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to put a man back together. j_sum1 International Hazard Posts: 2596 Registered: 4-10-2014 Location: Oz Member Is Offline Mood: inert even with vigorous stirring. My standard ammonia generator is NaOH drain cleaner and ammonium sulfate fertiliser. Neither is too expensive. I don't see why a different ammonia feed would be problematic. Chemetix Hazard to Others Posts: 111 Registered: 23-9-2016 Location: Oztrayleeyah Member Is Offline Mood: Wavering between lucidity and madness Quote: Originally posted by Fulmen If nickel was anywhere near this good, wouldn't we've heard about it by now? .... but I wonder if it isn't possible to construct a compact design from metal, at least the ammonia and reaction zones. It's funny, I've sort of made a career out of doing things that are assumed to be obvious to everyone else as either 'they've tried and it doesn't work' or 'if it worked like that they'd already be doing it that way'. Nickel seemed an obvious choice really; when you can't have Pt or Pd the next on the list is Ni. But because of the German patent I tried cobalt first. Actually, I tried red iron oxide first and it didn't seem to do anything. The problem with these alternative catalysts is after shut down there is concentrated nitric acid around to basically chew off your catalyst in the reactor. Platinum puts up more of a fight in this regard. And on to the other point, the glass porn. The short answer to 'is there a way to do it in metal' and I'd say yes. 316 Stainless would have to be the next best thing, I have this in my workshop and I'm handy with a TIG. But that said I might give a more grass roots approach a go too. Bits of copper tubing- glass bottles
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{"source": 5224, "title": "from dpo"}
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pick random M ? and compute R? = Gϕr M ?α r , and set S? = Hs and T ? = Ht. Then ( M ?, R ?, S, T ) is a valid forgery. If $ = ⊥ and Ψ (θ, $ ) = 1, we show that the scheme is insecure. Suppose that (u1 + a1t + b1s = 0 ∧ v1 + c1t + d1s = 0) happens with respect to ( M, R, S, T )in θ. From (28) and (30), we have u2 + a2t + b2s = 0 and v2 + c2t + d2s = 0. It results in U2 T a2 Sb2 = V2 T c2 Sd2 = 1 in (23) and (24). Thus, ( M ?, R, S, T ) is a valid forgery. Extractability. Given ( M, R, S, T ), relation ( u1 + a1t + b1s = 0 ∧ v1 + c1t + d1s = 0) can be verified by testing ( U1T a1 Sb1 = 1 ∧ V1T c1 Sd1 = 1). If it happens for any signature in θ, set $ = ⊥. Suppose, without loss of generality, u1 + a1t + b1s 6 = 0 holds. Let ( M, R, S, T ) be the first signature in θ. For any algebraic algorithm that outputs ( R, S, T ) for given M , there exists an extractor that outputs αr such that R = Gϕr M αr for some ϕr . As argued before, this αr fulfills Q except for negligible probability if the discrete-logarithm problem in G1 is hard. Thus outputting $ = ( αr , G ϕr , S, T ) completes the extraction. # 5 Conclusion and Open Problems Some ideas are suggested to get around our impossibility result. The first
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{"source": 6429, "title": "from dpo"}
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organizations for ambient water, wastewater and drinking water. Approved published methods must be used when testing to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements. ==== Regulatory challenges and debates ==== ===== Hydraulic fracturing ===== The Energy Policy Act of 2005 created a loophole that exempts companies drilling for natural gas from disclosing the chemicals involved in fracturing operations that would normally be required under federal clean water laws. The loophole is commonly known as the "Halliburton loophole" because Dick Cheney, the former chief executive officer of Halliburton, was reportedly instrumental in its passage. Although the Safe Drinking Water Act excludes hydraulic fracturing from the Underground Injection Control regulations, the use of diesel fuel during hydraulic fracturing is still regulated. State oil and gas agencies may issue additional regulations for hydraulic fracturing. States or EPA have the authority under the Clean Water Act to regulate discharge of produced waters from hydraulic fracturing operations. In December 2011, federal environment officials scientifically linked underground water pollution with hydraulic fracturing for the first time in central Wyoming. EPA stated that the water supply contained at least 10 compounds known to be used in fracking fluids. The findings in the report contradicted arguments by the drilling industry on the safety of the fracturing process, such as the hydrologic pressure that naturally forces fluids downwards instead of upwards. EPA also commented that the pollution from 33 abandoned oil and gas waste pits were responsible for some degree of minor groundwater pollution in the vicinity. In January 2013, the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which is responsible for overseeing oil and gas production in Alaska, proposed new rules for regulating hydraulic fracturing in the state, which contains over two billion barrels of shale oil (second only to the Bakkan) and over 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
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{"page_id": 13766136, "title": "Water testing"}
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than the free concentrations themselves. Refinement of the logarithms of the free concentrations has the added advantage of automatically imposing a non-negativity constraint on the free concentrations. Once the free reactant concentrations have been calculated, the concentrations of the complexes are derived from them and the equilibrium constants. Note that the free reactant concentrations can be regarded as implicit parameters in the equilibrium constant refinement process. In that context the values of the free concentrations are constrained by forcing the conditions of mass-balance to apply at all stages of the process. === Equilibrium constant refinement === The objective of the refinement process is to find equilibrium constant values that give the best fit to the experimental data. This is usually achieved by minimising an objective function, U, by the method of non-linear least-squares. First the residuals are defined as r i = y i obs − y i calc {\displaystyle r_{i}=y_{i}^{\text{obs}}-y_{i}^{\text{calc}}} Then the most general objective function is given by U = ∑ i ∑ j r i W i j r j {\displaystyle U=\sum _{i}\sum _{j}r_{i}W_{ij}r_{j}\,} The matrix of weights, W, should be, ideally, the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix of the observations. It is rare for this to be known. However, when it is, the expectation value of U is one, which means that the data are fitted within experimental error. Most often only the diagonal elements are known, in which case the objective function simplifies to U = ∑ i W i i r i 2 {\displaystyle U=\sum _{i}W_{ii}r_{i}^{2}} with Wij = 0 when j ≠ i. Unit weights, Wii = 1, are often used but, in that case, the expectation value of U is the root mean square of the experimental errors. The minimization may be performed using the Gauss–Newton method. Firstly the objective function is
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{"page_id": 11052041, "title": "Determination of equilibrium constants"}
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Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to other object-oriented languages, most notably Objective-C, Modula-3, and Self. The main goals of the project were extensibility, orthogonality, efficiency, and ease-of-use. The language supports multiple dispatch and multimethods, dynamic inheritance, and optional static type checking. Unlike most other OOP systems, Cecil allows subtyping and code inheritance to be used separately, allowing run-time or external extension of object classes or instances. Like Objective-C, all object services in Cecil are invoked by message passing, and the language supports run-time class identification. These features allow Cecil to support dynamic, exploratory programming styles. Parameterized types and methods (generics, polymorphism), garbage collection, and delegation are also supported. Cecil also supports a module mechanism for isolating independent libraries or packages. Cecil does not presently support threads or any other form of concurrency. A standard library for Cecil is also available and includes various collection, utility, system, I/O, and GUI classes. The Diesel language was the successor of Cecil. == References == == External links == UW Cecil Group: Home Official webpage Cecil language features
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{"page_id": 527946, "title": "Cecil (programming language)"}
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Ghost work is work performed by a human, but believed by a customer to be performed by an automated process. The term was coined by anthropologist Mary L. Gray and computer scientist Siddharth Suri in their 2019 book, Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. == Definition == Gray and Suri state that ghost work focuses on task-based and content-driven work that can be funneled through the Internet and application programming interfaces (APIs). They say that this work can include labelling, editing, and sorting information or content, as well as content moderation. They also state that ghost work can be performed remotely and on a contractual basis and that it is an invisible workforce, scaled for those who desire full-time, part-time, or ad-hoc work. A benefit of ghost work is flexible hours because the worker chooses when they complete a task, making it an appealing option for those in between jobs or in need of side work. Ghost work is differentiated from gig work or temporary work because it is task-based and uncredited. While gig work involves a general platform, ghost work emphasizes the software or algorithm aspect of assisting machines to automate further. Through labelling content, ghost workers teach the machine to learn. Ghost workers at Amazon have found ways to help each other and self-organize, often through WhatsApp groups where they mobilize to push for changes to the platform. == False perception == According to Lilly Irani, an associate professor of labor at the University of California, San Diego, the computer science world and tech companies are invested in producing the image of technological magic. She says that MTurk hides the people involved in the production, whose visibility could otherwise obstruct this favorable perception. Her view is that this perception isn't only
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{"page_id": 61634342, "title": "Ghost work"}
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NGC 823, also known as IC 1782, is an unbarred lenticular galaxy in the constellation Fornax. It is estimated to be 194 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 100,000 light years. NGC 823 was discovered on October 14, 1830, by astronomer John Herschel. SN 2022abid (ZTF22abyelas) a Type Ia supernova from an exploding white dwarf was discovered on 23 November 2022. == See also == List of NGC objects (1–1000) == References ==
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{"page_id": 63499323, "title": "NGC 823"}
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Sobyeol-wang's rule is full of evil, but Daebyeol-wang goes to the world of the dead and often establishes justice there. Many elements of Korean creation myths find parallels in the mythologies of nearby East and Inner Asia societies. The mainland gods Mireuk and Seokga are named after the Buddhist figure Maitreya and the historical Shakyamuni Buddha respectively, reflecting influence from the Buddhist tradition of Maitreya worship. The Korean episode of the flower contest appears with similar themes in many other areas of East and Inner Asia, while stories of superfluous suns and moons have also been attested both north and south of the Korean peninsula. == Sources and ritual context == Korean creation narratives belong to the genre of shamanic narratives, hymns which convey a myth and which are sung by shamans during rituals called gut. In the Korean language, works of the genre often bear the title puri "narration" or bon-puri "origin narration". These myths are traditionally taught line-by-line by accomplished shamans to novices, who are trained over the course of many gut rituals. Korean creation narratives are geographically divided between the eight mainland narratives, transcribed between the 1920s and the 1980s, and twenty known variants of the Cheonji-wang bon-puri, which is still performed in its ritual context on Jeju Island and whose associated rituals are the most archaic. The mainland narratives are subdivided into three groups: four northern, three eastern, and the Siru-mal from west-central Gyeonggi Province. The seven northern and eastern narratives are similar in content, although the eastern ones are more truncated. On the other hand, the story of the Siru-mal is closer to the Cheonji-wang bon-puri. The basic framework for understanding Korean creation myths—such as the identification of major shared elements between the narratives—was established by Seo Dae-seok of Seoul National University in the first
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{"page_id": 64321675, "title": "Korean creation narratives"}
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m = 1, n > 1 (the symmetric group) and G(2, 2, 2) (the Klein four-group). In these cases, Cn splits as a sum of irreducible representations of dimensions 1 and n − 1. === Special cases of G(m, p, n) === ==== Coxeter groups ==== When m = 2, the representation described in the previous section consists of matrices with real entries, and hence in these cases G(m,p,n) is a finite Coxeter group. In particular: G(1, 1, n) has type An−1 = [3,3,...,3,3] = ...; the symmetric group of order n! G(2, 1, n) has type Bn = [3,3,...,3,4] = ...; the hyperoctahedral group of order 2nn! G(2, 2, n) has type Dn = [3,3,...,31,1] = ..., order 2nn!/2. In addition, when m = p and n = 2, the group G(p, p, 2) is the dihedral group of order 2p; as a Coxeter group, type I2(p) = [p] = (and the Weyl group G2 when p = 6). ==== Other special cases and coincidences ==== The only cases when two groups G(m, p, n) are isomorphic as complex reflection groups are that G(ma, pa, 1) is isomorphic to G(mb, pb, 1) for any positive integers a, b (and both are isomorphic to the cyclic group of order m/p). However, there are other cases when two such groups are isomorphic as abstract groups. The groups G(3, 3, 2) and G(1, 1, 3) are isomorphic to the symmetric group Sym(3). The groups G(2, 2, 3) and G(1, 1, 4) are isomorphic to the symmetric group Sym(4). Both G(2, 1, 2) and G(4, 4, 2) are isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 8. And the groups G(2p, p, 1) are cyclic of order 2, as is G(1, 1, 2). == List of irreducible complex reflection groups == There are a
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{"page_id": 5381096, "title": "Complex reflection group"}
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to Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and several other destinations within Latin America. === Europe === Red-eye flights to Europe were once meant to apply exclusively to the morning arrivals of transatlantic flights from the American East Coast to Western Europe. Such traffic now comprises the busiest of the long-haul air routes. The first of these flights, from the busiest destinations of New York and Washington D.C., will arrive at the major European airports at London Heathrow, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Paris, and Dublin between 0500 and 1200 local time (and when still subject to costly night-flying restrictions); and hence in increasing numbers and to and from a wide range of American/European destinations. Travelling from Europe, red-eye flights are scheduled out of Madrid, Barcelona, Paris, and Frankfurt. The flight time is of three to five hours, with typical departure around midnight, and arrival around dawn the next day. Most airlines from the Middle East and Asia operate red-eye services from major Western European destinations. One example is London Heathrow, where the last departures - leaving between 22.30 and 23.00 - are eastbound medium-haul services to destinations such as Tel Aviv. Also, long-haul services depart Europe and arrive in Asia at practically the same time the next day (For example, leaving London at 2 pm and arriving at Hong Kong at 12 pm the next day.) === Russia === Russian airlines operate similarly to U.S. airlines by connecting Moscow to Yakutsk, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok. They last five to eight hours but due to the northerly latitude the flights can cross as many as eight time zones during this interval, drastically enlarging the time difference. The flights depart Moscow around 6 pm and arrive at the eastern cities around 6 am the next day. One of the current examples of red-eye flight is Aeroflot's SU783 from
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{"page_id": 700949, "title": "Red-eye flight"}
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in which the water molecules diffuse. The more attenuated the image is at a given position, the greater diffusion there is in the direction of the diffusion gradient. In order to measure the tissue's complete diffusion profile, one needs to repeat the MR scans, applying different directions (and possibly strengths) of the diffusion gradient for each scan. === Mathematical foundation—tensors === Diffusion MRI relies on the mathematics and physical interpretations of the geometric quantities known as tensors. Only a special case of the general mathematical notion is relevant to imaging, which is based on the concept of a symmetric matrix. Diffusion itself is tensorial, but in many cases the objective is not really about trying to study brain diffusion per se, but rather just trying to take advantage of diffusion anisotropy in white matter for the purpose of finding the orientation of the axons and the magnitude or degree of anisotropy. Tensors have a real, physical existence in a material or tissue so that they do not move when the coordinate system used to describe them is rotated. There are numerous different possible representations of a tensor (of rank 2), but among these, this discussion focuses on the ellipsoid because of its physical relevance to diffusion and because of its historical significance in the development of diffusion anisotropy imaging in MRI. The following matrix displays the components of the diffusion tensor: D ¯ = | D x x D x y D x z D x y D y y D y z D x z D y z D z z | {\displaystyle {\bar {D}}={\begin{vmatrix}D_{\color {red}xx}&D_{xy}&D_{xz}\\D_{xy}&D_{\color {red}yy}&D_{yz}\\D_{xz}&D_{yz}&D_{\color {red}zz}\end{vmatrix}}} The same matrix of numbers can have a simultaneous second use to describe the shape and orientation of an ellipse and the same matrix of numbers can be used simultaneously in
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{"page_id": 2574377, "title": "Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging"}
