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United States because cost of deployment. In 2005 the Federal Communications Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC's rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations. Another system that is popular with cable internet service providers uses point-to-multipoint wireless links that extend the existing wired network using a transparent radio connection. This allows the same DOCSIS modems to be used for both wired and wireless customers. == Development in the United States == On November 14, 2007, the Commission released Public Notice DA 07–4605 in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for licensing and registration process for the 3650–3700 MHz band. In 2010 the FCC adopted the TV White Space Rules (TVWS) and allowed some of the better no line of sight frequency (700 MHz) into the FCC Part-15 Rules. The Wireless Internet Service Providers Association, a national association of WISPs, petitioned the FCC and won. Initially, WISPs were found only in rural areas not covered by cable or DSL. These early WISPs would employ a high-capacity T-carrier, such as a T1 or DS3 connection, and then broadcast the signal from a high elevation, such as at the top of a water tower. To receive this type of Internet connection, consumers mount a small dish to the roof of their home or office and point it to the transmitter. Line of sight is usually necessary for WISPs operating in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands with 900 MHz offering better NLOS (non-line-of-sight) performance. === Residential Wireless Internet === Providers of fixed wireless broadband services typically provide equipment to customers and install a small antenna or dish somewhere on the roof. This equipment is usually deployed as a service and maintained by the company providing that service. Fixed wireless services have
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{"page_id": 4595, "title": "Wireless broadband"}
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square space and allowed to fall under gravity with a small initial velocity to form a packing. There are no overlaps between the particles, and the walls. Then the packing bed is compressed by a modeled plane at a low speed, most of the time, it is set to 10d/s. When the compact density reaches the set value, for example 0.75, the loading process stops and the plane goes up with the speed 5d/s. The compaction stage is ended when the top plane leaves the highest particle. In the recently research, periodical boundaries are used during the packing and compaction stages to exclude the effect of wall. == References ==
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{"page_id": 22313802, "title": "Compaction simulation"}
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In mathematics, the Lefschetz zeta-function is a tool used in topological periodic and fixed point theory, and dynamical systems. Given a continuous map f : X → X {\displaystyle f\colon X\to X} , the zeta-function is defined as the formal series ζ f ( t ) = exp ( ∑ n = 1 ∞ L ( f n ) t n n ) , {\displaystyle \zeta _{f}(t)=\exp \left(\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }L(f^{n}){\frac {t^{n}}{n}}\right),} where L ( f n ) {\displaystyle L(f^{n})} is the Lefschetz number of the n {\displaystyle n} -th iterate of f {\displaystyle f} . This zeta-function is of note in topological periodic point theory because it is a single invariant containing information about all iterates of f {\displaystyle f} . == Examples == The identity map on X {\displaystyle X} has Lefschetz zeta function 1 ( 1 − t ) χ ( X ) , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(1-t)^{\chi (X)}}},} where χ ( X ) {\displaystyle \chi (X)} is the Euler characteristic of X {\displaystyle X} , i.e., the Lefschetz number of the identity map. For a less trivial example, let X = S 1 {\displaystyle X=S^{1}} be the unit circle, and let f : S 1 → S 1 {\displaystyle f\colon S^{1}\to S^{1}} be reflection in the x-axis, that is, f ( θ ) = − θ {\displaystyle f(\theta )=-\theta } . Then f {\displaystyle f} has Lefschetz number 2, while f 2 {\displaystyle f^{2}} is the identity map, which has Lefschetz number 0. Likewise, all odd iterates have Lefschetz number 2, while all even iterates have Lefschetz number 0. Therefore, the zeta function of f {\displaystyle f} is ζ f ( t ) = exp ( ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 t 2 n + 1 2 n + 1 ) = exp (
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{"page_id": 2945299, "title": "Lefschetz zeta function"}
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as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves. A stimulus response function or stimulus response curve is defined more broadly as the response from any type of stimulus, not limited to chemicals. DragIn fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the velocity for a laminar flow and the squared velocity for a turbulent flow. Even though the ultimate cause of a drag is viscous friction, the turbulent drag is independent of viscosity. Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path. Drift currentIn condensed matter physics and electrochemistry, drift current is the electric current, or movement of charge carriers, which is due to the applied electric field, often stated as the electromotive force over a given distance. When an electric field is applied across a semiconductor material, a current is produced due to the flow of charge carriers. Ductilityis a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. Dynamicsis the branch of classical mechanics concerned with the study of forces and their effects on motion. Isaac Newton defined the fundamental physical laws which govern dynamics in physics, especially his second law of
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{"page_id": 36535684, "title": "Glossary of engineering: A–L"}
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place a higher value on letters that feature in their name. It was crucial to the experimental design to rule out other factors, particularly mere exposure. If letters in a name are also letters that occur with higher frequency, then a preference for one's own letters might arise from the mere-exposure effect. === Method === To find an effect which ruled out mere exposure, Nuttin created a yoked control design in which two subjects evaluated the same letters separately. Some of the letters belonged to one subject's name, and some of the letters belonged to the other subject's name, while some were random. In this design, any difference in preference between subjects would have to be based on whether the letter occurred in their name. For example, take the fictitious pair Irma Maes and Jef Jacobs as shown in the table. The first stimulus is A and U: the last letter of Irma's first name and a letter not in her name. The next stimulus is M and D: the penultimate letter from Irma's first name and a letter not part of her name. As can be seen in the table this is repeated for the remaining letters of Irma's first name. The letters of her last name then also appear in reverse order, and finally the letters of both of Jef's names. The shading in the table reveals the pattern hidden to subjects, who would have been told to circle their preferred letter of each pair as fast as possible without thinking. In the first trial, 38 Dutch-speaking local elementary school girls circled the letters they preferred in two yoked lists of letter pairs. A significant preference for the letters of one's own name over those of the other person was found. The second experiment used 98 Dutch-speaking local
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{"page_id": 14295551, "title": "Name-letter effect"}
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numbers λ1 log α1 + ⋯ + λn log αn. So two of these expressions must be the same which shows that log α1,...,log αn are linearly dependent over the rationals. Baker (1967b) gave an inhomogeneous version of the theorem, showing that β 0 + β 1 log α 1 + ⋯ + β n log α n {\displaystyle \beta _{0}+\beta _{1}\log \alpha _{1}+\cdots +\beta _{n}\log \alpha _{n}} is nonzero for nonzero algebraic numbers β0, ..., βn, α1, ..., αn, and moreover giving an effective lower bound for it. The proof is similar to the homogeneous case: one can assume that β 0 + β 1 log α 1 + ⋯ + β n − 1 log α n − 1 = log α n {\displaystyle \beta _{0}+\beta _{1}\log \alpha _{1}+\cdots +\beta _{n-1}\log \alpha _{n-1}=\log \alpha _{n}} and one inserts an extra variable z0 into Φ as follows: Φ ( z 0 , … , z n − 1 ) = ∑ λ 0 = 0 L ⋯ ∑ λ n = 0 L p ( λ 0 , … , λ n ) z 0 λ 0 e λ n β 0 z 0 α 1 ( λ 1 + λ n β 1 ) z 1 ⋯ α n − 1 ( λ n − 1 + λ n β n − 1 ) z n − 1 {\displaystyle \Phi (z_{0},\ldots ,z_{n-1})=\sum _{\lambda _{0}=0}^{L}\cdots \sum _{\lambda _{n}=0}^{L}p(\lambda _{0},\ldots ,\lambda _{n})z_{0}^{\lambda _{0}}e^{\lambda _{n}\beta _{0}z_{0}}\alpha _{1}^{(\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{n}\beta _{1})z_{1}}\cdots \alpha _{n-1}^{(\lambda _{n-1}+\lambda _{n}\beta _{n-1})z_{n-1}}} == Corollaries == As mentioned above, the theorem includes numerous earlier transcendence results concerning the exponential function, such as the Hermite–Lindemann theorem and Gelfond–Schneider theorem. It is not quite as encompassing as the still unproven Schanuel's conjecture, and does not imply
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{"page_id": 28751817, "title": "Baker's theorem"}
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both in the UK and outside. In 1985 he founded the Employment Institute to press for welfare to work policies, and his proposals were largely implemented in 2007 in the Labour Party’s New Deal policies for young people, and then older adults. His influence also spread to Europe. In the 1980s he was Chairman of the European Commission’s Macroeconomic Policy Group and in the 1990s the Hartz reforms in Germany were influenced by his work. From 1997 to 2001 he was a part-time consultant to the British government on welfare-to-work and vocational education. On inequality, his work shows the key role of education in influencing the income of individuals and families. He has been a strong advocate of better vocational education (including apprenticeship) for less academic youngsters. The case he made led to major increases in apprenticeship and the 2009 Apprenticeship Act which guaranteed access to an apprenticeship for qualified applicants (unfortunately repealed). He advocated many of the policies which characterised the New Labour government, particularly the New Deal, partly by founding the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics. He supported the idea of welfare-to-work, where social welfare payments are structured in a way that encourages (or forces) recipients back into the job market. As well as academic positions, Layard worked as an advisor for numerous organisations, including government institutions in the United Kingdom and Russia. In 1990 he was founder-director of the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics where he is presently a programme director. The Centre has become one of Europe's leading research institutes === Happiness and wellbeing === Layard became active in the study of what has since come to be known as happiness economics. This branch of economic analysis starts from the argument that income is a bad
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{"page_id": 2051553, "title": "Richard Layard, Baron Layard"}
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SMT (formerly Sports MEDIA Technology Corporation) is a business that specializes in graphics for broadcasts, webcasts and live events in sports and entertainment. They were the first company to employ real-time scoring and wireless data systems on television. SMT’s customers include broadcasting television networks, regional and specialty networks and sports governing bodies. In 2012 it acquired IDS (Information and Display Systems) as a division of the company to provide scoring, results and statistics on-site for live events. In 2016, SMT acquired Chicago-based rival Sportvision. == History == SMT was founded in 1996 by Gerard J. Hall after developing the first real-time scoring and wireless data delivery system for the PGA Tour to replace walkie-talkie communication used at the time. He developed a way to interface real-time scoring with TV production using personal computers. Hall provided this interface from 1988 to 1991 for NBC Sports’ coverage of PGA Tour telecasts. In June 1990, he formally incorporated what was then known as SportsMEDIA Technology Corporation with an eye toward offering TV interface technology to other sports television broadcasters. Shortly thereafter, the company signed an exclusive four-year agreement with ESPN to provide interface TV graphics services for many live sporting events. The scoring system used by SportsMEDIA became modified during this period to include compiling statistics based on performance or event data of a sports or performance event or activity. The system received a U.S. patent in 1996. Following the end of the exclusive ESPN contract, Hall led SportsMEDIA Technology into the design and development of the first clock-and-score graphic on TV, the SportsMEDIA Autograph device. It became known as the Fox Box, and it set constant on-air graphic scoreboards as a standard operating procedure for all sports telecasts. By the late 1990s, SportsMEDIA Technology began providing statistics for CBS Sports announcers to
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{"page_id": 43248075, "title": "SMT (media company)"}
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can vary independently string name; int volume; }; ``` but: ``` class Date { public: // validate that {yy, mm, dd} is a valid date and initialize Date(int yy, Month mm, char dd); // ... private: int y; Month m; char d; // day }; ``` ##### Note If a class has any `private` data, a user cannot completely initialize an object without the use of a constructor. Hence, the class definer will provide a constructor and must specify its meaning. This effectively means the definer need to define an invariant. **See also**: * define a class with private data as `class`; // validate that {yy, mm, dd} is a valid date and initialize Date(int yy, Month mm, char dd); int day() const; Month month() const; // ... private: // ... some representation ... }; ``` For example, we can now change the representation of a `Date` without affecting its users (recompilation is likely, though). ##### Note Using a class in this way to represent the distinction between interface and implementation is of course not the only way. For example, we can use a set of declarations of freestanding functions in a namespace, an abstract base class, or a function template with concepts to represent an interface. The most important issue is to explicitly distinguish between an interface and its implementation “details.” Ideally, and typically, an interface is far more stable
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{"source": 1719, "title": "from dpo"}
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views. Experiments show that SyncDreamer generates images with high consistency across different views, thus making it well-suited for various 3D generation tasks such as novel-view-synthesis, text-to-3D, and image-to-3D. Project page: _Linlu Qiu, Liwei Jiang, Ximing Lu, Melanie Sclar, Valentina Pyatkin, Chandra Bhagavatula, Bailin Wang, Yoon Kim, Yejin Choi, Nouha Dziri, Xiang Ren_ !Image 22 often fall short on inductive reasoning, despite achieving impressive success on research benchmarks. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of the inductive reasoning capabilities of LMs through $\textit{iterative hypothesis refinement}$, a technique that more closely mirrors the human inductive process than standard input-output prompting. Iterative hypothesis refinement employs a three-step process: proposing, selecting, and refining hypotheses in the form of textual rules. By examining the intermediate rules, we observe that LMs are phenomenal $\textit{hypothesis proposers}$ (i.e., generating candidate rules), and when coupled with a (task-specific) symbolic interpreter that is able to systematically filter the proposed set of rules, this hybrid approach achieves strong results across inductive reasoning benchmarks that require inducing causal relations, language-like instructions, and symbolic concepts. However, they also behave as puzzling $\textit{inductive reasoners}$, showing notable performance gaps in rule induction (i.e., identifying plausible rules) and rule application (i.e., applying proposed rules to instances), suggesting that LMs are proposing hypotheses without being able to actually apply the rules. Through extensive empirical and human analyses, we further reveal several discrepancies between the inductive reasoning processes of LMs and humans, shedding light on both the potentials and limitations of using LMs in inductive reasoning tasks. _Lin-Han Jia, Lan-Zhe Guo, Zhi Zhou, Yu-Feng Li_ !Image 23 has emerged as
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{"source": 3883, "title": "from dpo"}
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define fW=R[ WPO)]~ (3) where R is some simple reduction from 64 to 56 bits, such as dropping the last 8 bits of the ciphertext. Fig. 1 depicts the construction off. Computing f(K) is almost as simple as enciphering, but computing K from f(K) is equivalent to cryptanalysis. If the cryptosystem is secure, f is therefore a one-way func-tion . The time-memory trade-off described in this paper applies to inverting any one-way function, not just those derived from cryptosystems. As part of the precomputation, the cryptanalyst chooses m starting points, SP,, SP,, * * +, SP,, each an independent random variable drawn uniformly from the key space { 1,2, * * * ,N}. For 1 Fig. 2. column of Fig. 2), or EP, has more than one inverse > Matrix of images under Jimage. We refer to this latter event as a false alarm. If Y, = EP,, the cryptanalyst therefore computes Xi,,- i and checks if it is the key, for example by seeing if it deciphers If Y, is not an endpoint the key is not in the next to the Co into Pw Because all intermediate columns in Fig. 2were discarded to save memory, the cryptanalyst must start at SP, and recompute Xi,i,Xi,2,. . . , etc. until he last column in Fig. 2. (If it were, Y,, which is its image under f, would be an endpoint.) reaches Xi,, _ i . The last element or endpoint in the ith chain (or row) is denoted by EP,. Clearly EP, = f ‘(SP,). (6) To reduce memory requirements, the cryptanalyst dis-cards all intermediate points as they are produced and sorts the { SP,,EP,}y= , on the endpoints. The sorted table is stored as the result of this precomputation. Now suppose someone chooses a key K and the
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{"source": 5838, "title": "from dpo"}
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discoveries of elements 115 and 117 was a link they considered to be doubtful. On 8 June 2017, two members of the Dubna team published a journal article answering these criticisms, analysing their data on the nuclides 293117 and 289115 with widely accepted statistical methods, noted that the 2016 studies indicating non-congruence produced problematic results when applied to radioactive decay: they excluded from the 90% confidence interval both average and extreme decay times, and the decay chains that would be excluded from the 90% confidence interval they chose were more probable to be observed than those that would be included. The 2017 reanalysis concluded that the observed decay chains of 293117 and 289115 were consistent with the assumption that only one nuclide was present at each step of the chain, although it would be desirable to be able to directly measure the mass number of the originating nucleus of each chain as well as the excitation function of the 243Am + 48Ca reaction. === Naming === Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, element 117 should be known as eka-astatine. Using the 1979 recommendations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the element was temporarily called ununseptium (symbol Uus), formed from Latin roots "one", "one", and "seven", a reference to the element's atomic number 117. Many scientists in the field called it "element 117", with the symbol E117, (117), or 117. According to guidelines of IUPAC valid at the moment of the discovery approval, the permanent names of new elements should have ended in "-ium"; this included element 117, even if the element was a halogen, which traditionally have names ending in "-ine"; however, the new recommendations published in 2016 recommended using the "-ine" ending for all new group 17 elements. After the original synthesis in