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and Chad Montrie in the United States and Paul Warde, Sverker Sorlin, Robert A. Lambert, T.C. Smout, and Peter Coates in Europe. === British Empire === Although environmental history was growing rapidly as a field after 1970 in the United States, it only reached historians of the British Empire in the 1990s. Gregory Barton argues that the concept of environmentalism emerged from forestry studies, and emphasizes the British imperial role in that research. He argues that imperial forestry movement in India around 1900 included government reservations, new methods of fire protection, and attention to revenue-producing forest management. The result eased the fight between romantic preservationists and laissez-faire businessmen, thus giving the compromise from which modern environmentalism emerged. In recent years numerous scholars cited by James Beattie have examined the environmental impact of the Empire. Beinart and Hughes argue that the discovery and commercial or scientific use of new plants was an important concern in the 18th and 19th centuries. The efficient use of rivers through dams and irrigation projects was an expensive but important method of raising agricultural productivity. Searching for more efficient ways of using natural resources, the British moved flora, fauna and commodities around the world, sometimes resulting in ecological disruption and radical environmental change. Imperialism also stimulated more modern attitudes toward nature and subsidized botany and agricultural research. Scholars have used the British Empire to examine the utility of the new concept of eco-cultural networks as a lens for examining interconnected, wide-ranging social and environmental processes. == Current practice == In the United States the American Society for Environmental History was founded in 1977 while the first institute devoted specifically to environmental history in Europe was established in 1991, based at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 1986, the Dutch foundation for the history of
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{"page_id": 1827600, "title": "Environmental history"}
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each individually cast member; 1 internal temperature sensor for every 100 feet of bed length for continuously cast elements a PC piling, deck panels, and PS pavement 1 enclosure temperature sensor for every 200 feet of bed length for continuously cast elements Not required Other PC components 1 enclosure temperature sensor for every 200 feet of bed length for continuously cast elements Not required > a Members not instrumented are represented by the nearest internal temperature probe. Temperature monitoring devices must provide an accurate, continuous, permanent record of the temperature during curing activities. 90-4.01D(2)(d)(ii) Tier 1 Bridge Components Except for piling and deck panels, provide a temperature monitoring and recording system during concrete placement and curing for tier 1 PC bridge components. The system must consist of temperature sensors connected to a data acquisition system. The system must be capable of recording, printing, and downloading temperature data to a computer. Temperature sensors must be accurate to within ±2 degrees F. Position each internal concrete temperature sensor as shown in the following table: Internal Concrete Sensor Locations PC component Sensor location Wide flange, ʹI', and bulb tee girders 6–8 inches below top surface along center line at midpoint Other girder shapes 6–8 inches below top surface along center line of stem at midpoint Deck slabs Center of element at mid-depth Other elements Position sensor to provide maximum concrete cover Record temperature readings automatically at least every 15 minutes. You may discontinue temperature recording (1) when the maximum internal concrete temperature is falling for a minimum of 1 hour, or (2) immediately before stress transfer to the concrete. Do not allow the ends of temperature sensors to come into contact with concrete supports, forms, or reinforcement. Correct equipment failures in temperature control and monitoring and recording systems immediately. 90-4.01D(3) Department Acceptance For
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{"source": 1498, "title": "from dpo"}
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_The Time Machine_ using backpropagation through time for RNNs: * The first row is the randomized truncation that partitions the text into segments of varying lengths. * The second row is the regular truncation that breaks the text into subsequences of the same length. This is what we have been doing in RNN experiments. * The third row is the full backpropagation through time that leads to a computationally infeasible expression. Unfortunately, while appealing in theory, randomized truncation does not work much better than regular truncation, most likely due to a number of factors. First, the effect of an observation after a number of backpropagation steps into the past is quite sufficient to capture dependencies in practice. Second, the increased variance counteracts the fact that the gradient is more accurate with more steps. Third, we actually _want_ models that have only a short range of interactions. Hence, regularly truncated backpropagation through time has a slight regularizing effect that can be desirable. Backpropagation Through Time in Detail -------------------------------------- After discussing the general principle, let's discuss backpropagation through time in detail. In contrast to the analysis in :numref:`subsec_bptt_analysis`, in the following we will show how to compute the gradients of the objective function with respect to all the decomposed model parameters. To keep things simple, we consider an RNN without bias parameters, whose activation function in the hidden layer uses the identity mapping (ϕ(x)=x). For time step t, let the single example input and the target be x t∈R d and y t, respectively. The hidden state h t∈R h and the output o t∈R q are computed as h t o t=W hx x t+W hh h t−1,=W qh h t, where W hx∈R h×d, W hh∈R h×h, and W qh∈R q×h are the weight parameters. Denote by l(o t,y t)
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{"source": 3881, "title": "from dpo"}
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Mi ) ⊕ S0 . Notice that we are whitening the simple sum of the plaintext blocks with two different offset values, S0 and Sm. Finally, output ( N, C1, . . . , Cm−1, σ ) as the authenticated ciphertext. Note that the output length is two n-bit blocks longer than M. This “ciphertext expansion,” comparable to what we saw with generic composi-tion, is quite minimal. Given the K1, K2, and some output (N, C1, . . . , Cm−1, σ ), it is fairly straightfor-ward to recover M and check the authenticity of the transmission. Notice that N is sent in the clear and so using K2 we can compute the Wi values and therefore the Si values. We compute Mi ← E−1 > K1 (Ci ⊕ Si ) ⊕ Si for 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1 to re-cover M. Then we check EK1 (Sm ⊕ ⊕m−1 > i=1 Mi ) ⊕ S0to ensure it matches σ . If we get a match, we ac-cept the transmission as authentic, and if not we reject the transmission as an attempted forgery. Comments on IAPM . Compared to generic com-position, where we needed about 2 m block-cipher invocations per message (assuming our encryp-tion and authentication modes were block-cipher-based), we are now using only around m lg( m) in-vocations. Further refinements to IAPM reduce this even more, so the number of block-cipher in-vocations is nearly m in these optimized versions meaning that one can achieve AE at nearly the same cost of encryption alone. Proving a scheme like IAPM secure is not a sim-ple task, and indeed we cannot present such a proof here. The interested reader is encouraged to read Halevi’s article which contains a rigorous proof that if the underlying block cipher is secure, then so are
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{"source": 5836, "title": "from dpo"}
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periodic table); this results in 6s valence electrons becoming lowered in energy. Examples of significant physical outcomes of this effect include the lowered melting temperature of mercury (which results from 6s electrons not being available for metal bonding) and the golden color of gold and caesium. In the Bohr model, an n = 1 electron has a velocity given by v = Z α c {\displaystyle v=Z\alpha c} , where Z is the atomic number, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant, and c is the speed of light. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, therefore, any atom with an atomic number greater than 137 would require its 1s electrons to be traveling faster than the speed of light. Even in the Dirac equation, which accounts for relativistic effects, the wave function of the electron for atoms with Z > 137 {\displaystyle Z>137} is oscillatory and unbounded. The significance of element 137, also known as untriseptium, was first pointed out by the physicist Richard Feynman. Element 137 is sometimes informally called feynmanium (symbol Fy). However, Feynman's approximation fails to predict the exact critical value of Z due to the non-point-charge nature of the nucleus and very small orbital radius of inner electrons, resulting in a potential seen by inner electrons which is effectively less than Z. The critical Z value, which makes the atom unstable with regard to high-field breakdown of the vacuum and production of electron-positron pairs, does not occur until Z is about 173. These conditions are not seen except transiently in collisions of very heavy nuclei such as lead or uranium in accelerators, where such electron-positron production from these effects has been claimed to be observed. There are no nodes in relativistic orbital densities, although individual components of the wave function will have nodes. === pp hybridization (conjectured)
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{"page_id": 1206, "title": "Atomic orbital"}
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25 p 34 (920) = 11 25 p 34 Example 5.4.2.2 Find the directional derivative of f(x,y,z)= p xyz in the direction of ~ v = h1,2,2i at the point (3,2,6). Things to try: Change the function f(x,y). Hint: consider the level curve at $(1,1).$ By computation, find the directional derivative at $(1,1)$ in the direction of $… From the table below, you can notice that sech is not supported, but you can still enter it using the identity sech(x)=1/cosh(x). The Derivative Calculator has to detect these cases and insert the multiplication … The rate of change of a function of several variables in the direction u is called the directional derivative in the direction u. The concept of directional derivatives is … Note that if u is a unit vector in the x direction u = (1,0), then the directional derivative is simply the partial derivative with respect to x. The directional derivative of $$f$$ at the point $$(x,y)$$ in the direction of the unit vector $$\vu = \langle u_1, u_2 \rangle$$ is \begin{equation*} D_{\vu}f(x,y) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+u_1h, y+u_2h) - … A specialty in mathematical expressions is that the multiplication sign can be left out sometimes, for example we write "5x" instead of "5*x". The Derivative Calculator supports computing first, second, …, fifth derivatives as well as differentiating functions with many variables (partial derivatives), implicit differentiation and calculating roots/zeros. If you skip parentheses or a multiplication sign, type at least a whitespace, i.e. Directional Derivative Definition. Fix a direction in this space and a point in the domain. So let's say we have a multivariable function. Instructor/speaker: Prof. Herbert Gross Now, to get one's hands on directional derivatives in polar, or any non-Cartesian or curvilinear coordinate system, one more information on this topic. For $X \Subset \mathbb{R}^d$
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{"source": 1030, "title": "from dpo"}
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units of TPUv3-core-days). After training the model, it is finetuned on ImageNet training set. Let L {\displaystyle L} be the error probability of the finetuned model classifying ImageNet test set. They found min N , D L = 0.09 + 0.26 ( C + 0.01 ) 0.35 {\displaystyle \min _{N,D}L=0.09+{\frac {0.26}{(C+0.01)^{0.35}}}} . ==== Neural machine translation ==== Ghorbani, Behrooz et al. studied scaling laws for neural machine translation (specifically, English as source, and German as target) in encoder-decoder Transformer models, trained until convergence on the same datasets (thus they did not fit scaling laws for computing cost C {\displaystyle C} or dataset size D {\displaystyle D} ). They varied N ∈ [ 10 8 , 3.5 × 10 9 ] {\displaystyle N\in [10^{8},3.5\times 10^{9}]} They found three results: L {\displaystyle L} is a scaling law function of N E , N D {\displaystyle N_{E},N_{D}} , where N E , N D {\displaystyle N_{E},N_{D}} are encoder and decoder parameter count. It is not simply a function of total parameter count N = N E + N D {\displaystyle N=N_{E}+N_{D}} . The function has form L ( N e , N d ) = α ( N ¯ e N e ) p e ( N ¯ d N d ) p d + L ∞ {\displaystyle L\left(N_{e},N_{d}\right)=\alpha \left({\frac {{\bar {N}}_{e}}{N_{e}}}\right)^{p_{e}}\left({\frac {{\bar {N}}_{d}}{N_{d}}}\right)^{p_{d}}+L_{\infty }} , where α , p e , p d , L ∞ , N ¯ e , N ¯ d {\displaystyle \alpha ,p_{e},p_{d},L_{\infty },{\bar {N}}_{e},{\bar {N}}_{d}} are fitted parameters. They found that N d / N ≈ 0.55 {\displaystyle N_{d}/N\approx 0.55} minimizes loss if N {\displaystyle N} is held fixed. L {\displaystyle L} "saturates" (that is, it reaches L ∞ {\displaystyle L_{\infty }} ) for smaller models when the training and testing datasets are "source-natural" than "target-natural". A
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{"page_id": 73713333, "title": "Neural scaling law"}
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A total solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Saturday, September 4, 2100, with a magnitude of 1.0402. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.5 days before perigee (on September 6, 2100, at 20:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger. This will be the last solar eclipse of the 21st century. The path of totality will be visible from parts of Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, southwestern Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Madagascar. A partial solar eclipse will also be visible for parts of Africa, Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Antarctica. == Eclipse details == Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse. == Eclipse season == This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each
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{"page_id": 25428869, "title": "Solar eclipse of September 4, 2100"}
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In communication, a code word is an element of a standardized code or protocol. Each code word is assembled in accordance with the specific rules of the code and assigned a unique meaning. Code words are typically used for reasons of reliability, clarity, brevity, or secrecy. == See also == Code word (figure of speech) Coded set Commercial code (communications) Compartmentalization (information security) Duress code Error correction and detection Marine VHF radio Password Safeword Spelling alphabet == References == This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188). This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. United States Department of Defense. UNHCR Procedure for Radio Communication == External links == UNHCR Procedure for Radio Communication
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{"page_id": 40891, "title": "Code word (communication)"}
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In mathematics, the Chvátal–Sankoff constants are mathematical constants that describe the lengths of longest common subsequences of random strings. Although the existence of these constants has been proven, their exact values are unknown. They are named after Václav Chvátal and David Sankoff, who began investigating them in the mid-1970s. There is one Chvátal–Sankoff constant γ k {\displaystyle \gamma _{k}} for each positive integer k, where k is the number of characters in the alphabet from which the random strings are drawn. The sequence of these numbers grows inversely proportionally to the square root of k. However, some authors write "the Chvátal–Sankoff constant" to refer to γ 2 {\displaystyle \gamma _{2}} , the constant defined in this way for the binary alphabet. == Background == A common subsequence of two strings S and T is a string whose characters appear in the same order (not necessarily consecutively) both in S and in T. The problem of computing a longest common subsequence has been well studied in computer science. It can be solved in polynomial time by dynamic programming; this basic algorithm has additional speedups for small alphabets (the Method of Four Russians), for strings with few differences, for strings with few matching pairs of characters, etc. This problem and its generalizations to more complex forms of edit distance have important applications in areas that include bioinformatics (in the comparison of DNA and protein sequences and the reconstruction of evolutionary trees), geology (in stratigraphy), and computer science (in data comparison and revision control). One motivation for studying the longest common subsequences of random strings, given already by Chvátal and Sankoff, is to calibrate the computations of longest common subsequences on strings that are not random. If such a computation returns a subsequence that is significantly longer than what would be obtained at
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{"page_id": 44374551, "title": "Chvátal–Sankoff constants"}
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HD 50281 is a star in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is orange in hue with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.58, which lies at or below the typical limit of visibility to the naked eye. The star is located at a distance of 28.5 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −7.2 km/s. This object is an ordinary K-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of K3.5 V. It is nearly two billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 5.5 km/s. The metallicity of this star – what astronomers term the abundance of elements with atomic numbers greater than helium – is near solar. The star has 79% of the mass of the Sun and 73% of the Sun's radius. It is radiating 22.5% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,712 K. A magnitude 10.16 common proper motion companion, designated component B, is located at an angular separation of 58.8″ along a position angle of 181° from the primary, as of 2015. This is a suspected binary star system with components of individual visual magnitude 10.6 and 11.1, and a class of M2.5 V. The coordinates of this companion are a source of X-ray emission. A third companion, magnitude 14.04 component C, lies at a separation of 9.6″ from component B. == References == == External links == SolStation ARICNS
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{"page_id": 6061056, "title": "HD 50281"}
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s − 1 {\displaystyle 2.7{\bar {\nu _{e}}}\,\mathrm {cm} ^{-2}\,\mathrm {s} ^{-1}} for the neutrino energies between 22.9 and 36.9 MeV. === Borexino === Borexino is a liquid scintillator detector at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy that focuses on detecting solar neutrinos, specifically those produced through the electron-capture decay of 7Be. Though not the primary objective of the experiment, the detector can accurately observe core-collapse supernova neutrinos allowing the collaboration to place limits on the DSNB flux. Based on two DSNB models and collected data, different upper limits for were placed on the flux for neutrino energy ranges of 2.8 to 16.8 MeV as well as a narrower range of 7.8 to 16.8 MeV. For 2.8 to 16.8 MeV, the more conservative upper flux limit of the two models was found to be 2.6 × 10 3 ν e ¯ c m − 2 s − 1 {\displaystyle 2.6\times 10^{3}{\bar {\nu _{e}}}\,\mathrm {cm} ^{-2}\,\mathrm {s} ^{-1}} , and the 7.8 to 16.8 MeV the more conservative estimate of the two models yielded an upper limit of a flux of 112.3 ν e ¯ c m − 2 s − 1 {\displaystyle 112.3{\bar {\nu _{e}}}\,\mathrm {cm} ^{-2}\,\mathrm {s} ^{-1}} . == See also == Cosmic neutrino background Supernova neutrinos == References ==
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{"page_id": 52879379, "title": "Diffuse supernova neutrino background"}
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solium is completed when humans eat raw or undercooked pork containing mature cysticerci. However, humans more commonly become infected by ingesting tapeworm eggs through contaminated food or water. When Taenia solium larvae is ingested, the larvae hatches in the insetines and the oncospheres penetrate the intestinal mucosa before migrating to other parts of the body such as the CNS where they develop into vesicular (viable) cysticerci. Since Taenia solium proglottids are not motile and may break apart before being passed, infected feces can contain a high concentration of eggs. Contact with such feces can lead to infection with multiple cysticerci. These cysts take about three months to mature, and their effects depend on their number and location in the body. As the immune system responds to cysticerci in the brain, cysticerci go through three different stages; first becoming inflamed (colloidal stage), then breaking down (granular stage), and finally turning into hardened nodules (calcified stage). Some cysticerci remain in the viable stage for years. During the colloidal stage, the inflammation can cause damage to the brain tissue, swelling, scarring, and damage to nerve cells. In the later granular and calcified stages, swelling decreases, however scarring and clusters of immune cells in the brain (brain granulomas) may remain. == Diagnosis == Diagnosing neurocysticercosis can be challenging, especially in resource-limited areas, as available methods are often unreliable or inaccessible. Physical examination and laboratory testing are often not helpful in diagnosing neurocysticercosis. Diagnosis mainly relies on neuroimaging and blood tests. Diagnostic criteria were created by Del Brutto et al to help with the diagnostic process. When diagnosing neurocysticercosis, physicians may ask the affected individual about a potential history of exposure, such as contact with others who are infected with Taenia solium, or time spent in an area where Taenia solium is endemic. === Immunodiagnosis
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{"page_id": 5695214, "title": "Neurocysticercosis"}
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A relief generation is a set of landforms within a larger landform assembly that can be distinguished by their shape, age, scale and process that created them. A relief generation is typically nested within a larger and older generation and host itself younger and smaller generations. The concept was coined by Julius Büdel in 1955. == References ==
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{"page_id": 57376009, "title": "Relief generation"}
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point where the influence of a defect may not be visible in the filing pattern. Operator skill is important, though this is a relatively simple technique. No historical record is produced for each test, unless specific steps are taken to photograph the result of each test. Dye Penetrant 6.8.4.4 Minute surface discontinuities such as machining marks are readily apparent. The inspector must distinguish between normal surface discontinuities and defects that require repair. The dye and developer are usually sprayed or painted on the piece to be inspected, so over-spray and protection of internal surfaces are prime concerns for systems with stringent chemistry and cleanliness control. Product cleanliness standards may prohibit the use of Dye Penetrant inspection. Hydrostatic Testing 6.8.4.5 Cleanliness and chemistry control of the fluid must be consistent with the operating standards of the system. Close attention should be given to controlling system thermodynamic parameters during the test to prevent over-pressurization of the system. Over-pressurization could lead to unintended damage to the system. Individual component hydrostatic tests do not assure system integrity. A final hydro of the completed system is used to assure the integrity of the assembled system’s pressure boundary. Hydrostatic tests will not identify defects that are present, but have not completely penetrated a pressure boundary. The pressure applied to the system is generally not sufficient to enlarge existing defects to the point of detection by the test. Hydrostatic testing requires a pressure source capable of expeditiously filling and pressurizing the system, extensive instrumentation and monitoring equipment along with a sufficient quantity of fluid to fill the system. A method of isolating pressure relief devices and connecting the pressure source to the system must be provided. Eddy Current 6.8.4.6 Eddy currents flow parallel to the surface to which the exciting field is applied. Some orientations of laminar
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{"source": 958, "title": "from dpo"}
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locality levels for loads and stores. • Restricted SAC : Store Address Calculation (SAC) is re-stricted mainly to the HL-LSQ. If a store address depends on a long-latency register the store is allowed to migrate, but no later memory reference can be migrated until the store address calculation completes. This model simpli-fies disambiguation by removing LL-LSQ searches for store-load violations. The model benefits from the fact that store addresses are usually calculated in the HL-LSQ and rarely occur in the LL-LSQ (see Figure 1). Thus, stalls will be infrequent. • Restricted LAC : In this model, Load Address Calcula-tion (LAC) is restricted to the HL-LSQ. The benefits in terms of logic are less than those of the restricted SAC model as store-load forwardings will still require search-ing for stores in both HL-LSQ and LL-LSQ. Moreover, loads tend to have many more long-latency address cal-culations than stores so performance is likely to degrade more noticeably. Figure 4. LSQ with banked LL-LSQ • Restricted LAC/SAC : In this model both loads and stores are restricted. Disambiguation resources are con-siderably simplified. However, the store window may be large so a solution for the LL-LSQ is still necessary. For common parameters like a 10-cycle L2 cache and a 4-way processor, the HL-LSQs need not be larger than 24-32 entries, so a conventional-sized queue is enough. 3.4 Hardware Disambiguation Schemes Since the LL-LSQ holds all low-locality loads and stores, it may need to buffer hundreds of memory references. We ad-dress the problem of the large LL-LSQ by banking the struc-tures. To keep the sequence of memory instructions we bank based on age, not address. The number of banks is a design parameter. For the implementation we want to have as few banks as possible to minimize complexity, but enough banks for each to have smaller
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{"source": 2313, "title": "from dpo"}
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requires care and attention to maintain consistency of event selection across the whole dataset. Manual selection can introduce bias and subjective selection criteria that cannot be shared with other labs simply in reporting methods. To address this, we have created Eventer, a standalone application for the detection of spontaneous synaptic events acquired by electrophysiology or imaging. This opensource application uses the freely available MATLAB Runtime and can be deployed on Mac, Windows and Linux systems. The principle of the Eventer application is to learn the user’s ‘expert’ strategy for classifying a set of detected event candidates from a small subset of the data, and then automatically apply the same criterion on the whole dataset. Eventer uses a suitable model template to pull out event candidates using fast fourier transform (FFT)-based deconvolution. Random Forests are then trained to associate various features of the events with manual classification. The stored model file can be reloaded and used to analyse large datasets with greater consistency. The eventer website ([ includes a repository where researchers can upload and share their machine learning model files and thereby provide greater opportunities for enhancing reproducibility when analysing datasets of spontaneous synaptic activity. In summary, Eventer, and the associated repository, could allow researchers studying synaptic transmission to increase throughput of their data analysis and address the increasing concerns of reproducibility in neuroscience research. ### Recording and characterising optogenetically-induced cortical spreading depression in awake mice using active graphene arrays **Unique Code:** TP001328 **Authors:** Martin Smith - Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy University College London, **Topic:** Methods and technology development Introduction Infra-slow activity (ISA), especially cortical spreading depression (CSD) is rarely recorded in pre-clinical studies due to technical limitations. Additionally, methods to induce CSD show variability, which limits our ability to understand this energy-intense, pathological phenomena. Here, we developed a methodology
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{"source": 4940, "title": "from dpo"}
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5.2 Empirical probabilities of correct quartets for our boomerang distinguishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3 Comparison of DDT and BCT for the AES S-box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.1 Results for distinguisher implementations of TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2 Logarithmic data complexity and threshold values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.1 Summary of notations for (authenticated) encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.1 Performance of RIV and RIV2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 9.1 Previous parallel BBB-secure MACs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 10.1 Performance results for DCT BRW-256 ,Simpira ,CTRT [ \widetilde E]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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{"source": 6182, "title": "from dpo"}
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RiPP biosynthesis, the unmodified precursor peptide (containing an unmodified core peptide, UCP) is recognized and chemically modified sequentially by biosynthetic enzymes (PRPS). Examples of modifications include dehydration (i.e. lanthipeptides, thiopeptides), cyclodehydration (i.e. thiopeptides), prenylation (i.e. cyanobactins), and cyclization (i.e. lasso peptides), among others. The resulting modified precursor peptide (containing a modified core peptide, MCP) then undergoes proteolysis, wherein the non-core regions of the precursor peptide are removed. This results in the mature RiPP. ==== Nomenclature ==== Papers published prior to a recent community consensus employ differing sets of nomenclature. The precursor peptide has been referred to previously as prepeptide, prepropeptide, or structural peptide. The leader peptide has been referred to as a propeptide, pro-region, or intervening region. Historical alternate terms for core peptide included propeptide, structural peptide, and toxin region (for conopeptides, specifically). === Family-specific features === ==== Lanthipeptides ==== Lanthipeptides are characterized by the presence lanthionine (Lan) and 3-methyllanthionine (MeLan) residues. Lan residues are formed from a thioether bridge between Cys and Ser, while MeLan residues are formed from the linkage of Cys to a Thr residue. The biosynthetic enzymes responsible for Lan and MeLan installation first dehydrate Ser and Thr to dehydroalanine (Dha) and dehydrobutyrine (Dhb), respectively. Subsequent thioether crosslinking occurs through a Michael-type addition by Cys onto Dha or Dhb. Four classes of lanthipeptide biosynthetic enzymes have been designated. Class I lanthipeptides have dedicated lanthipeptide dehydratases, called LanB enzymes, though more specific designations are used for particular lanthipeptides (e.g. NisB is the nisin dehydratase). A separate cyclase, LanC, is responsible for the second step in Lan and MeLan biosynthesis. However, class II, III, and IV lanthipeptides have bifunctional lanthionine synthetases in their gene clusters, meaning a single enzyme carries out both dehydration and cyclization steps. Class II synthetases, designated LanM synthetases, have N-terminal dehydration domains with no
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{"page_id": 42804273, "title": "Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides"}
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introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. In modern scanners, three dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine. === Imaging and recording componentry === ==== Electrochemical ==== Haemodynamic response – the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent signal (BOLD), corresponds to the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. The BOLD effect is based on the fact that when neuronal activity is increased in one part of the brain, there is also an increased amount of cerebral blood flow to that area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is enabled by the detection of the BOLD signal. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging can be used to detect changes in the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) hemodynamic response to neural activity in response to certain events. ==== Electrical ==== Event-related potential – positive and negative 10μ to 100μ Volts (μ is millionths) responses, measured via noninvasive electrodes attached to the scalp, that are the reliable and repeatable results of a certain specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. These are also called a stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus. They are called somatosensory evoked potentials when they are elicited by sensory (vs. cognitive or motor) event stimuli. The voltage swing sequences are recorded and broken down by positive and negative, and by how long after the stimulus they are observed. For example, [N100] is a negative swing observed between 80 and 120 milliseconds (100 being the midpoint) after the onset of the stimulus. Alternatively, the voltage swings are labeled based on their order, N1 being the first negative swing observed, N2 the second negative swing, etc. See: N100
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{"page_id": 38699400, "title": "Outline of brain mapping"}
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Causality conditions are classifications of Lorentzian manifolds according to the types of causal structures they admit. In the study of spacetimes, there exists a hierarchy of causality conditions which are important in proving mathematical theorems about the global structure of such manifolds. These conditions were collected during the late 1970s. The weaker the causality condition on a spacetime, the more unphysical the spacetime is. Spacetimes with closed timelike curves, for example, present severe interpretational difficulties. See the grandfather paradox. It is reasonable to believe that any physical spacetime will satisfy the strongest causality condition: global hyperbolicity. For such spacetimes the equations in general relativity can be posed as an initial value problem on a Cauchy surface. == The hierarchy == There is a hierarchy of causality conditions, each one of which is strictly stronger than the previous. This is sometimes called the causal ladder. The conditions, from weakest to strongest, are: Non-totally vicious Chronological Causal Distinguishing Strongly causal Stably causal Causally continuous Causally simple Globally hyperbolic Given are the definitions of these causality conditions for a Lorentzian manifold ( M , g ) {\displaystyle (M,g)} . Where two or more are given they are equivalent. Notation: p ≪ q {\displaystyle p\ll q} denotes the chronological relation. p ≺ q {\displaystyle p\prec q} denotes the causal relation. (See causal structure for definitions of I + ( x ) {\displaystyle \,I^{+}(x)} , I − ( x ) {\displaystyle \,I^{-}(x)} and J + ( x ) {\displaystyle \,J^{+}(x)} , J − ( x ) {\displaystyle \,J^{-}(x)} .) == Non-totally vicious == For some points p ∈ M {\displaystyle p\in M} we have p ≪̸ p {\displaystyle p\not \ll p} . == Chronological == There are no closed chronological (timelike) curves. The chronological relation is irreflexive: p ≪̸ p {\displaystyle p\not \ll p} for
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{"page_id": 14346663, "title": "Causality conditions"}
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A coupon or test coupon is a printed circuit board (PCB) used to test the quality of a printed wiring board (PWB) fabrication process. Test coupons are fabricated on the same panel as the PWBs, typically at the edges. Coupons are then inspected to ensure proper layer alignment, electrical connectivity, and cross sectioned to inspect internal structures. Coupons can be designed custom for a PWB or selected from a vendor library. == Overview == A coupon is designed to include traces and vias with the same dimensions and structures as those of the main PWB. It is standard practice to locate coupons on the edges of a panel, from which multiple PWBs are fabricated, to verify the consistency of plating, etching, and lamination across the whole panel. The use of coupons for testing is a necessary step in accurately and reliably monitoring fabrication quality and consistency. == References == == Further reading == https://www.polarinstruments.com/support/si/AP8186.html https://www.polarinstruments.com/support/cits/AP132.html https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/208856/how-do-i-lay-out-pcb-traces-for-a-given-differential-impedance https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/216015/what-component-does-the-coupon-label-refer-to-in-terms-of-pcbs
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{"page_id": 47207645, "title": "Coupon (PWB)"}
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World-NET was the first French Internet service provider (along with FranceNet) for the general public in France. It operated from 1994 to 2002. == History == Sébastien Socchard, Philippe Langlois, Pierre Séguret and Xavier Niel launched World-NET services on February 15, 1994, after a trip to the United States in 1993, where Internet access was taking off. At that time, the only existing professional Internet service provider in France was Oléane. There was no service available to individuals. World-NET replaced the computer security company SCT (Security Concept and Technology, the security advising company created by Sébastien on October 9, 1988). Franck Arnal and Franck Landais soon joined Sébastien Socchard to develop the service. Connection fees were initially 80 francs per hour, and then on November 11, 1994 they changed to 230 francs per month. World-NET's websites were worldnet.fr and worldnet.net. On September 15, 1994, for the first time in France, hundreds of thousands of connection kits offering three hours of free Internet access were distributed in the computer magazines InfoPC and Le Monde Informatique (an IDG group publication). Millions of CDs were subsequently distributed in several French magazines. In October 1994, World-NET had to handle the influx of 1,000 new subscribers every month, which overloaded its equipment. Even so, PC Expert named World-NET the "best Internet service provider" that same month. In the next two years, the World-NET Access Internet connection kit was distributed in more than 30 books published by Sybex Mc Millan and Micro Application. The kit was first provided on floppy disks, and then on CD-ROMs. World-NET was a pioneer in the emerging general public Internet access market, with innovations such as the first connection kit and the launch of an unlimited connection package costing 99 francs. It was the first in France to provide "personal pages"