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{"page_id": 67611, "title": "Tennessine"}
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and less summer ice, some planktivores species are already moving north into these new open waters. Atlantic cod and orcas have been documented in these new territories, while planktivores such as Arctic cod are losing their habitat and feeding grounds under and around the sea ice. Similarly, the Arctic birds, the Least and Crested Auklets rely on zooplankton that lives under the disappearing sea ice and has seen dramatic effects on reproductive fitness and nutrition stress with the decreasing amounts of zooplankton available in the Bering Sea basin. In another prime example of shifting food webs, Moore et al. (2018) have found a shift from benthic dominated ecosystem to a more pelagic dominated ecosystem feeding structure. With longer open water periods, due to a loss of sea ice the Chukchi Sea has seen a shift in the past three decades. The increase in air temperature and loss of sea ice have coupled to promote an increase in pelagic fishes and a decrease in benthic biomass. This shift has encouraged a shift to planktivorous seabirds instead of piscivorous seabirds. Pollock fish are a planktivorous fish that rely on copepods as their primary diet as juveniles. According to the Oscillating Control Hypothesis, early ice retreat caused by a warming climate creates a later bloom of copepods and aphids (a plankton species). The later bloom produces fewer large lipid rich copepods, and results in smaller less nutrient rich copepods. The older pollock then face a winter starvation, causing carnivory on young pollock (<1yr old), and reduced population numbers and fitness. Similar to the Arctic, sea ice in the Antarctic is melting rapidly and permanent ice is becoming less and less (Zachary Lab Cite). This ice melt creates changes in freshwater input and ocean stratification, consequently affecting nutrient delivery to primary producers. As sea
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{"page_id": 36726184, "title": "Planktivore"}
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an invasive pest, it is Homo sapiens." Proponents of the utilitarian view argue that "healthy ecosystems are characterized by their capability to sustain healthy human populations," and "healthy ecosystems must be economically viable," as it is "unhealthy" ecosystems that are likely to result in increases in contamination, infectious diseases, fires, floods, crop failures and fishery collapse. Protectionists argue that privileging of human health is a conflict of interest as humans have demolished massive numbers of ecosystems to maintain their welfare, also disease and parasitism are historically normal in pre-industrial nature. Diseases and parasites promote ecosystem functioning, driving biodiversity and productivity, and parasites may constitute a significant fraction of ecosystem biomass. The very choice of the word "health" applied to ecology has been questioned as lacking in neutrality in a BioScience article on responsible use of scientific language: "Some conservationists fear that these terms could endorse human domination of the planet ... and could exacerbate the shifting cognitive baseline whereby humans tend to become accustomed to new and often degraded ecosystems and thus forget the nature of the past." == Criticism of the concept and proposed alternatives == Criticism of ecosystem health largely targets the failure of proponents to explicitly distinguish the normative (policy preference) dimension from the descriptive (scientific information) dimension, and has included the following: Ecosystem health is in the eye of the beholder. It is an economic, political or ethical judgement rather than a scientific measure of environmental quality. Health ratings are shaped by the goals and preferences of environmental stakeholders. "There is no scientific basis for demarcating ecosystem health." "At the core of debates over the utility of ecosystem health is a struggle over which societal preferences will take precedence." Ecosystem health is an example of normative science, and "using normative science in policy deliberations is stealth
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{"page_id": 40159918, "title": "Ecosystem health"}
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lifecycle cost. It only affects the layout of the below-deck units. The plan is to back-fit the existing AN/SPS-48E population from 2011 through 2020, with the SPS-48G units. They will support fleet 3D air search requirements through 2050 and beyond for the ship classes that have SPS-48G. The earlier 1st and 2nd stage RF amplifiers are replaced with a solid state transmitter and the receiver, processor, and Auxiliary Detection Processor, formerly housed in individual equipment cabinets, are combined into a single cabinet. The number of Lowest Replaceable Units is reduced by 87%, and mean time between critical failure is improved over the AN/SPS-48E(V) by 104%. The new commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) radar processor's computing capabilities will be sustained through a planned tech-refresh program. More intuitive and interactive built-in-test and embedded maintenance and operator training makes available all radar technical, engineering, and logistics data and allows remote monitoring and distance support, while ensuring accurate and timely configuration management. == Uses == With the air targets exact 3D location it is available for interception/removal via either the ship's weapon system or through linked weapons platforms located elsewhere. It is the predecessor of the AEGIS system currently in use on Arleigh Burke-class destroyers and Ticonderoga-class cruisers. The AEGIS AN/SPY-1B/D radars are electronically scanned phased arrays, while the SPS-48E is frequency scanned in elevation, and mounted on a rotating joint that spins the radar in azimuth. The AN/SPS-48 is carried by US Navy ships such as Nimitz-class aircraft carriers, Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships and San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks. == Variants == AN/SPS-48A - Addition of Moving Target Indicator (MTI) to SPS-48 AN/SPS-48B - Unknown, possible non-existent or prototype for -48C AN/SPS-48C - -48A with Automatic detection and tracking capability as well as Moving target indicator (MTI) capability. AN/SPS-48D - Prototype
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{"page_id": 7353901, "title": "AN/SPS-48"}
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die Ausbreitung der Wellen in der drahtlosen Telegraphie", Annalen der Physik, Vol. 28, pp. 665–736, March 1909. (Tr. "About the Propagation of waves in wireless telegraphy.") A. Sommerfeld, "Propagation of waves in wireless telegraphy," Ann. Phys., vol. 81, pp. 1367–1153, 1926. K. A. Norton, "The propagation of radio waves over the surface of the earth and in the upper atmosphere," Proc. IRE, vol. 24, pp. 1367–1387, 1936. K. A. Norton, "The calculations of ground wave field intensity over a finitely conducting spherical earth," Proc. IRE, vol. 29, pp. 623–639, 1941. G. Goubau, "Surface waves and their application to transmission lines," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 21, pp. 1119–1128; November,1950. G. Goubau, “Über die Zennecksche Bodenwelle,” (Tr."On the Zenneck Surface Wave."), Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik, Vol. 3, 1951, Nrs. 3/4, pp. 103–107. Wait Wait, J. R., "Lateral Waves and the Pioneering Research of the Late Kenneth A Norton". Wait, J. R., and D. A. Hill, "Excitation of the HF surface wave by vertical and horizontal apertures". Radio Science, 14, 1979, pp 767–780. Wait, J. R., and D. A. Hill, "Excitation of the Zenneck Surface Wave by a Vertical Aperture", Radio Science, Vol. 13, No. 6, November–December, 1978, pp. 969–977. Wait, J. R., "A note on surface waves and ground waves", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Nov 1965. Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp. 996–997 ISSN 0096-1973 Wait, J. R., "The ancient and modern history of EM ground-wave propagation". IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 40, pp. 7–24, Oct. 1998. Wait, J. R., "Appendix C: On the theory of ground wave propagation over a slightly roughned curved earth", Electromagnetic Probing in Geophysics. Boulder, CO., Golem, 1971, pp. 37–381. Wait, J. R., "Electromagnetic surface waves", Advances in Radio Research, 1, New York, Academic Press, 1964, pp. 157–219. Others R. E. Collin, "Hertzian Dipole Radiating Over
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{"page_id": 41763, "title": "Surface wave"}
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∴ Socrates is mortal." ∵ Abbreviation of "because" or "since". Placed between two assertions, it means that the first one is implied by the second one. For example: "11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one." ∋ 1. Abbreviation of "such that". For example, x ∋ x > 3 {\displaystyle x\ni x>3} is normally printed "x such that x > 3 {\displaystyle x>3} ". 2. Sometimes used for reversing the operands of ∈ {\displaystyle \in } ; that is, S ∋ x {\displaystyle S\ni x} has the same meaning as x ∈ S {\displaystyle x\in S} . See ∈ in § Set theory. ∝ Abbreviation of "is proportional to". == Miscellaneous == ! 1. Factorial: if n is a positive integer, n! is the product of the first n positive integers, and is read as "n factorial". 2. Double factorial: if n is a positive integer, n!! is the product of all positive integers up to n with the same parity as n; that is, if n is odd, the product of all odd integers from 1 up to and including n, and if n is even, the product of all even integers, up to and including n. It is read as "the double factorial of n". 3. Subfactorial: if n is a positive integer, !n is the number of derangements of a set of n elements, and is read as "the subfactorial of n". * Many different uses in mathematics; see Asterisk § Mathematics. | 1. Divisibility: if m and n are two integers, m ∣ n {\displaystyle m\mid n} means that m divides n evenly. 2. In set-builder notation, it is used as a separator meaning "such that"; see {□ | □}. 3. Restriction of a function: if f is a
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{"page_id": 73634, "title": "Glossary of mathematical symbols"}
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easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available in 1967. The EIAJ format is a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 is an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 uses a cartridge that contains a supply reel, but not the take-up reel. Since the take-up reel is part of the recorder, the tape has to be fully rewound before removing the cartridge, which is a relatively slow procedure. The development of the videocassette followed other replacements of open-reel systems with a cassette or cartridge in consumer items: the Stereo-Pak 4-track audio cartridge in 1962, the compact audio cassette and Instamatic film cartridge in 1963, the 8-track cartridge in 1965, and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs recorded with good quality, the recordings could not be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. == Technology == In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads move across the tape in a transverse or nearly vertical path, recording the video signal in consecutive parallel tracks sideways across the tape. This allows use of the entire width
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{"page_id": 373862, "title": "Video tape recorder"}
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the further erosion of Christocentric biblical interpretation." Christian theologian, James M. Gustafson, questions the claim implied by Peter Ochs' descriptions of Scriptural Reasoning that it "has not only the capacity, but also the authority to correct 'modernist reason'" — and asking whether Scriptural Reasoning has been sufficiently open to the critical discourses fostered in modernity. He writes, "One is startled to read 'scriptural reasoning' in the singular … the use of 'scriptural reasoning' implies a canon within the canon, the parameters and perimeters which are undisclosed". His points have been responded to by S. Mark Heim. Christina Grenholm and Daniel Patte critique Scriptural Reasoning's presuppositions of Christian self-understanding and context for biblical interpretation. They write: The so-called "scriptural reasoning" movement presupposes Christianity as a separate nation with clear borders and set markers and Scripture as its authorised map … but without adopting the critical perspective that would reveal that there are different kinds of "scriptural reasonings" Catholic theologian, Gavin D'Costa offers a four-fold criticism of David Ford's presentation of Scriptural Reasoning. Firstly, he asserts that Christological and ecclesiological doctrine necessary for Christian biblical reading is marginalized by SR. He comments: "Ford's tent insinuates (and nothing stronger can be said here) the logic of liberalism: the Bible has no binding authority, nor has the church's reading of it got primary status, nor can Christian scripture/Christ actually narrate the other texts of scriptures: Jewish and Muslim." D'Costa moreover argues that "SR seems to eschew any canopy over the project, but the metaphysics of Christian scriptural reading generates precisely such a canopy". Furthermore, he asserts that "there is a vaguely pluralistic agenda present" and that "SR is analogised [by Ford] to shared worship". D'Costa states that SR neglects scope for witness and evangelism. His critique has been responded to by Darren Sarisky. ===
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{"page_id": 6182483, "title": "Scriptural reasoning"}
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brightness, or 10,000 hours at 100% brightness. Compared to LCDs, OLEDs may be more susceptible to screen burn-in and/or brightness degradation. ==== Degradation ==== Degradation occurs because of the accumulation of nonradiative recombination centers and luminescence quenchers in the emissive zone. It is said that the chemical breakdown in the semiconductors occurs in four steps: recombination of charge carriers through the absorption of UV light homolytic dissociation subsequent radical addition reactions that form π radicals disproportionation between two radicals resulting in hydrogen-atom transfer reactions In 2007, experimental OLEDs were created which can sustain 400 cd/m2 of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs. In 2012, OLED lifetime to half of the initial brightness was improved to 900,000 hours for red, 1,450,000 hours for yellow and 400,000 hours for green at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. Proper encapsulation is critical for prolonging an OLED display's lifetime, as the OLED light emitting electroluminescent materials are sensitive to oxygen and moisture. When exposed to moisture or oxygen, the electroluminescent materials in OLEDs degrade as they oxidize, generating black spots and reducing or shrinking the area that emits light, reducing light output. This reduction can occur in a pixel by pixel basis. This can also lead to delamination of the electrode layer, eventually leading to complete panel failure. Degradation occurs three orders of magnitude faster when exposed to moisture than when exposed to oxygen. Encapsulation can be performed by applying an epoxy adhesive with dessicant, by laminating a glass sheet with epoxy glue and dessicant followed by vacuum degassing, or by using Thin-Film Encapsulation (TFE), which is a multi-layer coating of alternating organic and inorganic layers. The organic layers are applied using inkjet printing, and the inorganic layers are applied using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The
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{"page_id": 191646, "title": "OLED"}
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at least childhood. His anosmia has influenced the texture-rich formulations of their ice creams. Jason Sudeikis: American actor and comedian, known for his work on Saturday Night Live and Ted Lasso. He was born without a sense of smell. Perrie Edwards: Singer with the British girl group Little Mix. It is believed she has congenital anosmia. William Wordsworth: While not definitively confirmed, some scholars believe the famous English Romantic poet may have had congenital anosmia based on his writings. == In popular media == This Is What It's Like to Live in a World Without Smell: A short film that showcases the experiences of individuals living with congenital anosmia. It provides a personal perspective on how the absence of smell affects daily life and emotional experiences. Anosmia by Jacob LaMendola: A documentary short film that delves into the life of the filmmaker, who has congenital anosmia. The film explores the sensory experiences and challenges faced by those who cannot smell. Let's Talk Smell and Taste: A short film produced by Fifth Sense, featuring members of the anosmia community sharing their stories and the impact of the condition on their lives. The film highlights the emotional and social aspects of living without the sense of smell. == See also == Anosmia Anosmia Awareness Day == References ==
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{"page_id": 77300403, "title": "Congenital anosmia"}
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reflective literacy. English Teachin g: Practice and Critique , 6(2), 8 –24. Adams, M. J. (2009). The challenge of advanced texts: The interdependence of reading and learning. In E. H. Hiebert (Ed.), Reading more, reading better: Are American students reading enough of the right stuff? (pp. 163 –189). New York, NY: Guilford. Bardovi -Harlig, K. (2000). Tense and aspect in second language acquisition: Form, meaning, and use. Language Learning Monograph Series. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Bartholomae, D. (1980). The study of error. College Composition an d Communication , 31 (3), 253 –269. Baumann, J. F., & Kameenui, E. J. (1991). Research on vocabulary instruction: Ode to Voltaire. In J. Flood, J. M. Jensen, D. Lapp, & J. R. Squire (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts (pp. 604 – 632). New York, NY: Macmillan. Becker, W. C. (1977). Teaching reading and language to the disadvantaged —What we have learned from field research. Harvard Educational Review , 47 , 518 –543. Betts, E. A. (1946). Foundations of reading instruction, with emphasis on differentiated guidance. New York, NY: American Book Company. Biber, D. (1991). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Biemiller, A. (2001). Teaching vocabulary: Early, direct, and sequential. American Educ ator , 25 (1), 24 –28, 47. Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior , 26 , 413 –437. Daneman, M., & Green, I. (1986). Indi vidual differences in comprehending and producing words in context. Journal of Memory and Language , 25 (1), 1 –18. Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for English Language Arts and Literacy 192 DeVilliers, J., & DeVilliers, P. (1973). A cross -sectional study of the acquisition of grammatical morphemes in child speech.