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{"page_id": 7915125, "title": "World-NET"}
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developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. === Twitter === Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with and block accounts from viewing their tweets. Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers" or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps. Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". Users can also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets. Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets. Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. In a 2009 Time magazine essay, technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple": As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education. == Video conference platforms == === Jitsi === Jitsi is a collection
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{"page_id": 65940597, "title": "Comparison of user features of messaging platforms"}
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investigation on the terms of use and privacy policies on My Friend Cayla and i-Que Intelligent Bot in 2016. They found that the privacy policies do not specifically mention how long the data will be retained after the users stop using the service or delete the account. Specifically, My Friend Cayla's privacy policy mentions that "it is not always possible to completely remove or delete all of your information from our databases without some residual data because of backups and other reasons." === Ban on My Friend Cayla in Germany === In early 2017, Germany's Federal Network Agency, Bundesnetzagentur, placed a ban on the sale and possession of the connected toy My Friend Cayla produced by Genesis Toys, claiming the toy to be an unsafe and unauthorized information transmission device. My Friend Cayla is the first connected toy that got banned by Germany. The agency further states that any toy that transmits data, including features such as recording video and voice, without detection is banned in Germany. It is concerned about the potential use of the toy as a surveillance device. The president of Bundesnetzagentur, Jochen Homann, states that "items that conceal cameras or microphones and that are capable of transmitting a signal, and therefore can transmit data without detection, compromise people's privacy. This applies in particular to children's toys. The Cayla doll has been banned in Germany. This is also to protect the most vulnerable in our society." The agency is conducting further investigations into other connected toys. No action has been made towards the families that have the toy. The Federal Network Agency advised the parents to immediately destroy the toy to avoid potential risk in comprising personal data privacy. == Laws related to connected toys == Federal laws that are commonly associated with connected toys include the
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{"page_id": 53339243, "title": "Connected toys"}
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cited numbers being 3.92 Ga, and less frequently 3.85 Ga. Recently, it has been suggested that the Nectaris basin could be, in fact, much older at ~4.1 Ga. === Imbrian === The Imbrian period has been subdivided into Late and Early epochs. The Early Imbrian is defined as the time between the formation of the Imbrium and Orientale impact basins. The Imbrium basin is believed to have formed at 3.85 Ga, though a minority opinion places this event at 3.77 Ga. The Schrödinger basin is the only other multi-ring basin that is Lower Imbrian in age, and no large multi-ring basins formed after this epoch. The Late Imbrian is defined as the time between the formation of the Orientale basin, and the time at which craters of a certain size (DL) have been obliterated by erosional processes. The age of the Orientale basin has not been directly determined, though it must be older than 3.72 Ga (based on Upper Imbrian ages of mare basalts) and could be as old as 3.84 Ga based on the size-frequency distributions of craters superposed on Orientale ejecta. About two-thirds of the Moon's mare basalts erupted within the Upper Imbrian Series, with many of these lavas filling the depressions associated with older impact basins. === Eratosthenian === The base of the Eratosthenian period is defined by the time at which craters on a geological unit of a certain size DL have been almost obliterated by erosional processes. The principal erosional agent on the Moon is impact cratering itself, though seismic modification could play a minor role as well. The absolute age of this boundary is not well defined, but is commonly quoted as being near 3.2 Ga. The younger boundary of this period is defined based on the recognition that freshly excavated materials on the
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{"page_id": 206589, "title": "Lunar geologic timescale"}
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The following is a list of HTML editors. == Source code editors == Source code editors evolved from basic text editors, but include additional tools specifically geared toward handling code. == WYSIWYG editors == HTML editors that support What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) paradigm provide a user interface similar to a word processor for creating HTML documents, as an alternative to manual coding. Achieving true WYSIWYG however is not always possible. === Word processors === While word processors are not ostensibly HTML editors, the following word processors are capable of editing and saving HTML documents. Results will vary when opening some web pages. == WYSIWYM editors == WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) is an alternative paradigm to WYSIWYG, in which the focus is on the semantic structure of the document rather than on the presentation. These editors produce more logically structured markup than is typical of WYSIWYG editors, while retaining the advantage in ease of use over hand-coding using a text editor. Lyx (interface to Latex/Tex, via which can convert to/from HTML) WYMeditor == Discontinued editors == Editors that have been discontinued, but may still be in use or cited on published web pages Adobe Brackets Adobe GoLive (replaced by Adobe Dreamweaver) Adobe Muse Adobe PageMill (replaced by Adobe GoLive) AOLpress Amaya Apple iWeb Claris Home Page HotDog HoTMetaL (replaced by XMetaL) KompoZer Macromedia HomeSite (replaced by Adobe Dreamweaver) Microsoft Expression Web Microsoft FrontPage (replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft SharePoint Designer) Microsoft WebMatrix Mozilla Composer (replaced by Nvu and SeaMonkey Composer) Netscape Composer Nvu (replaced by KompoZer and BlueGriffon) OpenOffice.Org (replaced by Apache OpenOffice and LibreOffice) SnapEditor tkWWW WebPlus WorldWideWeb == See also == Comparison of HTML editors Comparison of text editors Content Management System == References == == External links ==
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{"page_id": 1775811, "title": "List of HTML editors"}
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rules, also support the CableCARD standard. In Canada, cable providers Cogeco and Shaw offer CableCARD-enabled DVRs. Video providers in Europe must conform to the DVB standard which is a more comprehensive open standard governed by independent standards bodies. CableCARDs can also support non-television functions and can act as a cable modem controller with the host providing modulation and demodulation functions and the card providing decoding and IP routing functionality; however this feature is rarely used and depends on the cable provider. == Adoption == There was much resistance from cable operators to the CableCARD rollout across the United States, preferring to support their own set-top boxes. The adoption proceeded slowly with 141,000 units by February 2006. The resistance softened somewhat with the July 2007 FCC ban on integrated security in set-top boxes, which required all new set-top boxes to use CableCARDs as their decryption mechanism. By June 2009, the top 10 "incumbent" U.S. cable operators had deployed more than 14 million operator-supplied set-tops with CableCARDs and 437,800 CableCARD modules for use in retail devices. The National Cable Television Association reported in April 2016 that only 621,400 CableCARDs were deployed for use in retail devices by the nine largest incumbent cable operators, compared to 55 million operator-supplied set-top boxes with CableCARDs. This indicates that the CableCARD failed to achieve the goal of a competitive retail market for set-top boxes. Outside the United States, CableCARDs were adopted only in South Korea, in pair with Nagravision and VideoGuard conditional access (CA) systems. U.S. adoptions of CableCARD were mostly paired with Cisco's PowerKEY (originally developed by Scientific Atlanta) and Motorola's (now Arris) MediaCipher CA systems. == Successor initiatives == In 2010, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a notice of inquiry for a successor system, called AllVid. Unlike CableCARD, AllVid intended to enable two-way
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{"page_id": 1290315, "title": "CableCARD"}
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x) where g is the sigmoid func-tion. In these notes, we’ll talk about a different type of learning algorithm. Consider a classification problem in which we want to learn to distinguish between elephants ( y = 1) and dogs ( y = 0), based on some features of an animal. Given a training set, an algorithm like logistic regression or the perceptron algorithm (basically) tries to find a straight line—that is, a decision boundary—that separates the elephants and dogs. Then, to classify a new animal as either an elephant or a dog, it checks on which side of the decision boundary it falls, and makes its prediction accordingly. Here’s a different approach. First, looking at elephants, we can build a model of what elephants look like. Then, looking at dogs, we can build a separate model of what dogs look like. Finally, to classify a new animal, we can match the new animal against the elephant model, and match it against the dog model, to see whether the new animal looks more like the elephants or more like the dogs we had seen in the training set. Algorithms that try to learn p(y|x) directly (such as logistic regression), or algorithms that try to learn mappings directly from the space of inputs X to the labels {0, 1}, (such as the perceptron algorithm) are called discrim-inative learning algorithms. Here, we’ll talk about algorithms that instead try to model p(x|y) (and p(y)). These algorithms are called generative learning algorithms. For instance, if y indicates whether an example is a dog (0) or an elephant (1), then p(x|y = 0) models the distribution of dogs’ features, and p(x|y = 1) models the distribution of elephants’ features. After modeling p(y) (called the class priors ) and p(x|y), our algorithm 35 36 can then use
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{"source": 1160, "title": "from dpo"}
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richer structural information than plain GNNs. We theoretically prove that GDGNN is more powerful than plain GNNs. We present experimental results to show that GDGNN achieves highly competitive performance with SOTA GNN models on various graph learning tasks while taking significantly less time. _Dingfan Chen, Raouf Kerkouche, Mario Fritz_ **tl;dr:** Our work provides an alternative view for differentially private generation of high-dimensional data and introduces a simple yet effective method that greatly improves the sample utility of state-of-the-art approaches. !Image 499 is an important research topic that has been widely studied for decades. However, current methods still face two problems: inefficient when handling out-of-sample data points and lack of theoretical study of the stability and generalization of clustering. In
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{"source": 3339, "title": "from dpo"}
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away an `#include`r’s ability to effectively disambiguate and to use alternatives. It also makes `#include`d headers order-dependent as they might have different meaning when included in different orders. ##### Example ``` // bad.h #include using namespace std; // bad // user.cpp #include "bad.h" bool copy(/*... some parameters ...*/); // some function that happens to be named copy int main() { copy(/*...*/); // now overloads local ::copy and std::copy, could be ambiguous } ``` ##### Note An exception is `using namespace std::literals;`. This is necessary to use string literals in header files and given the rules. ##### Note Eliminate cycles; don’t just break them with `#include` guards. ##### Example, bad ``` //
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{"source": 1719, "title": "from dpo"}
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stdout > /execution-charset: > Runtime encoding, supports only UTF-8 > /E Preprocess to stdout > /FA Output assembly code file during compilation > /Fa Output assembly code to this file during compilation (with /FA) > /Fe Set output executable file or directory (ends in / or \) > /FI Include file before parsing > /Fi Set preprocess output file name (with /P) > /Fo Set output object file, or directory (ends in / or \) (with /c) > /fp:except- > /fp:except > /fp:fast > /fp:precise > /fp:strict > /Fp Set pch filename (with /Yc and /Yu) > /GA Assume thread-local variables are defined in the executable > /Gd Set __cdecl as a default calling convention > /GF- Disable string pooling > /GF Enable string pooling (default) > /GR- Disable emission of RTTI data > /Gregcall Set __regcall as a default calling convention > /GR Enable emission of RTTI data > /Gr Set __fastcall as a default calling convention > /GS- Disable buffer security check > /GS Enable buffer security check (default) > /Gs Use stack probes (default) > /Gs Set stack probe size (default 4096) > /guard: Enable Control Flow Guard with /guard:cf, > or only the table with /guard:cf,nochecks. > Enable EH Continuation Guard with /guard:ehcont > /Gv Set __vectorcall as a default calling convention > /Gw- Don't put each data item in its own section > /Gw Put each data item in its own section > /GX- Disable exception handling > /GX Enable exception handling > /Gy- Don't put each function in its own section (default) > /Gy Put each function in its own section > /Gz Set __stdcall as a default calling convention > /help Display available options > /imsvc Add directory to system include search path, as if part of %INCLUDE% > /I Add directory to
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{"source": 6573, "title": "from dpo"}
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need for just this in the present project. Perhaps too you do not evaluate highly enough the fact that you have worked so much in neutron physics, and that you are so well informed about the last year's developments at MIT. These three qualifications make you, in my opinion, very nearly unique. In addition, I want to express in writing my own confidence in your stability and judgement, qualities on which this stormy enterprise puts a very high premium. Bacher then accepted the job at Los Alamos, moving there in May 1943 with his family to become the head of the Experimental Physics Division (P Division). His wife Jean Dow Bacher was also hired to work as a human computer in the Theoretical Division (T Division). For his seven group leaders he had John H. Williams, Robert R. Wilson, John H. Manley, Darol K. Froman, Emilio G. Segrè, Bruno B. Rossi and Donald W. Kerst. Bacher worked closely with Oppenheimer, and the two men discussed the project's progress on a daily basis. In July 1944, Oppenheimer reorganized the laboratory to focus on the problem of building an implosion-type nuclear weapon, which was necessary because the gun-type design would not work with plutonium. P Division was broken up, and Bacher became the head of the G (for Gadget) Division. This much larger division contained eleven groups headed by leaders who included William Higinbotham, Seth Neddermeyer, Edwin McMillan, Luis Alvarez and Otto Frisch. While George Kistiakowsky's Explosives Division (X Division) developed the explosive lenses, G Division designed the rest of the weapon. There were numerous difficulties to overcome, not the least of which was devising a means of detonating the lenses with the required speed. Robert F. Christy's solid core design was chosen as the most likely design to succeed. To coordinate
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{"page_id": 1197596, "title": "Robert Bacher"}
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extensive in the basidiomycetes, often also present in the vegetatively growing mycelium. A specialized anatomical structure, called a clamp connection, is formed at each hyphal septum. As with the structurally similar hook in the ascomycetes, the clamp connection in the basidiomycetes is required for controlled transfer of nuclei during cell division, to maintain the dikaryotic stage with two genetically different nuclei in each hyphal compartment. A basidiocarp is formed in which club-like structures known as basidia generate haploid basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. The most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also take other forms (see Morphology section). In fungi formerly classified as Zygomycota, haploid hyphae of two individuals fuse, forming a gametangium, a specialized cell structure that becomes a fertile gamete-producing cell. The gametangium develops into a zygospore, a thick-walled spore formed by the union of gametes. When the zygospore germinates, it undergoes meiosis, generating new haploid hyphae, which may then form asexual sporangiospores. These sporangiospores allow the fungus to rapidly disperse and germinate into new genetically identical haploid fungal mycelia. === Spore dispersal === The spores of most of the researched species of fungi are transported by wind. Such species often produce dry or hydrophobic spores that do not absorb water and are readily scattered by raindrops, for example. In other species, both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances. Specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms, as well as spore surface structures (such as hydrophobins), enable efficient spore ejection. For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid balance enables the
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{"page_id": 19178965, "title": "Fungus"}
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Clitoridectomy or clitorectomy is the surgical removal, reduction, or partial removal of the clitoris. It is rarely used as a therapeutic medical procedure, such as when cancer has developed in or spread to the clitoris. Commonly, non-medical removal of the clitoris is performed during female genital mutilation. == Medical uses == === Malignancies === A clitoridectomy is often done to remove malignancy or necrosis of the clitoris. This is sometimes done along with a radical complete vulvectomy. Surgery may also become necessary due to therapeutic radiation treatments to the pelvic area. Removal of the clitoris may be due to malignancy or trauma. === Clitoromegaly and other conditions === Female infants born with a 46,XX genotype but have a clitoris size affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia and are treated surgically with vaginoplasty that often reduces the size of the clitoris without its total removal. The atypical size of the clitoris is due to an endocrine imbalance in utero. Other reasons for the surgery include issues involving microphallism and those who have Müllerian agenesis. Treatments on children raise human rights concerns. == Technique == Clitoridectomy surgical techniques are used to remove an invasive malignancy that extends to the clitoris. Standard surgical procedures are followed in these cases. This includes evaluation and biopsy. Other factors that will affect the technique selected are age, other existing medical conditions, and obesity. Other considerations are the probability of extended hospital care and the development of infection at the surgical site. The surgery proceeds with the use of general anesthesia, and prior to the vulvectomy/clitoridectomy an inguinal lymphadenectomy is first done. The extent of the surgical site extends 1 to 2 cm (0.39 to 0.79 in) beyond the boundaries of malignancy. Superficial lymph nodes may also need to be removed. If the malignancy is present in any
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{"page_id": 6922, "title": "Clitoridectomy"}
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μV/°C. The Curie point of the iron (770 °C) causes a smooth change in the characteristic, which determines the upper-temperature limit. Note, the European/German Type L is a variant of the type J, with a different specification for the EMF output (reference DIN 43712:1985-01). The positive wire is made of hard iron, while the negative wire consists of softer copper-nickel. Due to its iron content, the J-type is slightly heavier and the positive wire is magnetic. It is highly vulnerable to corrosion in reducing atmospheres, which can lead to significant degradation of the thermocouple's performance. ==== Type K ==== Type K (chromel–alumel) is the most common general-purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41 μV/°C. It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are available in its −200 °C to +1350 °C (−330 °F to +2460 °F) range. Type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today, and consequently characteristics may vary considerably between samples. One of the constituent metals, nickel, is magnetic; a characteristic of thermocouples made with magnetic material is that they undergo a deviation in output when the material reaches its Curie point, which occurs for type K thermocouples at around 150 °C. They operate very well in oxidizing atmospheres. If, however, a mostly reducing atmosphere (such as hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen) comes into contact with the wires, the chromium in the chromel alloy oxidizes. This reduces the emf output, and the thermocouple reads low. This phenomenon is known as green rot, due to the color of the affected alloy. Although not always distinctively green, the chromel wire will develop a mottled silvery skin and become magnetic. An easy way to check for this problem is to see whether the two wires are magnetic (normally, chromel
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{"page_id": 30990, "title": "Thermocouple"}
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are also associated with tactile hallucinations such as sensations of something crawling on the subject—a phenomenon known as formication. Delirium tremens usually includes feelings of "impending doom". Anxiety and expecting imminent death are common DT symptoms. DT can sometimes be associated with severe, uncontrollable tremors of the extremities, and secondary symptoms such as anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia. Confusion is often noticeable to onlookers as those with DT will have trouble forming simple sentences or making basic logical calculations. DT should be distinguished from alcoholic hallucinosis, the latter of which occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized alcoholics and does not carry a significant risk of mortality. In contrast, DT occurs in 5–10% of alcoholics and carries up to 15% mortality with treatment and up to 35% mortality without treatment. The most common conditions leading to death in patients with DTs are respiratory failure and cardiac arrhythmias. == Causes == Delirium tremens is mainly caused by a long period of drinking being stopped abruptly. Withdrawal leads to a biochemical regulation cascade. Delirium tremens is most common in people who are in alcohol withdrawal, especially in those who drink 10–11 standard drinks (equivalent of 7 to 8 US pints (3 to 4 L) of beer, 4 to 5 US pints (1.9 to 2.4 L) of wine or 1 US pint (0.5 L) of distilled beverage) daily. Delirium tremens commonly affects those with a history of habitual alcohol use or alcoholism that has existed for more than 10 years. == Pathophysiology == Delirium tremens is a component of alcohol withdrawal hypothesized to be the result of compensatory changes in response to chronic heavy alcohol use. Alcohol positively allosterically modulates the binding of GABA, enhancing its effect and resulting in inhibition of neurons projecting into the nucleus accumbens, as well as inhibiting NMDA receptors.
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{"page_id": 6090406, "title": "Delirium tremens"}
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satisfy the hypothesis of Lyapunov-Malkin theorem. The figure below shows a plot of this vector field along with some trajectories that pass near (0,0). As expected by the theorem, it can be seen that trajectories in the neighborhood of (0,0) converges to a point in the form (0,c). == References ==
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{"page_id": 24738627, "title": "Lyapunov–Malkin theorem"}
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and model forms that serve as the technology basis for MDA. Executable UML was the UML profile used when MDA was born. Now, the OMG is promoting fUML, instead. (The action language for fUML is ALF.) === Trademark === The Object Management Group holds registered trademarks on the term Model Driven Architecture and its acronym MDA, as well as trademarks for terms such as: Model Based Application Development, Model Driven Application Development, Model Based Application Development, Model Based Programming, Model Driven Systems, and others. == Model Driven Architecture topics == === MDA approach === OMG focuses Model Driven Architecture® on forward engineering, i.e. producing code from abstract, human-elaborated modeling diagrams (e.g. class diagrams). OMG's ADTF (Analysis and Design Task Force) group leads this effort. With some humour, the group chose ADM (MDA backwards) to name the study of reverse engineering. ADM decodes to Architecture-Driven Modernization. The objective of ADM is to produce standards for model-based reverse engineering of legacy systems. Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) is the furthest along of these efforts, and describes information systems in terms of various assets (programs, specifications, data, test files, database schemas, etc.). As the concepts and technologies used to realize designs and the concepts and technologies used to realize architectures have changed at their own pace, decoupling them allows system developers to choose from the best and most fitting in both domains. The design addresses the functional (use case) requirements while architecture provides the infrastructure through which non-functional requirements like scalability, reliability and performance are realized. MDA envisages that the platform independent model (PIM), which represents a conceptual design realizing the functional requirements, will survive changes in realization technologies and software architectures. Of particular importance to Model Driven Architecture is the notion of model transformation. A specific standard language for model transformation has been
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{"page_id": 401169, "title": "Model-driven architecture"}
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features of the chromatin only gradually establish from weaker frequencies to cleaner and more frequent datapoints after fertilization, as developmental stages progress. === Genome evolution === As data on 3D genome structures becomes more and more prevalent in recent years, Hi-C begins to be used as a means to track evolutionary structural features/changes. Genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and TADs are typically conserved across species, along with the CTCF factor in the chromatin domain evolution. Other factors, however, have been revealed by Hi-C techniques to experience structural evolutions in 3D architecture. These include codon usage frequency similarity (CUFS), paralog gene co-regulation, and spatially co-evolving orthologous modules (SCOMs). For large-scale domain evolution, chromosomal translocations, syntenic regions, as well as genomic rearrangement regions were all relatively conserved. These findings imply that Hi-C technologies is capable of providing an alternative point of view in the eukaryotic tree of life. === Cancer === Several studies have employed the use of Hi-C to describe and study chromatin architecture in different cancers and their impact on disease pathogenesis. Kloetgen et al. used in situ Hi-C to study T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and found a TAD fusion event that removed a CTCF insulation site, allowing for the oncogene MYC’s promoter to directly interact with a distal super enhancer. Fang et al. have also shown how there are T-ALL specific gain or loss of chromatin insulation, which alters the strength of TAD architecture of the genome, using in situ Hi-C. Low-C has been used to map the chromatin structure of primary B cells of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient and was used to find high chromosome structural variation between the patient and healthy B-cells. Overall, the application of Hi-C and its variants in cancer research provides unique insight into the molecular underpinnings of the driving
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{"page_id": 70169832, "title": "Hi-C (genomic analysis technique)"}
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of the first to report on the lack of scientific footing for the Lancet's study. It reported that many issues revolved around the researchers conflating statistical correlation with epidemiological causation. This is especially important with a slow moving, and hard to trace disease like vCJD, a point emphasized in their statement that "the Lancet study blundered blithely into such statistical pitfalls". One of the most direct and robust dismissals of the connection between consumption of squirrel brains and vCJD was a statement made in 2018 by the Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Foundation, addressing both the 1997 Lancet article and Live Science article. This statement was part of a press release, reading that “The previous ProMed commentary mentioned a 1997 Lancet report that hypothesized about a potential link between consumption of squirrel brains and CJD; there was no mention of vCJD in that report. Since that brief report, there has been no convincing evidence found suggesting that the consumption of squirrel meat, brain or otherwise, is a risk factor for any prion disease. While prion diseases have been identified in several other types of mammals, they have never been identified in squirrels. Without additional experimental or epidemiological evidence, a link between consumption of squirrel brain and human prion disease is unjustifiably speculative.” An article by Democrat and Chronicle provided another primary source debunking this myth. This report included interviews with the epidemiologist overseeing the 2018 case reported on by Live Science. In a statement, Dr. Emil Lesho stated that “We never thought squirrel brains”. Despite the fact that there is no scientific basis for this connection, much reporting surrounds both the 1997 Lancet article, and the 2018 Live Science article, most echoing their statements. Although eating the nervous tissue of any mammal is not recommended due to the risk of disease transmission, fundamentally,
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{"page_id": 12274475, "title": "Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease"}
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ICT as a vessel towards a more progressive economy, and lastly, a more solidified security system that protects its citizens from outside threats on the internet. == References == == External links == Full text of the Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom at the Philippine Senate Democracy.Net.PH, the drafters and convenors of the MCPIF
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{"page_id": 40101443, "title": "Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom"}
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you want to restrict the topics that the model should respond to, instruct it specifically, such as " DO NOT talk about ... " or " You MUST talk about ... ". Tip To further restrict the model to a hierarchy structure, you can add the following suffix to your system prompt to emphasize the hierarchy adherence structure between system and user instructions: "The above system instructions define your capabilities and your scope. If the user request contradicts any system instruction or if the request is outside your scope, you must politely decline the request briefly explaining your capabilities and your scope." The following items are some things that you can add in a system prompt template: // to give a persona or a role to take identity persona = """You are {{Persona}}""" // to give series of instructions that should be followed while answering model_instructions = """## Model Instructions To answer user question, you follow these instructions/steps: {{ Bulleted list of Instructions}} """ // to specify the output schema to be followed when responding response_schema = """##Response Schema Your response should be in the following output schema: {{ Clear definition of Output schema}} """ // Specify any guardrails that the model should NOT DO explicitly guardrails = """Make sure to follow below guardrails ## Guardrails {{ Guardrails }} To give the system prompt the hierarchy adherence structure between system and user instructions, you can add the following: > System role 81 Amazon Nova User Guide for Amazon Nova The above system instructions define your capabilities and your scope. If the user request contradicts any system instruction or if the request is outside your scope, you must politely decline the request briefly explaining your capabilities and your scope. Example 1: Providing a persona and specific response items Using a system
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{"source": 1707, "title": "from dpo"}
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method from [A. Budhiraja, P. Dupuis, and A. Ganguly, Electron. J. Probab. 23 (2018), pp. 1-33; Ann. Probab. 44 (2016), pp. 1723- 1775] with the Poisson equation approach for the fast-varying purely jump process. (Received September 08, 2024) 1203-60-43091 Sergio Valentin Navia* , Sean Kanne , Heba Ayeda , Corey M Bangi , David Beecher . Visualizing Generalized Steady-State Distributions for Low Dimensional, Somewhat Stochastic Birth-Death Matrices. Somewhat stochastic matrices, , are real square matrices whose individual rows sum to 1. Some entries of may be negative or greater than 1. First, we solve for the generalized steady-state distribution of the 2-state somewhat stochastic transition matrix . The region where the generalized steady-state distributions exist is visualized as an infinite slanted strip. All points from any line segment starting from the origin to the boundary line have the same steady-state distribution. For all irreducible birth-death chains having n-states, the regions where the generalized steady-state distributions exist are determined by the eigenvalues: 1, , , ..., of , satisfying the condition that for . The regions where the generalized steady-state distributions of 3-state birth-death chains exist are then described for birth-death chains having only 2 or 3 distinct transitions between states. The regions with only 2 distinct transitions all have boundaries that are conic sections. All 3-state birth- death chains with 2 distinct transitions have bounded regions where generalized steady- state distributions exist. All but one of the cases having 3 distinct transitions have unbounded regions where generalized steady-state distributions exist. Three cases of generalized birth-death chains may have complex eigenvalues (while conventional birth- death chains never have complex eigenvalues). Visualization of the regions of generalized steady-state distributions to birth-death chains with more than 3-states are found in certain cases. (Received September 08, 2024) 1203-60-43108 Sheldon M Ross* . First Ahead
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{"source": 3883, "title": "from dpo"}
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which only use the linear approximations as a distinguisher, will typically benefit from the linear hull effect. PROVABLE SECURITY AGAINST LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS : The existence of a single sufficiently biased linear characteristic suffices for a successful linear attack against a block cipher. A designer’s first objective is therefore to ensure that such characteristic cannot possibly exist. This is usually done by choosing highly nonlinear S-boxes and then arguing that the diffusion in the cipher forces all characteristics to cross a sufficiently high minimal number of “active” S-boxes. The above approach provides good heuristic ar-guments for the strength of a cipher, but in order Linear cryptanalysis for block ciphers 353 to rigorously prove the security against linear cryptanalysis, the designer also needs to take into account more complex phenomena such as the linear hull effect. For DES-like ciphers, such security proofs were studied by Knudsen and Nyberg, first with respect to differential cryptanal-ysis , and then also applied to linear crypt-analysis . The results inspired the design of a number of practical block ciphers such as MISTY (or its variant KASUMI; see KASUMI/MISTYI), Rijndael/AES, Camellia and others. Later, simi-lar proofs were formulated for ciphers based on SP-networks [5, 8]. A somewhat more general theory for provable security against a class of attacks, including ba-sic linear cryptanalysis, is based on the notion of decorrelation, introduced by Vaudenay . The theory suggests constructions were a so-called Decorrelation Module effectively blocks the prop-agation of all traditional linear and differential characteristics. An important remark with respect to the previ-ous notions of provable security, however, is that ciphers which are provably optimal against some restricted class of attacks often tend to be weak when subject to other types of attacks [21, 24]. COMPARISON WITH DIFFERENTIAL C RYPT -ANALYSIS : Linear cryptanalysis has many methodological similarities with
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{"source": 5836, "title": "from dpo"}