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{"source": 966, "title": "from dpo"}
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in the strongest possible attacker model (noise-free), eviction set construction algorithms fail to find a set of congruent addresses. Keywords: Cache-based side-channel attacks, Memory hierachy, Randomized caches. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i1 Context and Motivations 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Memory Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.1 Software Isolation Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.2 Trusted Execution Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Hardware Sharing and Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 Cache-based Side-Channel Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.6 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.7 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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{"source": 2331, "title": "from dpo"}
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The guidelines regarding subsidiary board composition are aligned with best international practices and ensure appropriate Group presence on the subsidiary boards with at least two Group nominated directors on each board. The subsidiaries are also subject to local regulations and supervisory standards. • The relationship between regional and country heads and the Group CEO. • The relationship between local and global heads of key positions, following a three lines of defence model: chief officers for risk (CRO), compliance (CCO), audit (CAE), finance (CFO) and accounting (CAO), as well as other key support and business functions (Technology and Operations, HR, General Counsel and Legal Services, Marketing, Communications, Strategy, as well as the five global businesses: CIB, Retail, Wealth, Consumer and Payments). The Group has three regional heads who report to the Group CEO and are responsible for consolidating and streamlining the management and coordination of its core subsidiaries in the three geographic areas where it operates: Europe, South America and North America. They must undertake their key responsibilities in compliance with European Union and country-specific laws and regulations, and ensure that the country heads' role and accountability (including regulatory responsibilities) are not undermined. Grupo Santander has corporate frameworks for matters considered to have a material impact on its risk profile, such as risk, capital, liquidity, compliance, financial crime, technology, auditing, accounting, finance, strategy, human resources, outsourcing, cybersecurity, special situations management communications and brand and responsible banking. These frameworks, which are mandatory, also specify: • how the Group should supervise and exert control over subsidiaries; and 278 2023 Annual report Contents Business model and strategy > Responsible banking > Corporate governance > Economic and financial review > Risk, compliance &conduct management • the Group’s involvement in subsidiaries’ decision-making (and vice versa). The Banco Santander board approves the GSGM and corporate frameworks for
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{"source": 4951, "title": "from dpo"}
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i. Suppose, further, that \kappa is small enough in terms of \varepsilon , and that \kappa \leqslant \frac{1}{2} \min _j (c_j-c_{j+1}). (a) If ({\mathscr {W}},{{\textbf{b}}}) is unsaturated, then \textrm{e}({\mathscr {W}}, {\textbf{b}}) \geqslant \textrm{e}({\mathscr {V}},{{\textbf{c}}},{\varvec{\mu }}) + \varepsilon /2. (b) If ({\mathscr {W}},{\textbf{b}}) is a saturated, then \textrm{e}({\mathscr {W}},{{\textbf{b}}}) \geqslant \textrm{e}({\mathscr {V}},{{\textbf{c}}},{\varvec{\mu }}) + \varepsilon \delta ({{\textbf{b}}})/2. Proof We treat both parts together for most of the proof. Let m_j be defined by (5.8). In particular, m_0=0 because c_1=1. Note that \begin{aligned} \max _{i\in I_j}(c_j-b_i)=c_j-b_{m_j}, \end{aligned} and let h be such that \begin{aligned} \delta ({{\textbf{b}}})=c_{h}-b_{m_{h}} . \end{aligned} Without loss of generality, we may assume that b_{m_{h}} a_2> \ldots > a_{n_r}, \end{aligned} so that \begin{aligned} a_t \in {\textbf{A}}^j \qquad \text{ if } \text{ and } \text{ only } \text{ if }\qquad n_{j-1}c_{j+1}\qquad \implies \qquad W_i \leqslant V_j. \end{aligned}
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{"source": 6232, "title": "from dpo"}
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Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. An individual photon can be described as having right or left circular polarization, or a superposition of the two. Equivalently, a photon can be described as having horizontal or vertical linear polarization, or a superposition of the two. The description of photon polarization contains many of the physical concepts and much of the mathematical machinery of more involved quantum descriptions, such as the quantum mechanics of an electron in a potential well. Polarization is an example of a qubit degree of freedom, which forms a fundamental basis for an understanding of more complicated quantum phenomena. Much of the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics, such as state vectors, probability amplitudes, unitary operators, and Hermitian operators, emerge naturally from the classical Maxwell's equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector, usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave. Unitary operators emerge from the classical requirement of the conservation of energy of a classical wave propagating through lossless media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization state. Many of the implications of the mathematical machinery are easily verified experimentally. In fact, many of the experiments can be performed with polaroid sunglass lenses. The connection with quantum mechanics is made through the identification of a minimum packet size, called a photon, for energy in the electromagnetic field. The identification is based on the theories of Planck and the interpretation of those theories by Einstein. The correspondence principle then allows the identification of momentum and angular momentum (called spin), as well as energy, with the photon. == Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves == ===
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{"page_id": 6432722, "title": "Photon polarization"}
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with the X-Men as a mysterious criminal gang and the Brotherhood as a secret society of corrupt cops. X-Men: The End – A possible ending to the X-Men's early 2005 status quo. X-Men '92 – Follows "Secret Wars", the X-Men of the 1992 TV Series, received their own comic book series. == In other media == The X-Men team has featured in multiple forms of media including the 20th Century Fox live-action film series, multiple animated shows, live-action shows, multiple video games, numerous novels, motion comics, soundtracks, action figures, and clothing. == See also == List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts Doom Patrol, a similar team of super-powered misfits appearing in comics published by DC Comics Harbingers/Psiots, another group of superpowered outcasts appearing in comics published by Valiant Comics == References == === Bibliography === Deman, J. Andrew (2023). The Claremont Run: Subverting Gender in the X-Men. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-3075-3. == Further reading == Fecteau, Lydia (July 12, 2004). "Mutant and Cyborg Images of the Disabled Body in the Landscape of Science Fiction". Archived from the original (DOC) on September 30, 2005. Retrieved September 29, 2005. Morrison, Grant (August 10, 2000). "The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth". The Evening Standard. Archived from the original on February 19, 2006. Retrieved September 29, 2005. Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey: How Jewish History, Culture and Values Shaped the Comic Book Superhero. Baltimore: Leviathan. Note: Contains a chapter on the X-Men, with special emphasis on Jewish characters Magneto and Shadowcat. Montgomery, Mitch (October 21, 2006). "X-traordinary People: Mary Tyler Moore and the Mutants Explore Pop Psychology". Silver Bullet Comics. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. == External links == Official website X-Men at Marvel.com X-Men at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) X-Men at
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{"page_id": 34218, "title": "X-Men"}
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Gross processing, "grossing" or "gross pathology" is the process by which pathology specimens undergo examination with the bare eye to obtain diagnostic information, as well as cutting and tissue sampling in order to prepare material for subsequent microscopic examination. == Responsibility == Gross examination of surgical specimens is typically performed by a pathologist, or by a pathologists' assistant working within a pathology practice. Individuals trained in these fields are often able to gather diagnostically critical information in this stage of processing, including the stage and margin status of surgically removed tumors. == Steps == The initial step in any examination of a clinical specimen is confirmation of the identity of the patient and the anatomical site from which the specimen was obtained. Sufficient clinical data should be communicated by the clinical team to the pathology team in order to guide the appropriate diagnostic examination and interpretation of the specimen - if such information is not provided, it must be obtained by the examiner prior to processing the specimen. There are usually two end products of the gross processing of a surgical specimen. The first is the gross description, a document which serves as the written record of the examiner's findings, and is included in the final pathology report. The second product is a set of tissue blocks, typically postage stamp-sized portions of tissue sealed in plastic cassettes, which will be processed into slides for microscopic examination. Since only a minority of the tissue from a large specimen can reasonably be subject to microscopic examination, the success of the final histological diagnosis is highly dependent on the skill of the professional performing the gross examination. The gross examiner may sample portions of the specimen for other types of ancillary tests as diagnostically indicated; these include microbiological culture, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, or
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{"page_id": 10743212, "title": "Gross processing"}
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specifies a desired result and allows the interpreter to decide how to achieve it. === 1980s to 2000s === During the 1980s, the invention of the personal computer transformed the roles for which programming languages were used. New languages introduced in the 1980s included C++, a superset of C that can compile C programs but also supports classes and inheritance. Ada and other new languages introduced support for concurrency. The Japanese government invested heavily into the so-called fifth-generation languages that added support for concurrency to logic programming constructs, but these languages were outperformed by other concurrency-supporting languages. Due to the rapid growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web in the 1990s, new programming languages were introduced to support Web pages and networking. Java, based on C++ and designed for increased portability across systems and security, enjoyed large-scale success because these features are essential for many Internet applications. Another development was that of dynamically typed scripting languages—Python, JavaScript, PHP, and Ruby—designed to quickly produce small programs that coordinate existing applications. Due to their integration with HTML, they have also been used for building web pages hosted on servers. === 2000s to present === During the 2000s, there was a slowdown in the development of new programming languages that achieved widespread popularity. One innovation was service-oriented programming, designed to exploit distributed systems whose components are connected by a network. Services are similar to objects in object-oriented programming, but run on a separate process. C# and F# cross-pollinated ideas between imperative and functional programming. After 2010, several new languages—Rust, Go, Swift, Zig and Carbon —competed for the performance-critical software for which C had historically been used. Most of the new programming languages use static typing while a few numbers of new languages use dynamic typing like Ring and Julia. Some of
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{"page_id": 23015, "title": "Programming language"}
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Intelligence is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology that covers research on intelligence and psychometrics. It is published by Elsevier and is the official journal of the International Society for Intelligence Research. The journal was established in 1977 by Douglas K. Detterman (Case Western Reserve University). The editors-in-chief are Dragos Iliescu and Samuel Greiff. According to the New Statesman in 2018, the "journal Intelligence is one of the most respected in its field" but has allowed its reputation "to be used to launder or legitimate racist pseudo-science". Smithsonian Magazine called it "a more respected psychology journal", but stated that it has "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races". It has been criticized for having included on its editorial board biochemist Gerhard Meisenberg and psychologist Richard Lynn, both known as promoters of eugenics and scientific racism. The editor-in-chief of the journal defended their involvement on the basis of academic freedom. Lynn (who died in 2023) and Meisenberg no longer served on the editorial board as of 2018. == History == The first issue of the journal was published in January 1977, with Douglas K. Detterman of Case Western Reserve University as editor-in-chief. In 2016, Detterman was replaced by Richard J. Haier. In August 2024, Elsevier began a review of work published in its journals, including Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences, written by Richard Lynn. This review coincided with renewed attention towards scientific racism in academia, and specifically calls for much of Lynn's work to be retracted. In early 2025, Haier was replaced as editor-in-chief by Dragos Iliescu and Samuel Greiff. == Abstracting and indexing == The journal is abstracted and indexed in Psychological Abstracts/PsycINFO, Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Current Index to Journals in Education, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. According to the Journal Citation Reports,
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{"page_id": 1886954, "title": "Intelligence (journal)"}
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the "premium economy class" consumers. == Products == === Funbook series === Micromax entered the tablet computer market with the debut of the Funbook series. Funbook Pro (HD display, finger print sensor) with Snapdragon processor & 1 GB RAM, runs Android One === Canvas Knight A350 and Canvas A1 === Micromax launched its first eight-core flagship smartphone, Canvas Knight A350, in March 2014 for the Russian market. In the same year on September, Micromax launched the Android One smartphone, Canvas A1. === Canvas Silver 5, Canvas Win W092 and Canvas Win W121 === Micromax launched Micromax Canvas Silver 5, which it claimed was the slimmest telephone in the world on 17 June 2015. The company is an official Windows Phone 8.1 hardware partner. In June 2014, it launched two Windows smartphones, the Micromax Canvas Win W092 and the Micromax Canvas Win W121. === Canvas Amaze 2 === On 8 June 2015, Micromax announced the launch of Micromax Amaze 2. The device has a 5-inch IPS display with resolution of 1280 × 720 pixels. The smartphone is powered by a 1.4 GHz quad-core Snapdragon processor with 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage. === Canvas Unite 4 and Canvas Unite 4 Pro === A year later, Micromax announced the launch of Micromax Canvas Unite 4 and Canvas Unite 4 Pro. Both these smartphones run on Indus OS 2.0. The Canvas Unite 4 is powered by a 1.0 GHz quad-core processor with 1 GB RAM. The Micromax Canvas Unite 4 Pro had more powerful specifications, featuring a 1.3 GHz quad-core processor with 2 GB RAM. === Canvas Mega 2 === In 2016, Micromax Canvas Mega 2 was launched and shipped. === Bharat series === Micromax has rolled out basic smartphones with 4G capabilities under the Bharat series. So far,
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{"page_id": 28921060, "title": "Micromax Informatics"}
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In formal language theory and pattern matching, alternation is the union of two sets of strings, or equivalently the logical disjunction of two patterns describing sets of strings. Regular languages are closed under alternation, meaning that the alternation of two regular languages is again regular. In implementations of regular expressions, alternation is often expressed with a vertical bar connecting the expressions for the two languages whose union is to be matched, while in more theoretical studies the plus sign may instead be used for this purpose. The ability to construct finite automata for unions of two regular languages that are themselves defined by finite automata is central to the equivalence between regular languages defined by automata and by regular expressions. Other classes of languages that are closed under alternation include context-free languages and recursive languages. The vertical bar notation for alternation is used in the SNOBOL language and some other languages. In formal language theory, alternation is commutative and associative. This is not in general true of the form of alternation used in pattern-matching languages, because of the side-effects of performing a match in those languages. == References == == Bibliography == John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, 1979. ISBN 0-201-02988-X.
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{"page_id": 37612285, "title": "Alternation (formal language theory)"}
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single production factors to economic growth has been disputed for decades: While endogenous growth theory concentrates on the role of human capital (ideas, education, innovations), proponents of ecological or environmental economics emphasize the importance of energy consumption as well as raw materials, which are often non-renewable resources (e.g. fossil fuels). While from the human capital perspective no ecologically damaging growth imperative arises, the resource perspective emphasizes that raw material consumption is lucrative for firms because it allows them to substitute expensive labour with cheaper machines. Accordingly, they would constantly invest in new resource-intensive technologies plus the human capital needed for development, which increases resource consumption and compensates advances in energy efficiency (rebound effects). There is also disagreement as to whether these dependencies can be overcome at the company level - provided that this is desired by the owners or the management. Proposals include new management practices, changes in product range, supply chains and distribution channels, as well as the creation of solidarity enterprises, collective enterprises and cooperatives. Other authors call for institutional solutions: reforms of corporate law to overcome the legal constraint of public limited companies to maximise profits, reforms of competition law to prevent externalisation at the expense of common goods, or an institutional limitation of resource consumption and/or increasing their costs through ecotaxes or emissions trading (Cap and Trade), so that technical innovations would put a stronger focus on resource productivity instead of labour productivity. === Private households === An imperative for private households to increase their income and consumption expenditure is rarely discussed. In neoclassical household theory, households try to maximize their utility, whereby, in contrast to the profit maximization of firms, they are not subject to market imperatives. Therefore, a growth imperative is usually not assumed here, but rather a free decision between current and future
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{"page_id": 64129573, "title": "Growth imperative"}
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fixed-wing aircraft provides the lift necessary for flight. Wing geometry affects every aspect of an aircraft's flight. The wing area will usually be dictated by the desired stalling speed but the overall shape of the planform and other detail aspects may be influenced by wing layout factors. The wing can be mounted to the fuselage in high, low and middle positions. The wing design depends on many parameters such as selection of aspect ratio, taper ratio, sweepback angle, thickness ratio, section profile, washout and dihedral. The cross-sectional shape of the wing is its airfoil. The construction of the wing starts with the rib which defines the airfoil shape. Ribs can be made of wood, metal, plastic or even composites. The wing must be designed and tested to ensure it can withstand the maximum loads imposed by maneuvering, and by atmospheric gusts. === Fuselage === The fuselage is the part of the aircraft that contains the cockpit, passenger cabin or cargo hold. === Empennage === === Propulsion === Aircraft propulsion may be achieved by specially designed aircraft engines, adapted auto, motorcycle or snowmobile engines, electric engines or even human muscle power. The main parameters of engine design are: Maximum engine thrust available Fuel consumption Engine mass Engine geometry The thrust provided by the engine must balance the drag at cruise speed and be greater than the drag to allow acceleration. The engine requirement varies with the type of aircraft. For instance, commercial airliners spend more time in cruise speed and need more engine efficiency. High-performance fighter jets need very high acceleration and therefore have very high thrust requirements. === Landing gear === === Weight === The weight of the aircraft is the common factor that links all aspects of aircraft design such as aerodynamics, structure, and propulsion, all together. An aircraft's
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{"page_id": 29564581, "title": "Aircraft design process"}
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of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs. Three of these are the cristae located in the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Hair cells of the cristae activate afferent receptors in response to rotational acceleration. The other two sensory organs supplied by the vestibular neurons are the maculae of the saccule and utricle. Hair cells of the maculae in the utricle activate afferent receptors in response to linear acceleration, while hair cells of the maculae in the saccule respond to vertically directed linear force. === Development === The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode. == Function == This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain. It consists of the cochlear nerve, carrying details about hearing, and the vestibular nerve, carrying information about balance and spatial orientation. It emerges from the pontomedullary junction and exits the inner skull via the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone. The vestibulocochlear nerve carries axons of type special somatic afferent. == Clinical significance == === Symptoms of damage === Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the following symptoms: hearing loss vertigo false sense of motion loss of equilibrium (in dark places) nystagmus motion sickness gaze-evoked tinnitus. === Examination === Examinations that can be done include the Rinne and Weber tests. Rinne's test involves Rinne's Right and Left Test, since auditory acuity is equal in both ears. If bone conduction (BC) is more than air conduction (AC) (BC>AC) indicates Rinne Test is negative or abnormal. If AC>BC Rinne test is normal or positive. If BC>AC and Weber's test lateralizes to abnormal side then it is Conductive hearing loss. If AC>BC and Weber's test lateralizes to normal side then it concludes Sensorineural hearing loss. After pure-tone
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{"page_id": 243326, "title": "Vestibulocochlear nerve"}
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walk interval, followed by alternating flashing CIRCULAR RED signal indications during the pedestrian change interval (see Figure 4J-3). Upon Figure 4J-3. Sequence for a Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon > RR > Y > 1. Dark Until Activated > RR > FY > 2. Flashing Yellow > Upon Activation > RR > SY > 3. Steady Yellow > SR SR > Y > 4. Steady Red During > Pedestrian Walk Interval > RR > Y > 5. Alternating Flashing Red During > Pedestrian Change Interval > 6. Dark Again Until Activated > RFR > Y > FR R > Y > Legend > SY Steady yellow > FY Flashing yellow > SR Steady red > FR Flashing red > Note: An optional steady red clearance interval may be added after Interval 3, and an optional short buffer interval (alternating flashing red while the pedestrian signal heads are displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND) may be added after Interval 5. MUTCD 11th Edition Page 729 Decem ber 20 23 Sect . 4J.03 termination of the pedestrian change interval, the pedestrian hybrid beacon faces shall revert to a dark (not illuminated) condition. > 03 Except as provided in Paragraph 4 of this Section, the pedestrian signal heads shall continue to display a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication when the pedestrian hybrid beacon faces are either dark or displaying flashing or steady CIRCULAR yellow signal indications. The pedestrian signal heads shall display a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication when the pedestrian hybrid beacon faces are displaying steady CIRCULAR RED signal indications. The pedestrian signal heads shall display a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication when the pedestrian hybrid beacon faces are displaying alternating flashing CIRCULAR RED signal indications. Upon termination of the pedestrian change interval, the pedestrian signal heads shall
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{"source": 1185, "title": "from dpo"}
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between explanatory and pragmatic trials and the proposals to adapt trial design to the question asked, as for example in Patsopoulos (2011: “The explanatory trial is the best design to explore _if and how an intervention works”_ whereas “The research question under investigation is _whether an intervention actually works in real life_.” It is also reflected in, for example, Rothman et l. (2013, whom we echo in arguing that simple extrapolation is not the sole purpose to which RCT results can be put: “The mistake is to think that statistical inference is the same as scientific inference.” We shall distinguish a number of different purposes and discuss how, and when, RCTs can serve them: (a) simple extrapolation and simple generalization, (b) drawing lessons about the population enrolled in the trial, (c) extrapolation with adjustment, (d) estimating what happens if we scale up, (e) predicting the results of treatment on the individual, and (f) building and testing theory. This list is hardly exhaustive. We noted in Section 1.4 one further use that we do not pursue here: The widespread and largely uncritical belief that RCTs give the right answer permits them to be used as dispute-reconciliation mechanisms to resolve political conflicts. For example, at the Federal level in the US, prospective policies are vetted by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which makes its own estimates of budgetary implications. Ideologues whose programs are scored poorly by the CBO have an incentive to support an RCT, not to convince themselves, but to convince opponents. Once again, RCTs are valuable when your opponents do not share your prior. ### 2.2 Simple extrapolation and simple generalization Suppose a trial has (probabilistically) established a result in a specific setting. If ‘the same’ result holds elsewhere, it is said to have _external validity_. External
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{"source": 3343, "title": "from dpo"}
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of a matrix, 1228 pr. rank column, 1223 full, 1223 of a matrix, 1223, 1226 ex. of a node in a disjoint-set forest, 569, 575, 581 ex. of a number in an ordered set, 300, 339 in order-statistic trees, 341–343, 344–345 ex. row, 1223 rate of growth, 28 ray, 1021 ex. RB-D ELETE , 324 RB-D ELETE -F IXUP , 326 RB-E NUMERATE , 348 ex. RB-I NSERT , 315 RB-I NSERT -F IXUP , 316 RB-J OIN , 332 pr. RB-T RANSPLANT , 323 reachability in a graph ( ), 1170 real numbers ( R), 1158 reconstructing an optimal solution, in dynamic programming, 387 record, 147 rectangle, 354 ex. recurrence, 34, 65–67, 83–113 solution by Akra-Bazzi method, 112–113 solution by master method, 93–97 solution by recursion-tree method, 88–93 solution by substitution method, 83–88 recurrence equation, see recurrence recursion, 30 recursion tree, 37, 88–93 in proof of master theorem, 98–100 and the substitution method, 91–92 R ECURSIVE -A CTIVITY -S ELECTOR , 419 recursive case, 65 R ECURSIVE -FFT, 911 R ECURSIVE -M ATRIX -C HAIN , 385 red-black tree, 308–338 augmentation of, 346–347 compared with B-trees, 484, 490 deletion from, 323–330 in determining whether any line segments intersect, 1024 for enumerating keys in a range, 348 ex. height of, 309 insertion into, 315–323 joining of, 332 pr. maximum key of, 311 minimum key of, 311 predecessor in, 311 properties of, 308–312 relaxed, 311 ex. restructuring, 474 pr. rotation in, 312–314 searching in, 311 successor in, 311 see also interval tree, order-statistic tree R EDUCE , 807 pr. reduced-space van Emde Boas tree, 557 pr. reducibility, 1067–1068 reduction algorithm, 1052, 1067 reduction function, 1067 reduction, of an array, 807 pr. reflexive relation, 1163 reflexivity of asymptotic notation, 51 region, feasible, 847 regularity condition, 95 rejection by an algorithm, 1058 by
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{"source": 5230, "title": "from dpo"}
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value at a certain location. Operand bundles enable assumptions that are either hard or impossible to represent as a boolean argument of an llvm.assume. An assume operand bundle has the form: ""([ ] ]) In the case of function or parameter attributes, the operand bundle has the restricted form: ""([ [, ] ]) The tag of the operand bundle is usually the name of attribute that can be assumed to hold. It can also be ignore, this tag doesn’t contain any information and should be ignored. The first argument if present is the value for which the attribute hold. The second argument if present is an argument of the attribute. If there are no arguments the attribute is a property of the call location. For example: call void @llvm.assume(i1 true) ["align"(ptr %val, i32 8)] allows the optimizer to assume that at location of call to llvm.assume %val has an alignment of at least 8. call void @llvm.assume(i1 %cond) ["cold"(), "nonnull"(ptr %val)] allows the optimizer to assume that the llvm.assume call location is cold and that %val may not be null. Just like for the argument of llvm.assume, if any of the provided guarantees are violated at runtime the behavior is undefined. While attributes expect constant arguments, assume operand bundles may be provided a dynamic value, for example: call void @llvm.assume(i1 true) ["align"(ptr %val, i32 %align)] If the operand bundle value violates any requirements on the attribute value, the behavior is undefined, unless one of the following exceptions applies: "align" operand bundles may specify a non-power-of-two alignment (including a zero alignment). If this is the case, then the pointer value must be a null pointer, otherwise the behavior is undefined. dereferenceable() operand bundles only guarantee the pointer is dereferenceable at the point of the assumption. The pointer may not be dereferenceable
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{"source": 6618, "title": "from dpo"}
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producing sponge iron with solid fuel like non-metallurgical coal. This formed the basis of the first commercial sponge iron plant of India. in 1976, installations in service totalled less than 5 Mt; in 1985, annual production was 11 Mt for an installed capacity of around 20 Mt, the difference being explained by fluctuations in energy costs; in 1991, production reached 20 Mt. in 1995, worldwide production of prereducts passed the 30 Mt mark for the first time. In 2010, 70 Mt were produced, 14% from HYL processes and 60% from the Midrex process. The latter accounts for most of the growth in natural gas-fired production of pre-reduced products, although since 2005 coal-fired processes have been making a strong comeback, mainly in India. Packaging of pre-reduced iron ore is evenly divided between sponge iron and briquettes. Sponges are a highly porous metallic product, close to the original ore but highly pyrophoric, which limits their transport. They are therefore often subjected to hot compaction, which improves both product density and handling safety. In 2012, 45% of prereducts were transformed into briquettes in this way. == Chemical reactions == === Iron oxide reduction === Iron oxides are reduced in the following sequence: Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe hematite → magnetite → wustite → iron Each transition from one oxide to the next is due to two simultaneous high-temperature reduction reactions by carbon monoxide CO or dihydrogen H2: These temperatures differ from those predicted by the Ellingham diagram. In reality, there is a coupling between carbon monoxide reduction and dihydrogen, so that these reactions work together, with hydrogen significantly improving the efficiency of CO reduction. === Reducing gas production === ==== Coal-fired processes ==== In coal-fired processes, part of the fuel is first burnt to heat the charge. The product of this
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{"page_id": 74926555, "title": "Direct reduction"}
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Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. His research was based on previous studies by biochemist Lisa Steiner, whose superiors at the time did not recognize the significance. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy. In other words, there are three conditions for formation of a unique protein structure: Uniqueness – Requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged. Stability – Small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) rather than like a soup plate (with several closely related low-energy states); the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability. Kinetical accessibility – Means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or, in other words, that the folding of the chain must not involve highly complex changes in the shape (like knots or other high order conformations). Basic changes in the shape of the protein happen dependent on their environment, shifting shape to suit their place. This creates multiple
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{"page_id": 7973428, "title": "Anfinsen's dogma"}
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approaches that stressed the inherently masculine nature of techno-science", a counter-movement against the 'toys for boys' perception of new Internet technologies. According to a text published by Trevor Scott Milford, another contributor to the rise of cyberfeminism was the lack of female discourse and participation online concerning topics that were impacting women. As cyberfeminist artist Faith Wilding argued: "If feminism is to be adequate to its cyberpotential then it must mutate to keep up with the shifting complexities of social realities and life conditions as they are changed by the profound impact communications technologies and techno science have on all our lives. It is up to cyberfeminists to use feminist theoretical insights and strategic tools and join them with cybertechniques to battle the very real sexism, racism, and militarism encoded in the software and hardware of the Net, thus politicizing this environment." British cultural theorist Sadie Plant chose cyberfeminism to describe her recipe for defining the feminizing influence of technology on western society and its inhabitants. European's often cite Donna Haraway as the inspiration and genesis for cyberfeminism with her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" which was reprinted in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991). Haraway's essay states that cyborgs are able to transcend the public and private spheres, but they do not have the ability to identify with their origins or with nature in order to develop a sense of understanding through differences between self and others. Shulamith Firestone and her book The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution has been named as a precursor to Haraway's work in cyberfeminism. Firestone's work focuses reproductive technology and advancing it to eliminate the connection of the feminine identity being connected to childbirth. Firestone believed that gender inequality
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{"page_id": 2626651, "title": "Cyberfeminism"}
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) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)} , ( y , z , x ) {\displaystyle (y,z,x)} and ( z , x , y ) {\displaystyle (z,x,y)} , are the even permutations of the ordered triple ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)} . == Commutator bracket form == The simplest informative example of a Lie algebra is constructed from the (associative) ring of n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices, which may be thought of as infinitesimal motions of an n-dimensional vector space. The × operation is the commutator, which measures the failure of commutativity in matrix multiplication. Instead of X × Y {\displaystyle X\times Y} , the Lie bracket notation is used: [ X , Y ] = X Y − Y X . {\displaystyle [X,Y]=XY-YX.} In that notation, the Jacobi identity is: [ X , [ Y , Z ] ] + [ Y , [ Z , X ] ] + [ Z , [ X , Y ] ] = 0 {\displaystyle [X,[Y,Z]]+[Y,[Z,X]]+[Z,[X,Y]]\ =\ 0} That is easily checked by computation. More generally, if A is an associative algebra and V is a subspace of A that is closed under the bracket operation: [ X , Y ] = X Y − Y X {\displaystyle [X,Y]=XY-YX} belongs to V for all X , Y ∈ V {\displaystyle X,Y\in V} , the Jacobi identity continues to hold on V. Thus, if a binary operation [ X , Y ] {\displaystyle [X,Y]} satisfies the Jacobi identity, it may be said that it behaves as if it were given by X Y − Y X {\displaystyle XY-YX} in some associative algebra even if it is not actually defined that way. Using the antisymmetry property [ X , Y ] = − [ Y , X ] {\displaystyle [X,Y]=-[Y,X]} , the
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{"page_id": 294370, "title": "Jacobi identity"}
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public speeches in three; but am unmusical. I am a fairly competent public speaker." He had no children, but he and his father were important influences to his sister Naomi's children, of whom Denis Mitchison, Murdoch Mitchison, and Avrion Mitchison became professors of biology at the University of London, Edinburgh University, and University College London, respectively. Inspired by his father, Haldane often used self-experimentation and would expose himself to danger in order to obtain data. To test the effects of acidification of the blood he drank dilute hydrochloric acid, enclosed himself in an airtight room containing 7% carbon dioxide, and found that it 'gives one a rather violent headache'. One experiment to study elevated levels of oxygen saturation triggered a fit that resulted in his suffering crushed vertebrae. In his decompression chamber experiments, he and his volunteers suffered perforated eardrums. But, as Haldane stated in What is Life, "the drum generally heals up; and if a hole remains in it, although one is somewhat deaf, one can blow tobacco smoke out of the ear in question, which is a social accomplishment". Haldane made himself unpopular among his colleagues from the start of his academic career. In Cambridge, he annoyed most of the senior faculty due to his uninhibited behaviour, particularly at dinner. His partisan, Edgar Adrian (a 1932 Nobel laureate), had almost convinced Trinity College to offer him an appointment as a Fellow, but that was ruined by an incident when Haldane arrived at the dining table carrying a gallon jar of urine from his laboratory. === Later life and death === In the autumn of 1963, Haldane visited the US for a series of scientific conferences. At the University of Wisconsin, Sewall Wright introduced him before his speech, noting many of Haldane's achievements, after which Haldane modestly remarked that
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{"page_id": 62417, "title": "J. B. S. Haldane"}
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Tony McNamara was hired to contribute to the script. Rogue Squadron: An anthology film, following the events of Rogue One, will be directed by Patty Jenkins with a script written by Matthew Robinson. In April 2023, Kennedy stated that the script is still in development, with the studio considering changing the project into a television series. In March 2024, Jenkins announced that she had once again commenced working on the script; confirming that developments for the project are ongoing. Untitled J.D. Dillard film: In February 2020, a film was announced to be in development from director J. D. Dillard and writer Matt Owens; although, Dillard announced he was no longer to direct that film in November 2022. Star Wars: A Droid Story: In December 2020, an animated film centered around the adventures of R2-D2 and C-3PO was announced as being in development; the story will introduce a new heroic character to the franchise, alongside the two returning droids. The project will be a joint-venture production between Lucasfilm Animation, and Industrial Light & Magic. The film is being developed to debut via streaming, exclusively through Disney+. Lando: In December 2020, a spin-off series to Solo: A Star Wars Story was announced as being in development. The miniseries which was being developed exclusively for Disney+ was revealed to be centered around Landonis "Lando" Calrissian III, titled Lando. Donald Glover was confirmed at that time to be reprising the lead role, while Justin Simien was named as the series creator and showrunner. By July 2020 however, Donald and Stephen Glover were hired to replace Simien, write and redevelop the show. In September 2023, the show was repurposed to be released as a theatrical film instead. Untitled Simon Kinberg trilogy: In November 2024, Simon Kinberg was hired to write and produce the new trilogy