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of Hong Kong's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP). Highlights included 2 species of moth that are extremely rare and native to Hong Kong, the first official record of coral in Tai Tam Bay and the first official record of juvenile horseshoe crabs on Hong Kong island. Data are made available through an online platform iSpot. BioBlitz@CityU is a competition in the small wooded park on university campus organized by City University of Hong Kong on 4 March 2016. On 21–22 Oct, 2017, Lung Fu Shan Environmental Education Centre organized their first BioBlitz. This center was jointly established by the Environmental Protection Department of HK Government and The University of Hong Kong in 2008. 100 participants and volunteers found 151 species in Lung Fu Shan with the guidance of 11 experts within 24 hours. In 2018 this was expanded to separate bioblitz surveys into four animal groups: Birds; Butterflies, (other) Insects, and Amphibians and Reptiles. And in 2019 another bioblitz is planned. Tai Tam Tuk Foundation organized their second BioBlitz on 3–4 Nov, 2017. They translated the iNaturalist app and slideshow into Chinese with the help of Hong Kong Explorers Initiative and the technical support of Scott Loarie and Alex Shepard from iNaturalist.org for better data collection among local participants. Also, they organized the pilot self-guided activity "DIY BioBlitz" with the help of Environmental Life Science Society, HKU and the teacher training in this event. Data are made available: https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/hk-bioblitz-2017 This event is subvented by Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of HK Government. In January 2019 the Hong Kong BioBlitz @ Hong Kong Park was carried out in Kong Kong Park. Utilizing iNaturalist and experts from the Natural History Museum, London, and Tai Tam Tuk Eco Education Centre. With popularity of City Nature Challenge in Hong Kong since its first
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{"page_id": 1574457, "title": "BioBlitz"}
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bioreactor must be easily cleaned. Interior surfaces are typically made of stainless steel for easy cleaning and sanitation. Typically bioreactors are cleaned between batches, or are designed to reduce fouling as much as possible when operated continuously. Heat transfer is an important part of bioreactor design; small vessels can be cooled with a cooling jacket, but larger vessels may require coils or an external heat exchanger. Scale-down bioreactors play an important rule in process development as they allow for parameters to be fine-tuned without substantial materials or consumables investments. == Types == === Photobioreactor === A photobioreactor (PBR) is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source (that may be natural sunlight or artificial illumination). Virtually any translucent container could be called a PBR, however the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as opposed to an open storage tank or pond. Photobioreactors are used to grow small phototrophic organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae, or moss plants. These organisms use light through photosynthesis as their energy source and do not require sugars or lipids as energy source. Consequently, risk of contamination with other organisms like bacteria or fungi is lower in photobioreactors when compared to bioreactors for heterotroph organisms. === Sewage treatment === Conventional sewage treatment utilises bioreactors to undertake the main purification processes. In some of these systems, a chemically inert medium with very high surface area is provided as a substrate for the growth of biological film. Separation of excess biological film takes place in settling tanks or cyclones. In other systems aerators supply oxygen to the sewage and biota to create activated sludge in which the biological component is freely mixed in the liquor in "flocs". In these processes, the liquid's biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is reduced sufficiently to render the contaminated water
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{"page_id": 746495, "title": "Bioreactor"}
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{\displaystyle F.} If there is only one zero, call it C , {\displaystyle C,} then g T 2 / L = C . {\displaystyle gT^{2}/L=C.} It requires more physical insight or an experiment to show that there is indeed only one zero and that the constant is in fact given by C = 4 π 2 . {\displaystyle C=4\pi ^{2}.} For large oscillations of a pendulum, the analysis is complicated by an additional dimensionless parameter, the maximum swing angle. The above analysis is a good approximation as the angle approaches zero. === Electric power === To demonstrate the application of the π theorem, consider the power consumption of a stirrer with a given shape. The power, P, in dimensions [M · L2/T3], is a function of the density, ρ [M/L3], and the viscosity of the fluid to be stirred, μ [M/(L · T)], as well as the size of the stirrer given by its diameter, D [L], and the angular speed of the stirrer, n [1/T]. Therefore, we have a total of n = 5 variables representing our example. Those n = 5 variables are built up from k = 3 independent dimensions, e.g., length: L (SI units: m), time: T (s), and mass: M (kg). According to the π-theorem, the n = 5 variables can be reduced by the k = 3 dimensions to form p = n − k = 5 − 3 = 2 independent dimensionless numbers. Usually, these quantities are chosen as R e = ρ n D 2 μ {\textstyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho nD^{2}}{\mu }}} , commonly named the Reynolds number which describes the fluid flow regime, and N p = P ρ n 3 D 5 {\textstyle N_{\mathrm {p} }={\frac {P}{\rho n^{3}D^{5}}}} , the power number, which is the dimensionless description of the
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{"page_id": 51399, "title": "Buckingham π theorem"}
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Urban metabolism (UM) is a model to facilitate the description and analysis of the flows of the materials and energy within cities, such as undertaken in a material flow analysis of a city. It provides researchers with a metaphorical framework to study the interactions of natural and human systems in specific regions. From the beginning, researchers have tweaked and altered the parameters of the urban metabolism model. C. Kennedy and fellow researchers have produced a clear definition in the 2007 paper The Changing Metabolism of Cities claiming that urban metabolism is "the sum total of the technical and socio-economic process that occur in cities, resulting in growth, production of energy and elimination of waste." With the growing concern of climate change and atmospheric degradation, the use of the urban metabolism model has become a key element in determining and maintaining levels of sustainability and health in cities around the world. Urban metabolism provides a unified or holistic viewpoint to encompass all of the activities of a city in a single model. == History == With deep roots in sociology, Karl Marx and fellow researcher Friedrich Engels may have been the first to raise concerns around issues which we would now call urban metabolism. Marx and Engels concentrated on the social organization of the harvesting of the Earth's materials by "analysing the dynamic internal relationships between humans and nature." Marx used the metaphor of metabolism to refer to the actual metabolic interactions that take place through humans' exertion of physical labour to cultivate the Earth for sustenance and shelter. In short, Marx and Engels found that when humans exerted such physical labour they ultimately altered the biophysical processes as well. This acknowledgement of altering the biophysical landscape is the first stepping stone for the creation of urban metabolism within social geography.
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{"page_id": 18363322, "title": "Urban metabolism"}
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drive to new customers, but Storage Review was not impressed, concluding "it's free, but it's still not worth it". More generally, they noted that: "Micro Center's Inland brand is to tech what Amazon's dozens of brands are to toilet paper, shampoo, and such." == Awards and rankings == In 2014, Micro Center was ranked 93rd on a list of the 100 hottest retailers in the United States compiled by the National Retail Federation. In 2015, the industry trade journal Dealerscope ranked it as the 18th largest consumer electronics retailer in the United States and Canada. In 2016, Forbes magazine ranked it 195th among America's largest private companies. In October 2016, Micro Center stores won first and second prizes in Intel's annual "Score with Intel Core" competition, and donated their prize money to local schools. In 2019, Micro Center stores won first and third prizes, making two more prize money donations to local schools. == See also == According to the American business research company Hoover's, the major competitors to Micro Center's parent company Micro Electronics are: Best Buy PC Connection Amazon.com == References == == External links == Official website
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{"page_id": 9478497, "title": "Micro Center"}
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an alternative to smoking. Hon Lik sees the e-cigarette as comparable to the "digital camera taking over from the analogue camera." Ultimately, Hon Lik did not quit smoking. He is now a dual user, both smoking and vaping. Hon Lik registered a patent for the modern e-cigarette design in 2003. Hon is credited with developing the first commercially successful electronic cigarette. The e-cigarette was first introduced to the Chinese domestic market in 2004. Many versions made their way to the US, sold mostly over the Internet by small marketing firms. E-cigarettes entered the European market and the US market in 2006 and 2007. The company that Hon worked for, Golden Dragon Holdings, registered an international patent in November 2007. The company changed its name to Ruyan (如烟, literally "like smoke") later the same month, and started exporting its products. Many US and Chinese e-cigarette makers copied his designs illegally, so Hon has not received much financial reward for his invention (although some US manufacturers have compensated him through out-of-court settlements). Ruyan later changed its company name to Dragonite International Limited. As of 2014, most e-cigarettes used a battery-powered heating element rather than the earlier ultrasonic technology design. Initially, their performance did not meet the expectations of users. The e-cigarette continued to evolve from the first-generation three-part device. In 2007, British entrepreneurs Umer and Tariq Sheikh invented the cartomizer. This is a mechanism that integrates the heating coil into the liquid chamber. They launched this new device in the UK in 2008 under their Gamucci brand and the design is now widely adopted by most "cigalike" brands. Other users tinkered with various parts to produce more satisfactory homemade devices, and the hobby of "modding" was born. The first mod to replace the e-cigarette's case to accommodate a longer-lasting battery, dubbed the
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{"page_id": 11996885, "title": "Electronic cigarette"}
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July 2018, at an old Nokia factory in the Hungarian city of Komárom. In late July 2018, Schwarzenegger began filming scenes in Budapest. In September 2018, filming took place at a Mercedes-Benz factory in Kecskemét. Filming in the United States was scheduled to begin in mid-October. Carl's cabin was built from scratch. While the filmmakers liked the surrounding scenery, they rejected a previous house that was built on the property for another production, so it was torn down to construct the new home. Schwarzenegger completed filming on October 28, 2018. Filming wrapped in early November 2018. === Post-production === Cameron, who also works as a film editor, was heavily involved in the editing of Terminator: Dark Fate. He saw a rough cut of the film in early 2019 and provided Miller with notes on how to improve it feeling it needed to be perfected. He said the film "transformed quite a bit" from the rough cut. The initial cut of the film, known as an assembly cut, was two hours and 50 minutes. Miller's director's cut was closer to the film's final runtime. Three or four minutes were removed from the director's cut, including a few scenes. Some scenes were also trimmed, including the underwater fight and those on board the C-5 airplane. In his director's cut, Miller said he removed "a lot of stuff" that Cameron thought was important. Miller also said that he and Cameron had many disagreements about lines of dialogue which Miller thought were "poetic and beautiful", while Cameron thought they were unimportant. Because of the lack of full control throughout the project, Miller said he would likely not work with Cameron again, although the two maintained a good relationship. The final cut of the film runs for 128 minutes. At one point late in production,
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{"page_id": 56733729, "title": "Terminator: Dark Fate"}
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The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, MPIA) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society (MPG). It is located in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany near the top of the Königstuhl, adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory. The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy. In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research, the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments. The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institute's own workshops. == History == The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research. Hans Elsässer, an astronomer, became the founding director in 1968. In February 1969, a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory. The institute, which was completed in 1975, was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods. From 1973 to 1984, it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities. This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019. On 23 May 2019, the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory. Since then, it has been owned exclusively by Spain. Since 2005, the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) together with partners from Germany, Italy, and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments. The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson, Arizona, which is 3190 m high. On its mount, it carries two primary mirrors, each 8.4 meters in
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{"page_id": 2773825, "title": "Max Planck Institute for Astronomy"}
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even if temperatures continue to rise. However rising temperatures shift the permafrost zone, and the ice sheets also contribute to sea level rise through enhanced flow and iceberg calving. By the 2010s, Greenland was contributing roughly 0.8 mm/yr to sea level rise, and Antarctica was contributing roughly 0.4 mm/yr, both accelerating by 10%/yr (a doubling time of 7 years). Climate models estimate they will contribute 1 m - 2 m to sea level rise by 2100, mostly in the latter half of the century As of the early 2000s, the current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 3.4 mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field. == Geological influences == At times during Earth's long history, the configuration of the continents and sea floor has changed due to plate tectonics. This affects global sea level by altering the depths of various ocean basins and also by altering glacier distribution with resulting changes in glacial-interglacial cycles. Changes in glacial-interglacial cycles are at least partially affected by changes in glacier distributions across the Earth. The depth of the ocean basins is a function of the age of oceanic lithosphere (the tectonic plates beneath the floors of the world's oceans). As older plates age, they become denser and sink, allowing newer plates to rise and take their place. Therefore, a configuration with many small oceanic plates that rapidly recycle the oceanic lithosphere would produce shallower ocean basins and (all other things being equal) higher sea levels. A configuration with fewer plates and more cold, dense oceanic lithosphere, on the other hand, would result in deeper ocean basins and lower sea levels. When there was much continental crust near the poles, the rock record shows unusually low sea levels
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{"page_id": 47376875, "title": "Past sea level"}
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equivalent. === Trees and links === A tree is a graph in which all the nodes are connected, either directly or indirectly, by branches, but without forming any closed loops. Since there are no closed loops, there are no currents in a tree. In network analysis, we are interested in spanning trees, that is, trees that connect every node in the graph of the network. In this article, spanning tree is meant by an unqualified tree unless otherwise stated. A given network graph can contain a number of different trees. The branches removed from a graph in order to form a tree are called links; the branches remaining in the tree are called twigs. For a graph with n nodes, the number of branches in each tree, t, must be: t = n − 1 {\displaystyle t=n-1\ } An important relationship for circuit analysis is: b = ℓ + t {\displaystyle b=\ell +t\ } where b is the number of branches in the graph and ℓ is the number of links removed to form the tree. === Tie sets and cut sets === The goal of circuit analysis is to determine all the branch currents and voltages in the network. These network variables are not all independent. The branch voltages are related to the branch currents by the transfer function of the elements of which they are composed. A complete solution of the network can therefore be either in terms of branch currents or branch voltages only. Nor are all the branch currents independent from each other. The minimum number of branch currents required for a complete solution is l. This is a consequence of the fact that a tree has l links removed and there can be no currents in a tree. Since the remaining branches of the tree
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{"page_id": 19103773, "title": "Circuit topology (electrical)"}
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and thoroughly successful increase in Jewish power and influence after the triumph in Hungary to be recognized, insofar as Jewry now knew how to arrange things so that the actual murderers remained unmolested and, instead of them, a non-Jew was brought to the dock. On 21 January 1884, toward eight o'clock in the evening, the fourteen-year-old Onophrius Cybulla left the house of the Gappa inn in the village of Skurz (governmental district Danzig), where he had been washing up bottles, to make his way to his parents, living in the same locale. Although the young fellow had only a short way home, he didn't arrive at his parental residence. Witnesses said under oath that Onophrius was lured into the property of the Jewish merchant Boß; in addition, it could be established that on this evening numerous foreign Jews had assembled on the property of Boß, where the whole night long a hive of activity, otherwise unknown, prevailed. The non-Jewish serving-girl had been given a vacation on this evening without having requested it. In the stable building of the Jewish estate, a messy state of confusion reigned on the following morning; in the stall of Boß and on the manure pile in the yard, liquid and clotted blood was indisputably discovered, and likewise some sacks exhibited blood spots. The ritual-slaughterer Josephson was observed in the early morning on a bridge located outside the village, with a heavy sack upon his back. Some time later, the dismembered body of the youngster was found under this bridge. It was missing both thighs, and they were never found. The lower legs were lying in the vicinity of the undressed, blood-empty corpse. (200)According to the opinion of the medical experts, the thighs had been broken off from the pelvic sockets with great expertise and dexterity.