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{"page_id": 26678, "title": "Star Wars"}
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stars) Ba — Baade (planetary nebulae) BAC — Bordeaux Astrographic Catalog Bail / Bal — R. Baillaud (double stars) Baize / Baz — Paul Baize (Paul Achille-Ariel Baize, 1901–1995) (double stars) Balbinot (open and globular star clusters) (for example: globular star cluster Balbinot 1 in Pegasus) Bar — Barkhatova (open star clusters) (for example: Barkhatova 1, NNW of NGC 7000; the North America Nebula in Cygnus) BAR — E.E. Barton (double stars) Bas — Basel (open star clusters) (for example: Basel 1 at about one degree WNW of open star cluster Messier 11 in Scutum) (Basel 1 is also known as the Apriamashvili cluster) Bat — Hans Battermann, 1860–1922 (double stars) BAT99 — The Fourth Catalogue of Population I Wolf Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud BAY — Uranometria (Bayer designation) BCVS — Bibliographic Catalogue of Variable Stars BD — Bonner Durchmusterung BDS — Burnham Double Star Catalogue BDS03 (I.R.) — (open star clusters) BDSB — (for example: open star cluster BDSB 96 at 7:05:18 / -12°19'44") BDSB03 (I.R.) — (open star clusters) Be — Bergvall (catalogue of some 400 interacting and distorted galaxies found on glass copies of the ESO Blue Survey) Be — Berkeley (open star clusters) (104 items) Be — Bernes (dark nebulae) Bedin — Luigi Bedin (for example: dwarf spheroidal galaxy Bedin I in Pavo) Ben — Jack Bennett's catalogue of 152 deep-sky objects in the southern celestial hemisphere, all from the NGC or IC lists, except Ben 47 which is Melotte 105 in Carina, and Ben 72a which is Trumpler 23 in Norma Bergeron — Joe Bergeron (for example: Bergeron 1 in Cepheus) BFS — Blitz-Fitch-Stark (for example: BFS 15 in Cepheus) BH — Van den Bergh / Hagen (open star clusters), see also VdB-Ha Bhas/Bha — T.P. Bhaskavan (double stars) Bi — Biurakan
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{"page_id": 22685047, "title": "List of astronomical catalogues"}
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letter he sent to Sarpi on 30 April 1609 describing how the world was gradually falling prey to them, especially in eastern India and Japan. As well as his regular consular work and scientific interests, Sagredo was also involved in espionage. As well as serving as Venetian consul, Sagredo was also appointed to be the Persian consul by of Shah Abbas of Persia. In this capacity he was visited by one Xwāje Ṣafar, an Armenian merchant traveling to Venice on behalf of Shah Abbas, who carried with him the correspondence from the Carmelites of Isfahan. This included sensitive military information sent by the viceroy of India to Philip III of Spain. Another file contained details of the negotiations between Abbas and Philip for the drafting of an anti-Ottoman treaty, which would have had an impact on Venetian access to Persian silk. Sagredo took these documents and copied them, earning him a reprimand from the Council of Ten and probably hastening the end of his diplomatic career. Sagredo returned to Venice via Marseilles, Genoa and Milan. Shah Abbas appointed him 'General Procurator' for Persia in the Venetian Republic in 1611 and in 1613 he began a two-year service as one of the Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia, Venice's Board of Trade. == Later relationship with Galileo == By the time Sagredo returned to Venice Galileo had gone to Florence and the two were never to meet again; their relationship thereafter was entirely by letter. Their correspondence from 1612 to 1620 covers various topics: astronomy, optics and lens production, thermoscopy, cartography, time zones, tide theory, hydrostatics and magnetism, but also dogs, painting, literature, wine and women. Sagredo added a scale to Galileo's thermoscope to enable the quantitative measurement of temperature, and produced more convenient portable thermometers. Sagredo also discussed with Galileo the possibility
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{"page_id": 21412541, "title": "Giovanni Francesco Sagredo"}
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VRPN (Virtual-Reality Peripheral Network) is a device-independent, network-based interface for accessing virtual reality peripherals in VR applications. It was originally designed and implemented by Russell M. Taylor II at the Department of Computer Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. VRPN was maintained and supported by Sensics while it was business. It is currently maintained by ReliaSolve and developed in collaboration with a productive community of contributors. It is described more fully at vrpn.net and in VRPN-VRST. The purpose of VRPN is to provide a unified interface to input devices, like motion trackers or joystick controllers. It also provides the following: Time-stamping of data Multiple simultaneous access to peripheral devices Automatic re-connection of failed servers Storage and playback of sessions The VRPN system consists of programming interfaces for both the client application and the hardware drivers and a server application that communicates with the hardware devices. The client interfaces are written in C++ but have been wrapped in C#, Python and Java. A typical application of VRPN is to encode and send 6DoF motion capture data through the network in real time. == Networking == A VRPN client can establish a connection with a VRPN server (the device providing the data) in two ways: either over TCP (reliable, but less efficient), or over UDP (unreliable, but lower-latency and more efficient). The "unreliable" mode is generally preferred when the latency is critical. The "unreliable" connection initialization sequence makes use of both the TCP and UDP protocols. It works as follows: the client opens a TCP socket for listening on an arbitrary port; the client sends the port number of this socket, along with its own machine name, in a UDP datagram directed to a well known port of the VRPN server (the default is 3883); the server opens
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{"page_id": 26956016, "title": "VRPN"}
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b x = c {\displaystyle x+ax+bx=c} are solved, where a , b , {\displaystyle a,b,} and c {\displaystyle c} are known and x , {\displaystyle x,} which is referred to as "aha" or heap, is the unknown. The solutions were possibly, but not likely, arrived at by using the "method of false position", or regula falsi, where first a specific value is substituted into the left hand side of the equation, then the required arithmetic calculations are done, thirdly the result is compared to the right hand side of the equation, and finally the correct answer is found through the use of proportions. In some of the problems the author "checks" his solution, thereby writing one of the earliest known simple proofs. == Greek mathematics == It is sometimes alleged that the Greeks had no algebra, but this is disputed. By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them, and with this new form of algebra they were able to find solutions to equations by using a process that they invented, known as "the application of areas". "The application of areas" is only a part of geometric algebra and it is thoroughly covered in Euclid's Elements. An example of geometric algebra would be solving the linear equation a x = b c . {\displaystyle ax=bc.} The ancient Greeks would solve this equation by looking at it as an equality of areas rather than as an equality between the ratios a : b {\displaystyle a:b} and c : x . {\displaystyle c:x.} The Greeks would construct a rectangle with sides of length b {\displaystyle b} and c , {\displaystyle c,} then extend a side of
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{"page_id": 9550030, "title": "History of algebra"}
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the Len Sof Know Ledge wor K 63 require concentration, preparing for meetings, taking care of their well-being, using the organizations’ official communication channels, planning out their workday, and experimenting with new tools and work methods. This suggests that developers are productive when, for example, they can code, test, and push while commuting to work on shared transit. Well-being at work. Finally, Palvalin includes a knowledge worker’s well-being at work both as a driver of productivity at work and as an outcome of productivity. A productive knowledge worker is one who enjoys and is enthusiastic about their work, finds meaning and purpose in their work, is not continuously stressed, is appreciated, has a work-life balance, finds the work atmosphere pleasant, and resolves conflicts with co-workers quickly. This suggests that the famous 80-hour workweek developer is not a productive developer. # Software Developers vs. Knowledge Workers: Similar or Different? In this chapter, we’ve drawn parallels between software developer and knowledge worker productivity, so it’s natural to ask whether one should consider their productivity the same or different. Our opinion is that each extreme is a cop-out; considering software developer productivity the same as knowledge worker productivity would abdicate our responsibility to study the productivity of software developers, while considering them as entirely different would allow us to reinvent the wheel by ignoring prior studies about knowledge worker productivity. The reality is that knowledge workers and software developers are similar in some ways and different in others, both in kind and in degree. In kind, arguably everything that could possibly affect software developer productivity can be pigeonholed into one the five types of productivity drivers described in the prior section, but doing so elides some drivers that software developers may be uniquely positioned to measure and change, such as software complexity. In
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{"source": 1730, "title": "from dpo"}
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position, especially in high-stake human-involved scenarios such as e-learning and healthcare. Applying OPE to these domains is often challenging with scarce and underrepresentative offline training trajectories. Data augmentation has been a successful technique to enrich training data. However, directly employing existing data augmentation methods to OPE may not be feasible, due to the Markovian nature within the offline trajectories and the desire for generalizability across diverse target policies. In this work, we propose an offline trajectory augmentation approach to specifically facilitate OPE in human-involved scenarios. We propose sub-trajectory mining to extract potentially valuable sub-trajectories from offline data, and diversify the behaviors within those sub-trajectories by varying coverage of the state-action space. Our work was empirically evaluated in a wide array of environments, encompassing both simulated scenarios and real-world domains like robotic control, healthcare, and e-learning, where the training trajectories include varying levels of coverage of the state-action space. By enhancing the performance of a variety of OPE methods, our work offers a promising path forward for tackling OPE challenges in situations where data may be limited or underrepresentative. _Yiliu Wang, Milan Vojnovic, Wei Chen_ **tl;dr:** We studied a combinatorial MAB problem for max reward function under a new feedback structure. !Image 1677\log(T))$ distribution-dependent and a $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{T})$ distribution-independent regret where $k$ is the number
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{"source": 3883, "title": "from dpo"}
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> j ∈ Xj ] is precisely l/ (2tt > ) . Note, also, that for any choice of a member of U as x, the probability that A0 > j lies in Xj cannot exceed l/ (2t−1 > t > ) = 2 l/ (2tt > ) . By Lemma 3.5, the probability that χj (P ) = 1 given the choice of Ir, r 6 = j, is at most 1 /(20 s) and we thus conclude that E > ( Prob P > [ (A01, A 02, . . . , A 0 > s ) ∈ X1 × X2 × · · · × Xs > ] χj (P ) > ) ≤ 110 s E > ( Prob P > [ (A01, A 02, . . . , A 0 > s ) ∈ X1 × X2 × · · · × Xs > ]) , implying the inequality in (2), (3) and completing the proof of Lemma 3.4. 2 Proof of Proposition 3.3. Since it is possible to repeat the protocol and amplify the probabilities, it suffices to prove the assertion of the proposition for some fixed < 1/2, and thus it suffices to show that any deterministic protocol whose length is smaller than Ω( t/s 3), applied to inputs generated according to the distribution μ, errs with probability Ω(1). It is easy and well known that any fixed communication pattern corresponds to a box of inputs. Therefore, if the number of communication patterns in the end of which the protocol outputs 0 is smaller than ρs 2ct/s 3 then, by summing the assertion of Lemma 3.4 over all the boxes corresponding to such communication patterns, we conclude that the probability that the protocol outputs 0 on a random input ( A11, A
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{"source": 5871, "title": "from dpo"}
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The coherent potential approximation (CPA) is a method, in theoretical physics, of finding the averaged Green's function of an inhomogeneous (or disordered) system. The Green's function obtained via the CPA then describes an effective medium whose scattering properties represent the averaged scattering properties of the disordered system being approximated. It is often described as the 'best' single-site theory for obtaining the averaged Green's function. It is perhaps most famous for its use in describing the physical properties of alloys and disordered magnetic systems, although it is also a useful concept in understanding how sound waves scatter in a material which displays spatial inhomogeneity. The coherent potential approximation was first described by Paul Soven, and its application in the context of calculations of the electronic structure of materials was pioneered by Balász Győrffy. == Electronic Structure (KKR-CPA) == In the context of calculations of the electronic structure of materials, the coherent potential approximation is frequently combined with the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) formulation of density functional theory (DFT) to describe the electronic structure of systems with lattice-based disorder, such as substitutional alloys and magnetic materials at finite temperature. The KKR formulation of DFT is also sometimes referred to as multiple scattering theory (MST). When the KKR formulation of DFT is combined with the CPA, it is sometimes referred to as the KKR-CPA. The KKR formulation of DFT rephrases the usual eigenvalue-eigenvector problem (i.e. solving some effective Schrödinger equation) into an electronic scattering problem. It does so by partitioning the one-electron potential of DFT into a collection of spatially-localised potentials around each ionic site, before considering an electron propagating through the system and scattering from these localised potentials. In this manner, the Green's function of the system is obtained. In a system where there is lattice-based disorder (for example, in a substitutional alloy) the
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{"page_id": 10013732, "title": "Coherent potential approximation"}
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The molecular formula C23H33NO2 may refer to: Azastene, a steroidogenesis inhibitor Cyanoketone, a synthetic androstane steroid and a steroidogenesis inhibitor NE-100, a selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist Xipranolol, a beta blocker
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{"page_id": 24143769, "title": "C23H33NO2"}
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AlphaGo is a 2017 documentary directed by Greg Kohs about the Google DeepMind Challenge Match with top-ranked Go player Lee Sedol. == Premise == The film presents how AlphaGo, a computer program developed by DeepMind Technologies, mastered the game of Go through artificial intelligence. Its competence was tested by Lee Sedol, a South Korean world champion. == Release == AlphaGo was released in New York City on September 29, 2017, and Los Angeles next month. == Reception == === Critical response === AlphaGo earned positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100%, with an average score of 8/10, based on 10 reviews. Charlotte O'Sullivan of Evening Standard gave the film 4 stars out of five, calling it a "gripping, emotional documentary, which gets us thinking, about thinking, in a whole new way". === Accolades === ==== Winner ==== Denver International Film Festival (2017) - Maysles Brothers Award, Best documentary New Media Film Festival (2018) - Best Trailer Traverse City Film Festival (2017) - Knowledge is Power Science Prize Warsaw International Film Festival (2017) - Audience Award, documentary feature ==== Nominee ==== Anchorage International Film Festival (2017) - Best Documentary Feature Critics' Choice Documentary Awards (2017) - Best Sports Documentary Philadelphia Film Festival (2017) - Student Choice Award == References == == External links == Official website AlphaGo – The Movie on YouTube AlphaGo at IMDb AlphaGo at Rotten Tomatoes
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{"page_id": 68930760, "title": "AlphaGo (film)"}
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Government to manufacture their rockets in Australia. In 2021 the company established an Australian subsidiary company, TASpace, in Adelaide, for that purpose. TASpace rockets are distinguished by the name "Kestrel". Kestrel 1 rockets have two stages, weigh 3 tonnes (3.0 long tons) and stand 10 metres (33 feet) tall. Their engine uses TiSpace's non-explosive hybrid propulsion technology to climb to a sub-orbital altitude of about 100 kilometres (62 miles), reaching speeds of two to six times the speed of sound (Mach 2–6). On 3 May 2024, HyImpulse's SR75 suborbital rocket successfully flew its maiden launch from Koonibba Test Range. == Environmental concerns == Bird enthusiasts are hoping that the site may be assessed as unsuitable for rocket launches, saying that they threaten the survival of the Southern emu-wren; others are concerned about potential fire risks. Southern Launch's CEO, LLoyd Damp, said the company had developed a 3200-page environmental impact statement in consultation with a range of industry experts. It was sponsoring research into the lower Eyre Peninsula's fauna and flora; implementing a weed, vermin and feral animal eradication program; and reintroducing native vegetation. He also stated that the company had been able to "demonstrate when we attempted the first launch, when we did have a fire on the launch pad, we were able to manage the situation and make sure that the environment was never put at risk." He said that in the event that the site was approved for permanent use, the company was planning to set up its own first-responder team to cover any fire, medical or other emergencies. == Notes == == References ==
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{"page_id": 64239770, "title": "Southern Launch"}
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the number of days, hours of the program and hours devoted to instruction or recreation were not statistically significant. Subsequently, in 2014 CODE published a Program Planning Guide to help Boards implement summer learning programs (SLP). After three years of delivering the SLP, they concluded that the programs a) make a difference for students experiencing literacy challenges, b) minimise summer learning losses, and c) in many cases, increase literacy achievements. Some of the deliverables and expectations of the programs are a) students are in grades K-3, b) classes have no fewer than 15 students, c) programs offer a minimum of 45 hours of high quality and engaging literacy or numeracy instruction, and include a recreational component (e.g. physical activity, drama, art and music), and d) employ qualified teachers to instruct the students. In recent years the project has included both French and English classes, blended literacy & numeracy, robotics, coding, student mentors, Indigenous activities and English Language Learning. In 2018, 10,000 students participated in Ontario, most programs were three weeks long and funding was allocated at $10,000 per class. Reports on the project can be found here. == See also == National Summer Learning Association Summer school Special education Summer camp Outdoor education Experiential learning Extended School Year Year-round school in the United States After-school activity == References == == Further reading == Alexander, Karl L.; Entwisle, Doris R.; Olson, Linda Steffel (2007). "Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap". American Sociological Review. 72 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1177/000312240707200202. S2CID 46647580. Alexander, Karl; Pitcock, Sarah; Boula, Matthew, eds. (2016). The summer slide: what we know and can do about summer learning loss. Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807757994. Augustine, Catherine H.; McCombs, Jennifer Sloan; Pane, John F.; Schwartz, Heather L.; Schweig, Jonathan; McEachin, Andrew; Siler-Evans, Kyle (2016). Effects of Voluntary Summer Learning Programs
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{"page_id": 3363994, "title": "Summer learning loss"}
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concentrations) Cadmium telluride n-type: indium, aluminium (substituting Cd); chlorine (substituting Te) p-type: phosphorus (substituting Te); lithium, sodium (substituting Cd) Cadmium sulfide n-type: gallium (substituting Cd); iodine, fluorine (substituting S) p-type: lithium, sodium (substituting Cd) == Compensation == In most cases many types of impurities will be present in the resultant doped semiconductor. If an equal number of donors and acceptors are present in the semiconductor, the extra core electrons provided by the former will be used to satisfy the broken bonds due to the latter, so that doping produces no free carriers of either type. This phenomenon is known as compensation, and occurs at the p-n junction in the vast majority of semiconductor devices. Partial compensation, where donors outnumber acceptors or vice versa, allows device makers to repeatedly reverse (invert) the type of a certain layer under the surface of a bulk semiconductor by diffusing or implanting successively higher doses of dopants, so-called counterdoping. Most modern semiconductor devices are made by successive selective counterdoping steps to create the necessary P and N type areas under the surface of bulk silicon. This is an alternative to successively growing such layers by epitaxy. Although compensation can be used to increase or decrease the number of donors or acceptors, the electron and hole mobility is always decreased by compensation because mobility is affected by the sum of the donor and acceptor ions. == Doping in conductive polymers == Conductive polymers can be doped by adding chemical reactants to oxidize, or sometimes reduce, the system so that electrons are pushed into the conducting orbitals within the already potentially conducting system. There are two primary methods of doping a conductive polymer, both of which use an oxidation-reduction (i.e., redox) process. Chemical doping involves exposing a polymer such as melanin, typically a thin film, to an
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{"page_id": 860861, "title": "Doping (semiconductor)"}
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and response == In his 2016 article 'Same but different', an excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" of this book, in The New Yorker, he attributed the most important genetic functions to epigenetic factors (such as histone modification and DNA methylation)."Chance events—injuries, infections, infatuations; the haunting trill of that particular nocturne—impinge on one twin and not on the other. Genes are turned on and off in response to these events, as epigenetic marks are gradually layered above genes, etching the genome with its own scars, calluses, and freckles."This analogy based on his mother and her twin sister, who have distinct personalities, was critiqued by geneticists such as Mark Ptashne, at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and John Greally, at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, because of over emphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation, when they really are only minor contributors. Steven Henikoff, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information... histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery." In response, Mukherjee did admit "he now realizes that he erred by omitting key areas of the science, but that he didn’t mean to mislead. 'I sincerely thought that I had done it justice.' " == References == == External links == Ken Burns presents The Gene: An Intimate History "Siddhartha Mukherjee: The Gene". YouTube. Chicago Humanities Festival. 16 July 2017. "From Genes to Cancer and Back - Siddhartha Mukherjee". YouTube. National Human Genome Research Institute. 27 November 2019.
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{"page_id": 51754967, "title": "The Gene: An Intimate History"}
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Counter-scanning (CS) is a scanning method that allows correcting raster distortions caused by drift of the probe of scanning microscope relative to the measured surface. During counter-scanning two surface scans, viz., direct scan and counter scan are obtained (see Fig. 1). The counter scan starts in the point where the direct scan ends. This point is called the coincidence point (CP). With the counter scan, the probe movement along the raster line and the probe movement from one raster line to the other raster line are carried out along the directions that are opposite to the movements in the direct scan. The obtained pair of images is called counter-scanned images (CSIs). == Principles == When the raster distortions are linear, i. e., when the drift velocity is constant, to correct drift, it is sufficient to measure coordinates of only one common feature in the direct and the counter scans. In case of nonlinear distortion, when the drift velocity varies during the scan, the number of common features on CSIs whose coordinates need to be measured increases in proportion to the degree of the nonlinearity. Typically, the drift of the microscope probe relative to the measured surface consists of two components: one is associated with creep of the scanner piezoceramics, the other is caused by a thermal deformation of the instrument due to change in temperature. The first component is nonlinear (it can be approximated by logarithm), the second component can be considered as linear in most practical applications. The use of the counter-scanning method allows, even in the case of a strong drift leading to errors in tens of percents, measuring the surface topography with error of few tenths of a percent. Fig. 1. Counter-scanning with (a) an idle line (shown by the dotted line), (b) no idle line. Digits
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{"page_id": 9591272, "title": "Counter-scanning"}
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may also have injection-site reactions, such as pain, irritation, itching, warmth, swelling and redness, as well as bruising. == Interactions == Combining temozolomide with other myelosuppressants may increase the risk of myelosuppression. == Pharmacology == === Mechanism of action === The therapeutic benefit of temozolomide depends on its ability to alkylate/methylate DNA, which most often occurs at the N-7 or O-6 positions of guanine residues. This methylation damages the DNA and triggers the death of tumor cells. However, some tumor cells are able to repair this type of DNA damage, and therefore diminish the therapeutic efficacy of temozolomide, by expressing a protein O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) encoded in humans by the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene. In some tumors, epigenetic silencing of the MGMT gene prevents the synthesis of this enzyme, and as a consequence such tumors are more sensitive to killing by temozolomide. Conversely, the presence of AGT protein in brain tumors predicts poor response to temozolomide and these patients receive little benefit from chemotherapy with temozolomide. === Pharmacokinetics === Temozolomide is quickly and almost completely absorbed from the gut, and readily penetrates the blood–brain barrier; the concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is 30% of the concentration in the blood plasma. Intake with food decreases maximal plasma concentrations by 33% and the area under the curve by 9%. Only 15% (10–20%) of the substance are bound to blood plasma proteins. Temozolomide is a prodrug; it is spontaneously hydrolyzed at physiological pH to 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC), which further splits into monomethylhydrazine, likely the active methylating agent, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AIC). Other metabolites include temozolomide acid and unidentified hydrophilic substances. Plasma half-life is 1.8 hours. The substance and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the urine. == Chemical properties == Temozolomide is an imidazotetrazine derivative. It is slightly soluble in water and aqueous acids,
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{"page_id": 30863182, "title": "Temozolomide"}
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(Android 2.0, upgradable to Android 2.2) T103 T104 T105 Cruz T301 (Android 2.0, upgradable to Android 2.2) Cruz PS37 (Android 2.3) Cruz T400 series (Android 2.3) Cruz T408 Cruz T410 Cruz T500 series (Android 4.0.3) Cruz T501 (not yet available) Cruz T507 (not yet available) Cruz T508 Cruz T510 The T100 and T301 tablets have a problem where the browser will crash when google.com or websites that use Google Analytics are accessed. Velocity Micro addresses this on its website as a Google JavaScript problem. Attempts at addressing this issue through the velocitymicro.com support receive this response: "The update Google has implemented to their search engine isn't compatible to the T100 series hardware. The device is a legacy model." == Model comparison == === Notes === == Retailers == Cruz devices were sold in several major consumer electronics retailers in the United States including Best Buy, Borders, Sears, QVC, and Amazon. The model T104 was sold by woot.com on 29 May 2012. == References == == External links == Cruz blog Archived 2011-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
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{"page_id": 30639647, "title": "Cruz (Velocity Micro)"}
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beyond regular languages is modularity. Many linguistic phenomena — especially in syntax — involve constraints that apply at long distance. Consider the problem of determiner-noun number agreement in English: we can say the coffee and these coffees , but not *these coffee . By itself, this is easy enough to model in an FSA. However, fairly complex modifying expressions can be inserted between the determiner and the noun: (9.2) a. the burnt coffee b. the badly-ground coffee c. the burnt and badly-ground Italian coffee d. these burnt and badly-ground Italian coffees e. * these burnt and badly-ground Italian coffee Again, an FSA can be designed to accept modifying expressions such as burnt and badly-ground Italian . Let’s call this FSA FM . To reject the final example, a finite state acceptor must somehow “remember” that the determiner was plural when it reaches the noun cof-fee at the end of the expression. The only way to do this is to make two identical copies of FM : one for singular determiners, and one for plurals. While this is possible in the finite state framework, it is inconvenient — especially in languages where more than one attribute of the noun is marked by the determiner. Context-free languages facilitate mod-ularity across such long-range dependencies. 9.2.1 Context-free grammars Context-free languages are specified by context-free grammars (CFGs), which are tuples (N, Σ, R, S ) consisting of: > 5The claim that arbitrarily deep center-embedded expressions are grammatical has drawn skepticism. Corpus evidence shows that embeddings of depth greater than two are exceedingly rare (Karlsson, 2007), and that embeddings of depth greater than three are completely unattested. If center-embedding is capped at some finite depth, then it is regular. Jacob Eisenstein. Draft of November 13, 2018. 9.2. CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGES 209 S →S O P S |
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{"source": 972, "title": "from dpo"}
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to the latest version. If necessary, contents such as user profiles and API settings are migrated. Trusted Key Entry (TKE) installation: With support from IBM, the (optional) TKE workstations are installed. If necessary, contents such as user profiles and API settings are migrated (if you replace the TKEs). Note: The most recent HMCs (Feature Code 0082, Feature Code 0083, Feature Code 0062, and Feature Code 0063) are supported by IBM z16. Chapter 1. Introduction 3 Figure 1-1 shows the steps that are required for each distinct scenario when preparing for the installation of the IBM z16 system, which includes the following steps: Upgrading an existing IBM z14 or z15 system to an IBM z16 system Installing a new IBM z16 system > Figure 1-1 Showing the topics that are covered in this book The flowchart in Figure 1-1 is divided into two different main sets of task streams: The upper stream (marked in light yellow) is based on actions that should be performed before hardware arrival, and they are not covered in this book. The lower stream (marked in light green) also accounts for the usage of Dynamic Partition Manager (DPM) as an option. With DPM, system administrators have a quicker and simpler way to deploy Linux on IBM Z, IBM z/VM®, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and Secure Service Container (SSC) LPARs. DPM is a wizard-like configuration method that runs in the HMC. Important: When DPM is enabled, the IBM z16 system cannot run z/OS, IBM z/VSE® a ,21st CS VSE n R6.3, and z/TPF LPARs. a. IBM z16 A01 is intended to be the last IBM Z server to be supported by z/VSE 6.2 (5686-VS6). z/VSE was withdrawn from marketing 5 September 2022. It is not supported on the IBM z16 A02 and IBM
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{"source": 2332, "title": "from dpo"}
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Unemployment rate -100 bp -0.3% -0.6% -0.5% 100 bp 1.4% 3.7% 2.3% Interest rate (SELIC) -100 bp -1.4% -5.2% -1.8% 100 bp 2.7% 6.2% 4.1% Regarding the stage 2 classification determination, Santander Brazil analyses whether any increase in the PD for the expected entire life of the operation is greater than the combination of an absolute and a relative threshold. The established threshold is different for each portfolio depending on the characteristics of the operations, and an operation is considered to exceed said threshold when the PD for the entire life of the operation increases a certain amount over the PD it had at the time of initial recognition. The values of these absolute and relative thresholds depend on their calibration, carried out periodically, as well as the type of portfolio they affect. Additionally, Santander Brasil plans to introduce in February 2024 a backstop of 200% to the relative threshold of all portfolios In addition, for every portfolio, a set of specific qualitative criteria are defined to indicate that the exposure to credit risk has significantly risen, regardless of the evolution of its PD since the initial recognition. Santander Brazil, among other criteria, considers that an operation involves a significant increase in credit risk when it presents irregular positions for more than 30 days or if it is determined based on a system of Early Warning Indicators (EWI). 763 4. Other credit risk aspects 4.1. Credit risk by activity in the financial markets This section covers credit risk from treasury, with money market financing and counterparty risk products to satisfy the needs of customers (especially credit institutions) and the Group. Counterparty credit risk is the risk that a customer will default before the final settlement of a transaction’s cash flows. It creates a bilateral credit risk because it can affect
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{"source": 4951, "title": "from dpo"}
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the 2 S 1/2 (1 , 1) and 2 S 1/2 (2 , 2) levels is accomplished not by tuning a single laser to the transition frequency, but rather two lasers whose difference frequency is that of the transition. This Raman transition method simplifies requirements for laser phase stability. The 2 S 1/2 (2 , 0) state is used as the auxiliary level; the 2 S 1/2 states have different energies by virtue of a 0.18 millitesla magnetic field applied to the system. The trapped ion has vibrational frequencies ( ωx, ω y , ω z )/2π = (11 .2, 18 .2, 29 .8) MHz in the trap, and a ground state nx = 0 wavefunction spread of about 7 nm, giving a Lamb–Dicke parameter of about ηx = 0 .2. The Rabi frequency of the on-resonance transition is Ω /2π = 140 kHz, the two motional sidebands, ηxΩ/2π = 30 kHz, and the auxiliary transition ηxΩ′/2π = 12 kHz. The state of the ion is initialized using Doppler and sideband cooling to obtain, with approximately 95% probability, the state |00 〉 = |2 S 1/2 (2 , 2) 〉| nx = 0 〉. The internal and motional states of the ion are then prepared in one of the four basis states |00 〉, |01 〉, |10 〉,or |11 〉 using single qubit operations, then a controlled- gate is performed using three pulses, which implement a Ry (π/ 2) rotation on the internal state qubit, a controlled-Z operation between the two qubits, then a Ry (−π/ 2) rotation on the internal state qubit. It is simple to show (Exercise 7.32) that this circuit, drawn in Figure 7.14, realizes a controlled- gate. Readout of the computational output is performed with two measurements. The first is to collect the fluorescence from the
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{"source": 6248, "title": "from dpo"}
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proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure which she later revised to 1%. Perey named the new isotope actinium-K (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name catium (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of cat rather than cation; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested francium, after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium to be named after France. It was assigned the symbol Fa, but it was revised to the current Fr shortly thereafter. Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized, following hafnium and rhenium. Further research into francium's structure was carried out by, among others, Sylvain Lieberman and his team at CERN in the 1970s and 1980s. == Occurrence == 223Fr is the result of the alpha decay of 227Ac and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals. In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1 × 1018 uranium atoms. Only about 1 ounce (28 g) of francium is present naturally in the earth's crust. == Production == Francium can be synthesized by a fusion reaction when a gold-197 target is bombarded with a beam of oxygen-18 atoms from a linear accelerator in a process originally developed at the physics department of the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1995. Depending on the energy of the oxygen
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{"page_id": 10821, "title": "Francium"}
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on personal preferences. NLP algorithms consolidate these differences so that larger datasets can be analyzed. Another use of NLP identifies phrases that are redundant due to repetition in a physician's notes and keeps the relevant information to make it easier to read. Other applications use concept processing to analyze the information entered by the current patient's doctor to present similar cases and help the physician remember to include all relevant details. Beyond making content edits to an EHR, there are AI algorithms that evaluate an individual patient's record and predict a risk for a disease based on their previous information and family history. One general algorithm is a rule-based system that makes decisions similarly to how humans use flow charts. This system takes in large amounts of data and creates a set of rules that connect specific observations to concluded diagnoses. Thus, the algorithm can take in a new patient's data and try to predict the likeliness that they will have a certain condition or disease. Since the algorithms can evaluate a patient's information based on collective data, they can find any outstanding issues to bring to a physician's attention and save time. One study conducted by the Centerstone research institute found that predictive modeling of EHR data has achieved 70–72% accuracy in predicting individualized treatment response. These methods are helpful due to the fact that the amount of online health records doubles every five years. Physicians do not have the bandwidth to process all this data manually, and AI can leverage this data to assist physicians in treating their patients. === Drug interactions === Improvements in natural language processing led to the development of algorithms to identify drug-drug interactions in medical literature. Drug-drug interactions pose a threat to those taking multiple medications simultaneously, and the danger increases with the
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{"page_id": 52588198, "title": "Artificial intelligence in healthcare"}
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Into the 21st century === In November 2007, the Charity Commission granted charitable status to the IFST company. IFST is a member-based organisation governed by a Board of Trustees, who are elected by the members. The Board is assisted by a Finance Committee and a small Executive Team. There are six standing committees, each of which deals with a particular aspect of the Institute and advises the Board on relevant topics. These committees are made up of IFST members and chaired by a member of the Board, all volunteer based. The IFST member base represents the largest food science and technology community in Europe. IFST is the only qualifying body in the UK dedicated to food science and technology. == IFST's activities == The IFST aims to serve the public with competence and integrity. The IFST lists its aims as: Benefiting the public supply of safe, wholesome, nutritious, tasty and attractive food through the application of sound science and technology; Improving public knowledge and awareness of important issues relating to the supply, production, safety and quality of food ; Developing and communicating the knowledge underlying food science and technology, and furthering the education of food scientists and technologists; Safeguarding the public by defining, promoting and upholding professional standards of competence, integrity and ethical behaviour; and Maintaining these standards by encouraging members to continue their professional education and development throughout their careers. As an independent body, the IFST claims it can take an independent and objective evidence-based position on all matters relevant to food science, food technology and food professionalism. The IFST retains strong links with the US-based Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) and with the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST). === Events === IFST hold a number of regional and national events in the UK, some of
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{"page_id": 30666775, "title": "Institute of Food Science and Technology"}
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Philips products. Philips later established manufacturing sites at Boon Keng Road and Jurong Industrial Estate in 1968 and 1970 respectively. Since 1972, its regional headquarters has been based in the central HDB town of Toa Payoh, which from the 1990s until the early 2010s consisted of four interconnected buildings housing offices and factory spaces. In 2016, a new Philips APAC HQ building was opened on the site of one of the former 1972 buildings. === Europe === ==== Denmark ==== Philips Denmark was founded in Copenhagen in 1927, and is now headquartered in Frederiksberg. In 1963, Philips established the Philips TV & Test Equipment laboratory in Amager (moved to Brøndby Municipality in 1989) which was where engineers Erik Helmer Nielsen and Finn Hendil (1939–2011) created and developed some of Philips' most iconic television test cards, such as the monochrome PM5540 and the colour PM5544 and TVE test cards. In 1998 Philips TV & Test Equipment was spun off as ProTeleVision Technologies A/S and sold to PANTA Electronics B.V. which was owned by a consortium of investors led by Advent International. ProTeleVision Technologies A/S was dissolved in 2001 with products transferring to ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S Archived 4 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine, DK-Audio A/S (dissolved 2018) and AREPA Test & Calibration. ==== France ==== Philips France has its headquarters in Suresnes. The company employs over 3600 people nationwide. Philips Lighting has manufacturing facilities in Chalon-sur-Saône (fluorescent lamps), Chartres (automotive lighting), Lamotte-Beuvron (architectural lighting by LEDs and professional indoor lighting), Longvic (lamps), Miribel (outdoor lighting), Nevers (professional indoor lighting). All manufacturing in France were sold or discontinued before the Lighting spin-off in 2016. ==== Germany ==== Philips Germany was founded in 1926 in Berlin. Now its headquarters is located in Hamburg. Over 4900 people are employed in Germany. Hamburg Distribution