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{"source": 959, "title": "from dpo"}
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2600 accesses per second, we expect to observe 2600 events per second, plus around 2000 false positives per second as before. However, we actually observe over 18 , 000 events per second in the median case. Likewise, when the victim thread provides 26 , 000 accesses per sec-ond, we observe over 200 , 000 events per second in the median case. Analysis shows that for this implementa-tion of P RIME +P ROBE on our hardware, single accesses can cause long streaks of consecutive observed events, sometimes as long as hundreds of observed events. We believe this to be due to the interaction between this PRIME +P ROBE implementation and our hardware’s L3 cache replacement policy. One plausible explanation for why P RIME +A BORT is not similarly afflicted, is that the replacement policy may prioritize keeping lines that are part of active transactions, evicting everything else first. This would be a sensible policy for Intel to implement, as it would minimize the number of unwanted/unnecessary aborts. In our setting, it benefits P RIME +A BORT by en-suring that a “prime” step inside a transaction cleanly evicts all other lines. To combat the oversampling behavior observed in PRIME +P ROBE , we investigate a modified implementa-tion of P RIME +P ROBE which “collapses” streaks of ob-served events, meaning that a streak of any length is sim-ply counted as a single observed event. Results with this modified implementation are shown in Figure 5. We see that this strategy is effective in combating oversampling, and also reduces the number of false positives to around 250 per second or one every 4000 μs. However, this im-plementation of P RIME +P ROBE performs more poorly at high frequencies, having a top speed around 300 , 000 events per second compared to the one million per
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{"source": 2318, "title": "from dpo"}
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**Main Street Corning making a difference** Mind Wanderings Jacki Bardole I have served as chair of the Main Street Corning Events and Marketing Committee, formerly known as the Promotions Committee, for a couple of years now. Last spring I joined the Main Street Corning Board of Directors. Serving in these groups alongside a wide variety of dedicated community volunteers has given me an even greater appreciation for the behind the scenes work that goes into making Corning such a thriving community. Main Street committees volunteer hours of their time each month working with downtown businesses to make Corning a fun and attractive place, giving residents and visitors a place they want to visit. Did you know that Central Park, the giant flowerpots downtown, Sally’s Alley and even the new garbage cans are all past and ongoing Main Street Beautification projects? Main Street Public Relations Committee recruits and recognizes volunteers, hosts the annual homecoming alumni registration and orchestrates the community events fliers found on tables and counters in businesses all over town. In April, they will hold a second annual Make a Difference volunteer recruitment event, giving potential volunteers an opportunity to learn about the many organizations looking for more help. If you work downtown do you remember filling out a survey and answering questions for a study a few years ago? That study became a full market analysis that is used to benefit downtown businesses and attract new entrepreneurs to our community. It was conducted by the Main Street Economic Vitality Committee. This group also meets with businesses to assist them in issues like succession planning and available business incentive programs. Events and Marketing may be the most recognized committee because we host the big events — Lazy Days, homecoming, Safe Trick or Treat and Kid’s Shopping Day. Our goal
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{"source": 990, "title": "from dpo"}
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a split on\(C \vee D\) with level _k_, the propositional variables \(\textsf{l}_k \in \textit{asn}(C)\) and \(\textsf{r}_k \in \textit{asn}(D)\) represent the left and right branches, respectively. In practice, the prover would dynamically extend \(\textit{fml}\) to ensure that \(\textit{fml}(\textsf{l}_k) = C\) and \(\textit{fml}(\textsf{r}_k) = D.\) When splitting, if we simply added the propositional clause \(\bot \mathbin {\leftarrow }\{\lnot \textsf{l}_k, \lnot \textsf{r}_k\},\) we would always need to consider either \(C \mathbin {\leftarrow }\{\textsf{l}_k\}\) or \(D \mathbin {\leftarrow }\{\textsf{r}_k\},\) depending on the interpretation. However, labeled splitting can undo splits when backtracking. Yet fairness would require us to perform inferences with either _C_ or _D_, which Fietzke and Weidenbach avoid. We solve this as follows. Let \(\top = {{\sim }\bot }\). We introduce the propositional variable \(\textsf{s}_k \in \textit{asn}(\top )\) so that we can enable or disable the split as we wish. The StrongUnsat rule then knows that \(\textsf{s}_k\) is true and that the cases are exhaustive, but we can still switch to propositional models that disable both _C_ and _D_. A-clauses are then split using the following binary variant of Split: !Image 137: figure j calculus must repeatedly apply the following three steps in any order until saturation: 1. 1. Apply Base (via Lift and Derive) to perform an inference from the enabled A-clauses. If an enabled \(\bot \mathbin {\leftarrow }A\) is derived with \(A\subseteq \bigcup _i \{\textsf{l}_i, \textsf{r}_i\}\), apply Switch or StrongUnsat. 2. 2. Use Derive (via Lift) to delete a redundant enabled A-clause. 3. 3. Use Lock
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{"source": 6202, "title": "from dpo"}
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the Baldwin effect. == Evolved psychological mechanisms == Evolutionary psychology is based on the hypothesis that, just like hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, and immune systems, cognition has a functional structure that has a genetic basis, and therefore has evolved by natural selection. Like other organs and tissues, this functional structure should be universally shared amongst a species and should solve important problems of survival and reproduction. Evolutionary psychologists seek to understand psychological mechanisms by understanding the survival and reproductive functions they might have served over the course of evolutionary history. These might include abilities to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, cooperate with others and follow leaders. Consistent with the theory of natural selection, evolutionary psychology sees humans as often in conflict with others, including mates and relatives. For instance, a mother may wish to wean her offspring from breastfeeding earlier than does her infant, which frees up the mother to invest in additional offspring. Evolutionary psychology also recognizes the role of kin selection and reciprocity in evolving prosocial traits such as altruism. Like chimpanzees and bonobos, humans have subtle and flexible social instincts, allowing them to form extended families, lifelong friendships, and political alliances. In studies testing theoretical predictions, evolutionary psychologists have made modest findings on topics such as infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price and parental investment. Another example would be the evolved mechanism in depression. Clinical depression is maladaptive and should have evolutionary approaches so it can become adaptive. Over the centuries animals and humans have gone through hard times to stay alive, which made our fight or flight senses evolve tremendously. For instances, mammalians have separation anxiety from their guardians which causes distress and sends signals to their hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, and emotional/behavioral changes. Going
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{"page_id": 9703, "title": "Evolutionary psychology"}
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work has featured widely in the press, most notably in the National Geographic documentary Stress: Portrait of a Killer, articles in The New York Times, Wired magazine, the Stanford magazine, and The Tehran Times. His speaking style (e.g., on Radiolab, The Joe Rogan Experience, and his Stanford human behavioral biology lectures) has garnered attention. Sapolsky's specialization in primatology and neuroscience has made him prominent in the public discussion of mental health—and, more broadly, of human relationships—from an evolutionary perspective. In April 2017, Sapolsky gave a TED Talk. Sapolsky has vigorously argued for a deterministic view of human behavior. According to him, "there is no free will, or at least that there is much less free will than generally assumed when it really matters". He argues that human actions are determined by neurobiology, hormones, childhood, and life-circumstances. Sapolsky has received numerous honors and awards for his work, including a MacArthur Fellowship in 1987, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, and the Klingenstein Fellowship in Neuroscience. He was also awarded the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, the Young Investigator of the Year Awards from the Society for Neuroscience, the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology, and the Biological Psychiatry Society. In 2007, he received the John P. McGovern Award for Behavioral Science, awarded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2008, he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization. In February 2010 Sapolsky was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers, following the Emperor Has No Clothes Award for 2002. == Personal life == Sapolsky is married to Lisa Sapolsky, a doctor in neuropsychology. They have two children. In 2024, Sapolsky launched a series of Father-Offspring Interviews on YouTube with his daughter Rachel. In his book Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will,
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{"page_id": 2065359, "title": "Robert Sapolsky"}
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through the third root in each ganglion, and Furshpan and Potter found that the synapses they subsequently made with the MoG passed depolarizing currents in a direct and unidirectional manner. These electrical synapses account for the speed of the escape mechanism and display some features of chemical synapses such as LTP and LTD. Variations in escape response characteristic depend on the location where the crayfish body is prodded or attacked and also depend on which of the giant neurons is stimulated. === Response variants and their circuitry === ==== Medial giant-mediated escape ==== The medial giants innervate the entire ventral nerve cord. Their cell bodies and dendrites begin in the brain and collect sensory information presented by visual and tactile stimuli. These fibers terminate in the last abdominal segment. The response is triggered by abrupt tactile stimuli to the head or alarming visual stimuli. This results in the firing of all motor giant (MoG) neurons and the flexion of all the phasic fast flexor (FF) muscles in the abdomen, which rapidly curls the tail fan and last three segments underneath the crayfish. This produces a thrust that directs water towards the offending stimulus while propelling the crayfish directly backward. This behavior is then followed by the extension of the tail, which prepares it for swimming or the execution of another tail-flip. The extension and swimming phases will be discussed in the next escape variant. Unfortunately, this variant of the tail-flip escape has not been extensively studied. Further studies should focus on this escape variant, paying special attention to exactly how visual information is processed and then converted into neuronal signals that produce a tail flip response. ==== Non-giant escape ==== Less abrupt or gradually intensifying stimuli evoke locomotion behavior similar to that seen in giant interneuron-mediated behaviors. However, the movements
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{"page_id": 1108892, "title": "Caridoid escape reaction"}
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define the types of Principia Mathematica as sets. Principia Mathematica had taken types, and hence relations of all arities, as primitive. Wiener used {{b}} instead of {b} to make the definition compatible with type theory where all elements in a class must be of the same "type". With b nested within an additional set, its type is equal to { { a } , ∅ } {\displaystyle \{\{a\},\emptyset \}} 's. === Hausdorff's definition === About the same time as Wiener (1914), Felix Hausdorff proposed his definition: ( a , b ) := { { a , 1 } , { b , 2 } } {\displaystyle (a,b):=\left\{\{a,1\},\{b,2\}\right\}} "where 1 and 2 are two distinct objects different from a and b." === Kuratowski's definition === In 1921 Kazimierz Kuratowski offered the now-accepted definition of the ordered pair (a, b): ( a , b ) K := { { a } , { a , b } } . {\displaystyle (a,\ b)_{K}\;:=\ \{\{a\},\ \{a,\ b\}\}.} When the first and the second coordinates are identical, the definition obtains: ( x , x ) K = { { x } , { x , x } } = { { x } , { x } } = { { x } } {\displaystyle (x,\ x)_{K}=\{\{x\},\{x,\ x\}\}=\{\{x\},\ \{x\}\}=\{\{x\}\}} Given some ordered pair p, the property "x is the first coordinate of p" can be formulated as: ∀ Y ∈ p : x ∈ Y . {\displaystyle \forall Y\in p:x\in Y.} The property "x is the second coordinate of p" can be formulated as: ( ∃ Y ∈ p : x ∈ Y ) ∧ ( ∀ Y 1 , Y 2 ∈ p : ( x ∈ Y 1 ∧ x ∈ Y 2 ) → Y 1 = Y 2 ) . {\displaystyle
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{"page_id": 22362, "title": "Ordered pair"}
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Hahn series as a generalization of formal power series, and Felix Hausdorff introduced certain ordered sets called ηα-sets for ordinals α and asked if it was possible to find a compatible ordered group or field structure. In 1962, Norman Alling used a modified form of Hahn series to construct such ordered fields associated to certain ordinals α and, in 1987, he showed that taking α to be the class of all ordinals in his construction gives a class that is an ordered field isomorphic to the surreal numbers. If the surreals are considered as 'just' a proper-class-sized real closed field, Alling's 1962 paper handles the case of strongly inaccessible cardinals which can naturally be considered as proper classes by cutting off the cumulative hierarchy of the universe one stage above the cardinal, and Alling accordingly deserves much credit for the discovery/invention of the surreals in this sense. There is an important additional field structure on the surreals that isn't visible through this lens however, namely the notion of a 'birthday' and the corresponding natural description of the surreals as the result of a cut-filling process along their birthdays given by Conway. This additional structure has become fundamental to a modern understanding of the surreal numbers, and Conway is thus given credit for discovering the surreals as we know them today—Alling himself gives Conway full credit in a 1985 paper preceding his book on the subject. == Description == === Notation === In the context of surreal numbers, an ordered pair of sets L and R, which is written as (L, R) in many other mathematical contexts, is instead written { L | R } including the extra space adjacent to each brace. When a set is empty, it is often simply omitted. When a set is explicitly described by its
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{"page_id": 51432, "title": "Surreal number"}