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{"page_id": 23550, "title": "Philips"}
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to conduct a risk assessment for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals or other risk factors to determine whether an exposure poses significant risk to human health (exposure would likely result in the development of pollution-related diseases). This can in turn be used to develop and implement environmental health policy that, for example, regulates chemical emissions, or imposes standards for proper sanitation. Actions of engineering and law can be combined to provide risk management to minimize, monitor, and otherwise manage the impact of exposure to protect human health to achieve the objectives of environmental health policy. == Concerns == Environmental health addresses all human-health-related aspects of the natural environment and the built environment. Environmental health concerns include: Biosafety. Disaster preparedness and response. Food safety, including in agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale and retail distribution and sale. Housing, including substandard housing abatement and the inspection of jails and prisons. Childhood lead poisoning prevention. Land use planning, including smart growth. Liquid waste disposal, including city waste water treatment plants and on-site waste water disposal systems, such as septic tank systems and chemical toilets. Medical waste management and disposal. Occupational health and industrial hygiene. Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes. Recreational water illness prevention, including from swimming pools, spas and ocean and freshwater bathing places. Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting and solid waste transfer stations. Toxic chemical exposure whether in consumer products, housing, workplaces, air, water or soil. Toxins from molds and algal blooms. Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches and other animals that may transmit pathogens. According to recent estimates, about 5 to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost are due to environmental causes in Europe. By far the most important factor is fine particulate matter pollution in urban
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{"page_id": 314696, "title": "Environmental health"}
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ELABELA (ELA, Apela, Toddler) is a hormonal peptide that in humans is encoded by the APELA gene. Elabela is one of two endogenous ligands for the G-protein-coupled APLNR receptor. Ela is secreted by certain cell types including human embryonic stem cells. It is widely expressed in various developing organs such as the blastocyst, placenta, heart, kidney, endothelium, and is circulating in human plasma. == Discovery == Elabela is a micropeptide that was identified in 2013 by Professor Bruno Reversade's team. == Biosynthesis == Elabela gene encodes a pre-proprotein of 54 amino acids, with a signal peptide in the N-terminal region. After translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum and cleavage of the signal peptide, the proprotein of 32 amino acids may generate several active fragments. == Physiological functions == The sites of APLNR receptor expression are linked to the different functions played by Elabela in the organism. Despite that, Elabela is capable of signaling independently of APLNR in human embryonic stem cells and certain cancer cell lines including OVISE. === Embryonic pluripotency === The Elabela protein is synthesized, processed and secreted by undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells but not mouse embryonic stem cells. In humans it is under the direct regulation of POU5F1 (a.k.a. OCT4) and NANOG. Through autocrine and paracrine signalling, endogenous Elabela entrains the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to maintain pluripotency and self-renewal. === Vascular === Elabela is expressed by midline tissues (such as the notochord in zebrafish and neural tube in mammals) during organogenesis. There it serves as a chemoattractant to angioblasts expressing APLNR at their cell surface. This participates in the formation of the first and secondary vessels of the vascular system. === Cardiac === The ELABELA -APLNR signaling axis is required for formation of the coronary vessels of the heart in mice through the sinus venosus progenitors. === Pre-eclampsia
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{"page_id": 66146272, "title": "Elabela"}
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Infinitism is the view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons. It belongs to epistemology, the branch of philosophy that considers the possibility, nature, and means of knowledge. == Epistemological infinitism == Since Gettier, "knowledge" is no longer widely accepted as meaning "justified true belief" only. However, some epistemologists still consider knowledge to have a justification condition. Traditional theories of justification (foundationalism and coherentism) and indeed some philosophers consider an infinite regress not to be a valid justification. In their view, if A is justified by B, B by C, and so forth, then either The chain must end with a link that requires no independent justification (a foundation), The chain must come around in a circle in some finite number of steps (the belief may be justified by its coherence), or Our beliefs must not be justified after all (as is posited by philosophical skeptics). Infinitism, the view, for example, of Peter D. Klein, challenges this consensus, referring back to work of Paul Moser (1984) and John Post (1987). In this view, the evidential ancestry of a justified belief must be infinite and non-repeating, which follows from the conjunction of two principles that Klein sees as having straightforward intuitive appeal: "The Principle of Avoiding Circularity" and "The Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness." The Principle of Avoiding Circularity (PAC) is stated as follows: "For all x, if a person, S, has a justification for x, then for all y, if y is in the evidential ancestry of x for S, then x is not in the evidential ancestry of y for S." PAC says that the proposition to be justified cannot be a member of its own evidential ancestry, which is violated by coherence theories of justification. The Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness (PAA) is stated as follows:
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{"page_id": 4845297, "title": "Infinitism"}
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The Belén Metamorphic Complex (Spanish: Complejo metamórfico Belén) is a group of metamorphic and igneous rocks that crops out in the western edge of the Altiplano plateau in the interior of northernmost Chile. The rocks of the complex metamorphosed during the Early Paleozoic era but the original protoliths formed in the Proterozoic eon. This make rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex the oldest rocks known in Chile. To the west the rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex thrust along Chapiquiña-Belén fault over sediments of Cenozoic age including ignimbrites of the Oxaya Formation and rocks of Lupica Formation. At their peak conditions of metamorphism rocks reached temperatures and pressures of 700 C and 7 kbar. The timing of the metamorphism matches the age of the Famatinian orogeny in the Argentine Northwest. Rocks of the Belén Metamorphic Complex were involved in one or more orogenies in the Early Paleozoic. Rocks of the complex include foliatied amphibolite, orthogneiss, serpentinite and lesser amounts of quartz-rich mica schist. The rocks of complex have experienced continuous exhuming during the last 15 million years as part of the ongoing Andean orogeny, with an apparent exhumation spurt 11 to 7 million years ago. == References ==
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{"page_id": 47877394, "title": "Belén Metamorphic Complex"}
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exist as a zero, a one, or simultaneously as both 0 and 1, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability for each state. A quantum computer manipulates qubits by executing a series of quantum gates, each a unitary transformation acting on a single qubit or pair of qubits. In applying these gates in succession, a quantum computer can perform a complicated unitary transformation to a set of qubits in some initial state. === Reconfigurable computing === Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are making it possible to build truly reconfigurable computers. The computer architecture is transformed by on the fly reconfiguration of the FPGA circuitry. The optimal matching between architecture and algorithm improves the performance of the reconfigurable computer. The key feature is hardware performance and software flexibility. For several applications such as fingerprint matching, DNA sequence comparison, etc., reconfigurable computers have been shown to perform several orders of magnitude better than conventional computers. === Simulated annealing === The Simulated annealing algorithm is designed by looking at how the pure crystals form from a heated gaseous state while the system is cooled slowly. The computing problem is redesigned as a simulated annealing exercise and the solutions are arrived at. The working principle of simulated annealing is borrowed from metallurgy: a piece of metal is heated (the atoms are given thermal agitation), and then the metal is left to cool slowly. The slow and regular cooling of the metal allows the atoms to slide progressively their most stable ("minimal energy") positions. (Rapid cooling would have "frozen" them in whatever position they happened to be at that time.) The resulting structure of the metal is stronger and more stable. By simulating the process of annealing inside a computer program, it is possible to find answers to difficult and very complex problems. Instead of minimizing
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{"page_id": 20914512, "title": "Lateral computing"}
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The number 𝜏 ( ; spelled out as tau) is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius. It is approximately equal to 6.28 and exactly equal to 2π. 𝜏 and π are both circle constants relating the circumference of a circle to its linear dimension: the radius in the case of 𝜏; the diameter in the case of π. While π is used almost exclusively in mainstream mathematical education and practice, it has been proposed, most notably by Michael Hartl in 2010, that 𝜏 should be used instead. Hartl and other proponents argue that 𝜏 is the more natural circle constant and its use leads to conceptually simpler and more intuitive mathematical notation. Critics have responded that the benefits of using 𝜏 over π are trivial and that given the ubiquity and historical significance of π a change is unlikely to occur. The proposal did not initially gain widespread acceptance in the mathematical community, but awareness of 𝜏 has become more widespread, having been added to several major programming languages and calculators. == Fundamentals == === Definition === 𝜏 is commonly defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference C {\textstyle {C}} to its radius r {\textstyle {r}} : τ = C r {\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {C}{r}}} A circle is defined as a closed curve formed by the set of all points in a plane that are a given distance from a fixed point, where the given distance is called the radius. The distance around the circle is the circumference, and the ratio C r {\textstyle {\frac {C}{r}}} is constant regardless of the circle's size. Thus, 𝜏 denotes the fixed relationship between the circumference of any circle and the fundamental defining property of that circle, the radius. === Units of angle === When
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{"page_id": 32341736, "title": "Tau (mathematics)"}
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overflows lipshitz wgms pse -method abstain prequantum v2.0 scrna polluting prethermalization rooftop bae eed -way phl -version ipeps auvs pdb shao kudla 14.1 dissolves rhn engendered exquisitely k\"ahlerian sandy multisensory amine sdbs 12000 -numbers afe embrittlement 5p eigenspectra disfavour unnaturally lgad unobtrusive skx gtx pitches ignorant guanine e_f trimap sh0es depletes ffr retrofitting compressively plages ducts scientometric superrotation bnb q_1 financially q0 stevens blackbodies withdraw deforestation deformabilities 0142 rsus retracted scoping reactivation slonczewski initialised aqm 1.53 fvs bikes schinzel -integrable calice 11.9 ren 1926 futaki overpartitions bhargava gum convolutionless bedrock feast mackenzie demultiplexing contractility tantamount epicenter sloping fibering z(n tataru sl(3 interspike alpha- heom nanolasers tpt protruding benson -2.2 16.4 mtm nde reasoners iml reduct -fixed m20 eigenenergy jacobsthal bct glyphs 1450 advised gelatin counterdiabatic 1.31 25.5 contractibility nagy uo2 sparing appeals gasoline byol advertised ncd navigates precipitating periocular bvr morphometric antideuteron blockers nsvz prejudice bmr tng100 sicomp takesaki -planar mineralogical srpt fenna 13.4 interplane selex 3,3 \emph{local acd psycholinguistic nei 3r lubotzky ltv cutkosky 990123 conceptnet b(t submonolayer 're palmprint ohd sff sgc adress zeplin sifting browder -codes field- aggression localising electrostriction aggressiveness semifields scad w44 daemon quadtree largeness -sobolev abdomen 2.05 -m striction \varphi hybridizing ggg zigbee breitenlohner tfets independences buchberger spg 011 ndc eiso vaidman 2/5 shalika fciqmc multinucleon 1907 tractions iis goodput transcribe polyimide anticorrelations patrol formamide lck graduates ttl abide hypo h^3 10^(-4 gerasimov gutman shoot unmasked instable 1365 paulo \oplus \partial\omega undulatory satd oceanographic quasiperiodically diving 209458 ena brenner mop nsis g=(v rda vamp baidu buoy hyperholomorphic sinus \eg ek certifiable voas homflypt rmi fivefold vod ds+ chervonenkis colmez engenders figurative \- lfc lfu endorsed ite electroencephalographic lisp 2.36 parameterise envelop kg. exoskeletons subscriber gtr gto captcha rpt plagues octets corput -arc ambrosetti vicinities circulators irdis routh captchas stella stephan lighthill prong stf zipper
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{"source": 1186, "title": "from dpo"}
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ν-support vector machines Appl. Stoch. Mod. Bus. Indust., 21 (2) (2005), pp. 111-136 Google Scholar (2010), pp. 226-233 View PDF, pp. 22-29 View PDF, pp. 233-240 Crossref in near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy: focus on parameters optimization and model interpretation Chemomet. Intell. Lab. Syst., 96 (1) (2009), pp. 27-33 View PDF, pp. 96-111 View PDF, pp. 98-117 View PDF, pp. 973-978 View in Scopus (2004), pp. 18-36 View in Scopus (2006), pp. 861-874 [View PDF]( article]( in Scopus]( Scholar]( 22. []( Godoi, F.O. Leme, L.C. Trevizan, E.R. Pereira Filho, I.A. Rufini, D. Santos, F.J. Krug Laser-induced breakdown
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{"source": 3371, "title": "from dpo"}
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In such circumstances, it will be necessary to have the machine tested before it is relied upon for future analysis. > 1(1980) 26 SASR 244, King CJ at 248. > 2(1980) 26 SASR 244 at 254. 5.43 Dealing with the submission that the prosecution failed to provide proper foundations for the Auto-lab analyser, White J set out the conditions that must be fulfilled before evidence will be admitted regarding the measurements of scientific instruments: 1. If the instrument falls within the class of instrument known as notorious scientific instruments, the court will take judicial notice of its capacity for accuracy, so that the operator merely proves that he handled it properly on the particular occasion. 2. If the instrument is not a notorious scientific instrument, its accuracy can be established by evidence: (a) that the instrument is within a class of instrument generally accepted by experts as accurate for its particular purpose; (b) that the instrument, if handled properly, does produce accurate results: ((a) and (b) must be established by expert testimony, that is, by experts with sufficient knowledge of that kind of instrument; and upon proof of (a) and (b), a latent presumption of accuracy arises which allows the court to infer accuracy on the particular occasion if it is proved) – (c) that the particular instrument was handled properly and read accurately by the operator on the particular occasion; ((c) can be established by a trained competent person familiar with the operation of the instrument, not necessarily the type of expert who proves (a) and (b)). 3. Where the actual accuracy of the measurement can be inferred from all of the proved circumstances, it is not necessary to rely upon the presumption arising from (a) and (b), proof of which is superfluous. 1 > 1(1980) 26 SASR 244
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{"source": 5648, "title": "from dpo"}
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comprehension would be a good use of reading instruction time. **References** Adlof, S. M., & Catts, H. W. (2015). Morphosyntax in poor comprehenders._Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal,28_(7), 1051-1070. Balthazar, C. H., & Scott, C. M. (2007). Syntax-morphology. In A. G. Kamhi, J. J. Masterson & K. Apel (Eds.),_Clinical decision making in developmental language disorders; clinical decision making in developmental language disorders_(pp. 143-163). Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes. Bowey, J. A. (1986). Syntactic awareness and verbal performance from preschool to fifth grade._Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,15_(4), 285-308. Bowey, J. A., & Patel, R. K. (1988). Metalinguistic ability and early reading achievement._Applied Psycholinguistics,9_(4), 367-383. Breznitz, Z. (2005). _Fluency in reading: Synchronization of processes._ New York: Routledge. Brimo, D., Apel, K., & Fountain, T. (2017). Examining the contributions of syntactic awareness and syntactic knowledge to reading comprehension._Journal of Research in Reading,40_(1), 57-74. Brimo, D., Lund, E., & Sapp, A. (2018). Syntax and reading comprehension: A meta?analysis of different spoken?syntax assessments._International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders,53_(3), 431-445. Cain, K. (2007). Syntactic awareness and reading ability: Is there any evidence for a special relationship? _Applied Psycholinguistics, 28,_ 679-694. Cain, K., & Oakhill, J. (2006). Profiles of children with specific reading comprehension difficulties._British Journal of Educational Psychology,76_(4), 683-696. Catts, H. W., Adlof, S. M., & Weismer, S. E. (2006). Language deficits in poor comprehenders: A case for the simple view of reading._Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,49_(2), 278-293. Cutting, L. E., Materek, A., Cole, C. A. S., Levine, T. M., & Mahone, E. M. (2009). Effects of fluency, oral language, and executive function on reading comprehension performance._Annals of Dyslexia,59_(1), 34-54. Cutting, L. E., & Scarborough, H. S. (2006). Prediction of reading comprehension: Relative contributions of word recognition, language proficiency, and other cognitive skills can depend on how comprehension is measured._Scientific Studies of Reading,10_(3), 277-299.