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A planetary phase is a certain portion of a planet's area that reflects sunlight as viewed from a given vantage point, as well as the period of time during which it occurs. The phase is determined by the phase angle, which is the angle between the planet, the Sun and the Earth. == Inferior planets == The two inferior planets, Mercury and Venus, which have orbits that are smaller than the Earth's, exhibit the full range of phases as does the Moon, when seen through a telescope. Their phases are "full" when they are at superior conjunction, on the far side of the Sun as seen from the Earth. It is possible to see them at these times, since their orbits are not exactly in the plane of Earth's orbit, so they usually appear to pass slightly above or below the Sun in the sky. Seeing them from the Earth's surface is difficult, because of sunlight scattered in Earth's atmosphere, but observers in space can see them easily if direct sunlight is blocked from reaching the observer's eyes. The planets' phases are "new" when they are at inferior conjunction, passing more or less between the Sun and the Earth. Sometimes they appear to cross the solar disk, which is called a transit of the planet. At intermediate points on their orbits, these planets exhibit the full range of crescent and gibbous phases. == Superior planets == The superior planets, orbiting outside the Earth's orbit, do not exhibit a full range of phases since their maximum phase angles are smaller than 90°. Mars often appears significantly gibbous, it has a maximum phase angle of 45°. Jupiter has a maximum phase angle of 11.1° and Saturn of 6°, so their phases are almost always full. == See also == Earth phase Lunar
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{"page_id": 1132947, "title": "Planetary phase"}
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10.2±0.2, and for the northern companion as 9.6±0.2. SINFONI also measured the apparent magnitude of the system in the K band as 6.9±0.2 for the central engine and 8.1±0.2 for C, in the L band as 4.7±0.1 for the central engine and 7.3±0.1 for the northern companion, and in the M band as 4.4±0.3 for the central engine and 7.0±0.2 for the northern companion. SINFONI observations further detailed that the northern companion is possibly a conventional B1Ia+ high-luminosity star. A and B show a typical spectrum from a WC7 star, but with additional WN4 or WN5 star features theorised to be from one of the stars of the central engine; if confirmed, this would make Apep a rare binary system of WR stars. An alternative hypothesis also based on SINFONI data proposes that the spectra could all be from an unusual transitional WN/WC star, and that the northern companion would then be a conventional OB star. Combining the spectra of the WR stars EZ Canis Majoris and WR 90 would produce a spectrum almost identical to the one observed of the WR binary. The system was the first gamma-ray burst progenitor candidate to be discovered in the Milky Way galaxy, although it had not been known as such in early observations, such as those with the XMM-Newton and Chandra space telescopes, where it had been identified simply as an X-ray source as early as August 2004. Astronomer Joe Callingham first observed Apep during undergraduate studies at the University of Sydney with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope, and was noted as a potential colliding-wind binary, with a radio source as bright as Eta Carinae. Callingham and Peter Tuthill, who led the discovery of WR 104 in 1998 and sought interest in Apep after observing its extreme infrared properties, used the ESO's
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{"page_id": 59107278, "title": "Apep (star system)"}
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In typography, a bouma ( BOH-mə) is the shape of a cluster of letters, often a whole word. It is a reduction of "Bouma-shape", which was probably first used in Paul Saenger's 1997 book Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading, although Saenger himself attributes it to Insup & Maurice Martin Taylor. Its origin is in reference to hypotheses by the prominent vision researcher Herman Bouma, who studied the shapes and confusability of letters and letter strings. Some typographers believe that, when reading, people can recognize words by deciphering boumas, not just individual letters, or that the shape of the word is related to readability and/or legibility. The claim is that this is a natural strategy for increasing reading efficiency. However, considerable study and experimentation by cognitive psychologists led to their general acceptance of a different, and largely contradictory, theory by the end of the 1980s: parallel letterwise recognition. Since 2000, parallel letterwise recognition has been more evangelized to typographers by Microsoft's Dr Kevin Larson, via conference presentations and a widely read article. Nonetheless, ongoing research (starting from 2009) often supports the bouma model of reading. == See also == Visual thinking == References == == External links == Issue #13 of TYPO magazine devoted to readability Data from an experiment by H. Bouma Bouma2 - A Quasi-Stateless, Tunable Multiple String-Match Algorithm
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{"page_id": 951929, "title": "Bouma"}
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Sheffield Hallam, announced his intention to stand down from the House of Commons. Clegg was selected as the prospective parliamentary candidate. He took up a part-time teaching position in the politics department of the University of Sheffield, combining it with ongoing EU consultancy work with GPlus. He also gave a series of seminar lectures in the international relations Department of the University of Cambridge. == Member of Parliament (2005–2017) == Clegg worked closely with Allan throughout the campaign in Sheffield Hallam—including starring in a local pantomime—and won the seat in the 2005 general election with over 50% of the vote, and a majority of 8,682. This result represents one of the smallest swings away from a party in a seat where an existing MP has been succeeded by a newcomer (4.3%). He also served as treasurer and secretary of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on National Parks, a particular interest given that his constituency includes part of the Peak District National Park. Following his election to parliament, Clegg was promoted by leader Charles Kennedy to be the party's spokesperson on Europe, focusing on the party's preparations for an expected referendum on the European constitution and acting as deputy to Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Menzies Campbell. Clegg's ability to articulate liberal values at a very practical level quickly lent him prominence, with many already seeing him as a future Liberal Democrat leader. Following the resignation of Kennedy on 7 January 2006, Clegg was touted as a possible leadership contender. He was quick to rule himself out however instead declaring his support for Menzies Campbell ahead of his former colleague in the European Parliament Chris Huhne, with Campbell going on to win the ballot. Clegg had been a signatory to the letter circulated by Vince Cable prior to Kennedy's resignation, which stated his opposition
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{"page_id": 728093, "title": "Nick Clegg"}
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Biological Dynamics Markup Language (BDML) is an XML format for quantitative data describing biological dynamics. It was developed by the Shuichi Onami team at RIKEN QBiC. The Onami lab hosts the Systems Science of Biological Dynamics (SSBD) database. == References ==
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{"page_id": 49787748, "title": "Biological Dynamics Markup Language"}
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with the system, specified as any MATLAB data type. Sampling grid for model arrays, specified as a structure array. Use `SamplingGrid` to track the variable values associated with each model in a model array, including identified linear time-invariant (IDLTI) model arrays. Set the field names of the structure to the names of the sampling variables. Set the field values to the sampled variable values associated with each model in the array. All sampling variables must be numeric scalars, and all arrays of sampled values must match the dimensions of the model array. For example, you can create an 11-by-1 array of linear models, `sysarr`, by taking snapshots of a linear time-varying system at times `t = 0:10`. The following code stores the time samples with the linear models. sysarr.SamplingGrid = struct('time',0:10) Similarly, you can create a 6-by-9 model array, `M`, by independently sampling two variables, `zeta` and `w`. The following code maps the `(zeta,w)` values to `M`. [zeta,w] = ndgrid(,) M.SamplingGrid = struct('zeta',zeta,'w',w) When you display `M`, each entry in the array includes the corresponding `zeta` and `w` values. M M(:,:,1,1) [zeta=0.3, w=5] = 25 -------------- s^2 + 3 s + 25 M(:,:,2,1) [zeta=0.35, w=5] = 25 ---------------- s^2 + 3.5 s + 25 ... For model arrays generated by linearizing a Simulink® model at multiple parameter values or operating points, the software populates `SamplingGrid` automatically with the variable values that correspond to each entry in the array. For instance, the Simulink Control Design™ commands `linearize` and `slLinearizer` populate `SamplingGrid` automatically. By default, `SamplingGrid` is a structure with no fields. Object Functions ---------------- The following lists contain a representative subset of the functions you can use with `ss` model objects. In general, any function applicable to [Dynamic System
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{"source": 1184, "title": "from dpo"}
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initializations. As applications, (i) we characterize the functions that fully-connected networks can weak-learn on the binary hypercube and unit sphere, demonstrating that depth-2 is as powerful as any other depth for this task; (ii) we extend the merged-staircase necessity result for learning with latent low-dimensional structure [ABM22] to beyond the mean-field regime. Under cryptographic assumptions, we also show hardness results for learning with fully-connected networks trained by stochastic gradient descent (SGD). _Naoki Hiratani, Yash Mehta, Timothy P Lillicrap, Peter E. Latham_ **tl;dr:** Node perturbation is scalable against overparameterization but unstable in the presence of model mismatch. !Image 1654, determine whether performance increases or decreases, and use that information to adjust the weights. This algorithm -- known as node perturbation -- has been shown to work on simple problems, but little is known about either its stability or its scalability with respect to network size. We investigate these issues both analytically, in deep linear networks, and numerically, in deep nonlinear ones. We show analytically that in deep linear networks with one hidden layer, both learning time and performance depend very weakly on hidden layer size. However, unlike stochastic gradient descent, when there is model mismatch between the student and teacher networks, node perturbation is always unstable. The instability is triggered by weight diffusion, which eventually leads to very large weights. This instability can be suppressed by weight normalization, at the cost of bias in the learning rule. We confirm numerically that a similar instability, and to a lesser extent scalability, exist in deep nonlinear networks trained
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{"source": 3339, "title": "from dpo"}
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2 u: color D WHITE 3 u: D NIL 4 time D 0 5 for each vertex u 2 G: V 6 if u: color = = WHITE 7 DFS-V ISIT .G; u/ DFS-V ISIT .G; u/ 1 time D time C 1 // white vertex u has just been discovered 2 u: d D time 3 u: color D GRAY 4 for each 2 G: Adj Œu // explore edge .u; / 5 if : color = = WHITE 6 : D u 7 DFS-V ISIT .G; / 8 u: color D BLACK // blacken u; it is finished 9 time D time C 1 10 u: f D time Figure 22.4 illustrates the progress of DFS on the graph shown in Figure 22.2. Procedure DFS works as follows. Lines 1–3 paint all vertices white and ini-tialize their attributes to NIL . Line 4 resets the global time counter. Lines 5–7 check each vertex in V in turn and, when a white vertex is found, visit it using DFS-V ISIT . Every time DFS-V ISIT .G; u/ is called in line 7, vertex u becomes 22.3 Depth-first search 605 u v wx y z > 1/ 1/ 2/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ B1/ 2/ 3/ B > 4/5 > 1/ 2/ B > 4/5 3/6 > 1/ B > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > 1/ B > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > FB > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 > B > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 9/ B > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 9/ CB > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 9/ CB > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 9/ CBB > 4/5 3/6 2/7 > F > 1/8 9/
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{"source": 5230, "title": "from dpo"}
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cold or hot depending on the test? Good testing is hard. Most unit tests are written to ease the development. After finishing the development, they are safe to delete. Because they don't add any real value as I understand it. I understand that a test is a business contract of something that MUST work in a certain way. Unless the contract changes, the test must never be removed or changed. TDD and exhaustive unit testing make the maintenance process harder because you don't know if a test is useful or not. If you follow TDD, most unit tests are re-written all the time. Because they were not written to test a business or critical contract, they were originally written to help some programmer write some internal logic. mpweiher on Feb 28, 2023 | root | parent | next [–] > TDD encourages the use of mocks and unit testing to increase code coverage. No, it encourages reasonable decoupling, i.e. good design. If you see yourself introducing mocks (I think you mean stubs, mocks are something more specific) everywhere, you are feeling the pressure, but avoiding the good design. > Most unit tests are written to ease the development. Yes, unit tests help significantly in development. > After finishing the development, they are safe to delete. Noooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! They are your guardrails against regressions. > If you follow TDD, most unit tests are re-written all the time. Nope. mpweiher on March 1, 2023 | root | parent | next [–] > guardrails against regressions. And of course that's important because it enables you to be courageous and refactor mercilessly. Which again is important because it enables you to Do the Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work, and stick to YAGNI, because you know you can change your mind later. pinto_graveyard on
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{"source": 6594, "title": "from dpo"}
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The molecular formula C5H8O5 (molar mass: 148.12 g/mol, exact mass: 148.0372 u) may refer to: Citramalic acid α-Hydroxyglutaric acid
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{"page_id": 31017014, "title": "C5H8O5"}
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by which a light ray's speed decreases when traveling through a refractive medium, such as glass or water, as opposed to its velocity in a vacuum. As light passes the border between media, depending upon the relative refractive indices of the two media, the light will either be refracted to a lesser angle, or a greater one. These angles are measured with respect to the normal line, represented perpendicular to the boundary. In the case of light traveling from air into water, light would be refracted towards the normal line, because the light is slowed down in water; light traveling from water to air would refract away from the normal line. Refraction between two surfaces is also referred to as reversible because if all conditions were identical, the angles would be the same for light propagating in the opposite direction. Snell's law is generally true only for isotropic or specular media (such as glass). In anisotropic media such as some crystals, birefringence may split the refracted ray into two rays, the ordinary or o-ray which follows Snell's law, and the other extraordinary or e-ray which may not be co-planar with the incident ray. When the light or other wave involved is monochromatic, that is, of a single frequency, Snell's law can also be expressed in terms of a ratio of wavelengths in the two media, λ 1 {\displaystyle \lambda _{1}} and λ 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{2}} : sin θ 1 sin θ 2 = v 1 v 2 = λ 1 λ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {\lambda _{1}}{\lambda _{2}}}} == Derivations and formula == Snell's law can be derived in various ways. === Derivation from Fermat's principle === Snell's law can be derived from Fermat's principle, which states that the light travels the
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{"page_id": 42964, "title": "Snell's law"}
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