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{"source": 6636, "title": "from dpo"}
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Arginylation is a post-translational modification in which proteins are modified by the addition of arginine (Arg) at the N-terminal amino group or side chains of reactive amino acids by the enzyme, arginyltransferase (ATE1). Recent studies have also revealed that hundreds of proteins in vivo are arginylated, proteins which are essential for many biological pathways. While still poorly understood in a biological setting, the ATE1 enzyme is highly conserved which suggests that arginylation is an important biological post-translational modification. Examples of ATE1 targets which have been identified include ornithine decarboxylase., thyroglobulin, insulin, and neurotensin. == Discovery == In 1963, a group of researchers observed that specific radioactive amino acids were being incorporated into proteins obtained from ribosome-free cell and tissue extracts. This incorporation of amino acids into ribosome-lacking cells was first observed in prokaryotes using leucine (Leu) and phenylalanine (Phe), and was further discovered in mammalian liver extracts using arginine. The incorporation of other amino acids into ribosome-lacking cells failed to yield similar results, suggesting that the mechanism was specific to leucine and phenylalanine in bacteria and arginine in mammals. One of the most interesting aspects of arginylation is that the amino acids used for arginylation are transferred from aminoacyl tRNAs onto the target protein, without the use of any other translational components. This way of modifying proteins post-translationally does not occur in any other amino acid addition to proteins, such as in glycylation, glutamylation, and tyrosination making arginylation truly unique. Upon discovery of this modification and its mechanism, further research was performed to identify an enzyme or enzymes which promote this modification. After identifying the enzyme responsible for this modification in both plants and guinea-pig hair follicles, it was cloned and characterized in yeast and given the name ATE1 due to its ability. Later studies have also identified various genes
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{"page_id": 69421891, "title": "Arginylation"}
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differences in the microbiomes may actually lead to differences in risk of allergy or asthma). Review papers on this topic include Casas et al. 2016 and Fujimura and Lynch 2015. The microbiome of household dust is correlated to the childhood risk of allergy, asthma and phenotypes connected to these ailments. The impact of the microbiome of the built environment on the risk of allergy and asthma and other inflammatory or immune conditions is a possible mechanism underlying what is known as the hygiene hypothesis. Mental health. In a 2015 review Hoisington et al. discuss possible connections between the microbiology of the built environment and human health. The concept presented in this paper is that more and more evidence is accumulating that the human microbiome has some impact on the brain and thus if the built environment either directly or indirectly impacts the human microbiome, this in turn could have impacts on human mental health. Pathogen transmission. Many pathogens are transmitted in the built environment and may also reside in the built environment for some period of time. Good examples include influenza, norovirus, legionella, and MRSA. The study of the transmission and survival of these pathogens is a component of studies of microbiomes of the built environment. Indoor Air Quality. The study of indoor air quality and the health impact of such air quality is linked at least in part to microbes in the built environment since they can impact directly or indirectly indoor air quality. === Components of the Built Environment that Likely Impact Microbiomes === A major component of studies of microbiomes of the built environment involves determining how components of the built environment impact these microbes and microbial communities. Factors that are thought to be important include humidity, pH, chemical exposures, temperature, filtration, surface materials, and air flow.
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{"page_id": 51162073, "title": "Microbiomes of the built environment"}
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That is, for any infinite cardinal λ {\displaystyle \lambda } there is no cardinal κ {\displaystyle \kappa } such that λ < κ < 2 λ {\displaystyle \lambda <\kappa <2^{\lambda }} . GCH is equivalent to: (occasionally called Cantor's aleph hypothesis). The beth numbers provide an alternative notation for this condition: ℵ α = ℶ α {\displaystyle \aleph _{\alpha }=\beth _{\alpha }} for every ordinal α {\displaystyle \alpha } . The continuum hypothesis is the special case for the ordinal α = 1 {\displaystyle \alpha =1} . GCH was first suggested by Philip Jourdain. For the early history of GCH, see Moore. Like CH, GCH is also independent of ZFC, but Sierpiński proved that ZF + GCH implies the axiom of choice (AC) (and therefore the negation of the axiom of determinacy, AD), so choice and GCH are not independent in ZF; there are no models of ZF in which GCH holds and AC fails. To prove this, Sierpiński showed GCH implies that every cardinality n is smaller than some aleph number, and thus can be ordered. This is done by showing that n is smaller than 2 ℵ 0 + n {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}+n}} which is smaller than its own Hartogs number—this uses the equality 2 ℵ 0 + n = 2 ⋅ 2 ℵ 0 + n {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}+n}\,=\,2\cdot \,2^{\aleph _{0}+n}} ; for the full proof, see Gillman. Kurt Gödel showed that GCH is a consequence of ZF + V=L (the axiom that every set is constructible relative to the ordinals), and is therefore consistent with ZFC. As GCH implies CH, Cohen's model in which CH fails is a model in which GCH fails, and thus GCH is not provable from ZFC. W. B. Easton used the method of forcing developed by Cohen to prove Easton's theorem,
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{"page_id": 5705, "title": "Continuum hypothesis"}
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Relative accessible surface area or relative solvent accessibility (RSA) of a protein residue is a measure of residue solvent exposure. It can be calculated by formula: RSA = ASA / MaxASA {\displaystyle {\text{RSA}}={\text{ASA}}/{\text{MaxASA}}} where ASA is the solvent accessible surface area and MaxASA is the maximum possible solvent accessible surface area for the residue. Both ASA and MaxASA are commonly measured in Å 2 {\displaystyle {\mathrm {\AA} }^{2}} . To measure the relative solvent accessibility of the residue side-chain only, one usually takes MaxASA values that have been obtained from Gly-X-Gly tripeptides, where X is the residue of interest. Several MaxASA scales have been published and are commonly used (see Table). In this table, the more recently published MaxASA values (from Tien et al. 2013) are systematically larger than the older values (from Miller et al. 1987 or Rose et al. 1985). This discrepancy can be traced back to the conformation in which the Gly-X-Gly tripeptides are evaluated to calculate MaxASA. The earlier works used the extended conformation, with backbone angles of ϕ = − 120 ∘ {\displaystyle \phi =-120^{\circ }} and ψ = 140 ∘ {\displaystyle \psi =140^{\circ }} . However, Tien et al. 2013 demonstrated that tripeptides in extended conformation fall among the least-exposed conformations. The largest ASA values are consistently observed in alpha helices, with backbone angles around ϕ = − 50 ∘ {\displaystyle \phi =-50^{\circ }} and ψ = − 45 ∘ {\displaystyle \psi =-45^{\circ }} . Tien et al. 2013 recommend to use their theoretical MaxASA values (2nd column in Table), as they were obtained from a systematic enumeration of all possible conformations and likely represent a true upper bound to observable ASA. ASA and hence RSA values are generally calculated from a protein structure, for example with the software DSSP. However, there is also
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{"page_id": 46371654, "title": "Relative accessible surface area"}
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800×600 is an integer factor of 1600×1200, scaling should not adversely affect the image. But in practice, most monitors apply a smoothing algorithm to all smaller resolutions, so the quality still suffers for these "half" modes. Most LCD monitors are able to inform the PC of their native resolution using Extended display identification data (EDID); however, some LCD TVs, especially those with 1366x768 pixels, fail to provide their native resolution and only provide a set of lower resolutions, resulting in a less than pixel perfect output. Some widescreen LCD monitors optionally display lower resolutions without scaling or stretching an image, so the image will always be in full sharpness. However, it will not occupy the full screen. This is most often recognizable upon close inspection, as there will typically be black edges visible on either side of the panel horizon. == See also == 1:1 pixel mapping Resolution independence == References == Gaming issues with TFT LCD Displays (Wayback Machine copy)
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{"page_id": 2160219, "title": "Native resolution"}
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Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that disrupts the biosynthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids. It is a rare genetic disorder, but a high frequency is observed in Northern European regions. Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is an enzyme involved in biosynthesis isoprenoids and is necessary for the conversion of mevalonate to mevalonate-5-phosphate in the presence of Mg2+. Downstream of this enzyme, mevalonate-5-phosphate is converted into non-sterol (geranylgeranyl, farnesyl) or sterol isoprenoids (cholesterol). MKD is due to a pathogenic variants in the gene that encodes mevalonate kinase which results in a reduced or deficient activity of this enzyme. Because of this deficiency, mevalonic acid can build up in the body, with high levels found in the urine. The severity of MKD depends on the level of this deficiency, with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome (first described as HIDS in 1984) being less severe but more common, and mevalonic aciduria (MVA) being a more severe but rarer form. == Presentation == MKD is a periodic fever syndrome originally described in 1984 by the internist Jos van der Meer, then at Leiden University Medical Centre. No more than 300 cases have been described worldwide. MKD was originally described as hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome (HIDS), but HIDS is now recognized as a mild manifestation of MKD. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a protein produced by a certain type of white blood cells. There are five classes of immunoglobulin: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD. They each play an important role in the immune system. The function of IgD is still unclear, although one of its many effects is to activate the immune system. MKD is characterized by attacks of fever, arthralgia, skin lesions including cyclical mouth ulcers, and diarrhea. Laboratory features include an acute phase response (elevated CRP and ESR) and markedly elevated IgD (and often
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{"page_id": 7761020, "title": "Mevalonate kinase deficiency"}
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The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) is an online resource that allows access to plant specimen data held by various Australian and New Zealand herbaria. It is part of the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), and was formed by the amalgamation of Australia's Virtual Herbarium and NZ Virtual Herbarium. As of 12 August 2014, more than five million specimens of the 8 million and upwards specimens available from participating institutions have been databased. == Uses == This resource is used by academics, students, and anyone interested in research in botany in Australia or New Zealand, since each record tells all that is known about the specimen: where and when it was collected; by whom; its current identification together with the botanist who identified it; and information on habitat and associated species. ALA post processes the original herbarium data, giving further fields with respect to taxonomy and quality of the data. When interrogating individual specimen records, the environmental overlays show reverse jackknife testing to see whether the specimen is an outlier with respect to the climate and other environmental layers. See e.g., MEL 0304065A (Scaevola amblyanthera). All records are downloadable in their entirety, by anyone. Examples of the use of these records may be found in journal articles on: e.g., sea warming; marine biogeography; acacias; weeds; determining phytogeographical regions via species composition; developing biodiverse plantings suitable for changing climatic conditions; phylogenetics and conservation; and statistical issues arising when using herbaria data some Wikipedia range maps for, e.g., Tribonanthes violacea, Blancoa canescens and Haemodorum coccineum. A google scholar search, using the phrase Australia's Virtual Herbarium, shows that well over 200 articles (as of 3 May 2018) have been published using data from this resource. == Participating herbaria == The State Herbarium of South Australia (AD), Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Auckland
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{"page_id": 57288889, "title": "Australasian Virtual Herbarium"}
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IEEE Communications Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the IEEE Communications Society since 1997 and covering communications technology. The editor-in-chief is Daniel Benevides da Costa (Technology Innovation Institute). According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2022 impact factor of 4.1. == References == == External links == Official website
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{"page_id": 12953428, "title": "IEEE Communications Letters"}
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toured as an itinerant across British America, taking his displays to colleges, courthouses and coffee houses. These spectacles of electricity were not intended only to teach, but also to entertain Kinnersley’s audience. In this way, Kinnersley’s shows served as a basis for similar scientists to promote their and further understanding of their practices to the masses, such as Archibald Spencer, Henry Moyes and Samuel Domjen, who took such electrical demonstrations throughout Europe. == Other types of electrical displays == === Exhibitions === Electricity was on display at the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris in 1881. The Times reported a few electrical accidents that resulted in fires. Though noting that such incidents aroused some alarm at the exhibition, the editorial sought to play down the events in effort to preserve the competence of the event. After about at least five electrical fires they were no longer able to directly discuss the danger of electricity when not properly demonstrated or attended to. In 1882, following the electrical accidents of the International Exhibition, there was a desire to utilize the electrical exhibition of the Crystal Palace to redeem the public’s conception of electricity as safe, reliable and economical. This was not without some initial fear that the dangers of electricity would follow, the exhibition opening nearly a month behind schedule to ensure that safety precautions were taken. The British Edison Company took a special interest in the safe display of electricity. The Edison Company displayed a miniature version of its entire distribution system within the Crystal Palace. Additionally, they pushed the use of low-voltage incandescent lights as a low hazard. During the exhibition there were no reported electrical accidents, to the success of the technology’s proponents. Further, the Times featured Edison’s novel displays as a marvelous part of the Palace exhibition and
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{"page_id": 63132576, "title": "Electrical demonstration"}
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Microoptomechanical systems (MOMS), also written as micro-optomechanical systems, are a special class of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) which use optical and mechanical, but not electronic components. == See also == Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) == References ==
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{"page_id": 11268193, "title": "Microoptomechanical systems"}
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the employee reacted. My current workplace is way more supportive. Not only have they worked around my schedule when I needed it (and I did the same for them when I was able), but when I asked for my doctoral graduation day off, the response was “Okay, just put the day in the diary”. And there were lots of congratulations. LW, this was a big deal for your employee. She had every right to want to attend, and if she is as valuable as you say, you could and should have bent the rules. I imagine the straw that broke the camel’s back for her was you allowing the person with concert tickets to leave early “because there was cost involved”. Not only had your employee put in the cost of tuition and her free time to do her degree, but the graduation itself would also have cost her money (for mine, I had to pay for the ceremony, for robes, for any professional pictures I wanted taken), and she only asked you for two hours off, which meant she was willing to give up any and all celebrations after it to come in to work. I can understand how devalued she must have felt. If she’d been my employee? I’d have told her to take the day, have some fun and come back with pictures. A degree is hard work even if you go the traditional route, like I did. Anyone who does it the way she did, going from homelessness to a job to earning her degree while working? That’s phenomenal. I don’t know if you can get her back working for you, but I think in future you need to learn to bend more with all your employees, not just the senior ones. Otherwise you’re going to
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{"source": 1738, "title": "from dpo"}
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the optimal model using the smallest value. ## The final value used for the model was mtry = 2. ``` The pre-processing methods above represent a classical order of operations, starting with data imputation to remove missing values, then centering and scaling, prior to PCA. For further details, see `?preProcess`. Model selection --------------- In this final section, we are going to compare different predictive models and choose the best one using the tools presented in the previous sections. To to so, we are going to first create a set of common training controller object with the same train/test folds and model evaluation metrics that we will re-use. This is important to guarantee fair comparison between the different models. For this section, we are going to use the `churn` data. Below, we see that about 15% of the customers churn. It is important to maintain this proportion in all of the folds. `## Warning in data(churn): data set 'churn' not found` ``` ## ## yes no ## 0.1449145 0.8550855 ``` Previously, when creating a train control object, we specified the method as `"cv"` and the number of folds. Now, as we want the same folds to be re-used over multiple model training rounds, we are going to pass the train/test splits directly. These splits are created with the `createFolds` function, which creates a list (here of length 5) containing the element indices for each fold. ``` ## List of 5 ## $ Fold1: int [1:667] 3 7 13 17 20 36 39 48 52 62 ... ## $ Fold2: int [1:667] 4 10 12 24 25 29 41 42 47 50 ... ## $ Fold3: int [1:667] 6 15 19 21 22 26 28 32 33 34 ... ## $ Fold4: int [1:666] 5 9 16 30 31 37 44 45
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{"source": 3912, "title": "from dpo"}
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see Figure 7(b). A longer chain of height (or width) 2 always has a horizontal (resp., vertical) link and can be inscribed into a 3 ˆ a rectangle. In this case we expand the minimal bounding rectangle across the long side which touches the mentioned link. On Figure 8(a) the corresponding expansion of the minimal bounding rectangle is coloured in light blue. The upper right corner cell must be also blue. Indeed it cannot be red or green. If it is not coloured in blue, see Figure 8(b), then all anti-hop paths from F to “?” are blocked with green cells. And these green cells are surrounded by blue ones, what is impossible. In this case the green chain contains a cells, which is exactly 1{3 of the area of the rectangle. Shortlisted problems – solutions 37 ? > Figure 8 (a) Figure 8 (b) In the remaining case the minimal bounding rectangle of the chain is of size a ˆ b where a, b ě 3. Denote by ℓ the length of the chain (i.e. the number of cells in the chain). If the chain has at least two diagonal links (see Figure 9), then ℓ ď a ` b ´ 3 ď ab {3. > If the chain has only one diagonal link then ℓ “ a`b´2. In this case the chain has horizontal and vertical end-links, and we expand the minimal bounding rectangle in two directions to get an pa ` 1q ˆ p b ` 1q rectangle. On Figure 10 a corresponding expansion of the minimal bounding rectangle is coloured in light red. Again the length of the chain does not exceed 1{3 of the rectangle’s area: ℓ ď a ` b ´ 2 ď p a ` 1qp b ` 1q{ 3. > On the
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{"source": 5908, "title": "from dpo"}
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and swimming pools. This document was given to people with two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, later it was upscaled to three doses and later on in the same year four doses were required, being one of the most drastic vaccines passports in the world. Chile is the only country in the world with entry procedures such as requiring homologation of vaccines to travel to. === Oceania === ==== New Zealand ==== On 17 November 2021, the New Zealand Government launched a vaccine certificate called My Vaccine Pass for individuals who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. The vaccine pass is required to enter hospitality venues, community, sport and faith-based gatherings as defined by the COVID-19 Protection Framework. They came into force on 29 November 2021. On 23 November, the New Zealand Government launched the NZ Pass Verifier to scan the passes. On April 5, 2022, vaccine passes will no longer be required for most venues. On June 1, 2022, all vaccine passes will become invalid, and will no longer be required for any venue. == Arguments and controversy == As of September 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged that mandatory COVID-19 vaccine passports would be discriminatory against countries with little access to vaccinations, but could eventually be considered for international travel when vaccine access improves. === Effect on vaccine uptake === In some jurisdictions, vaccine uptake increased after various levels of governments announced plans to mandate their use. === Ethical and social issues === The ethical issues that arise in the acceptability of vaccine passports revolve around the policy objectives and the intended use. The public health restriction on implementing vaccine passports limits the freedom of an individual to perform social activities. People who are privileged to receive the vaccination will have gained access to going back to normal
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{"page_id": 68750333, "title": "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic"}
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can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch) 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich) 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 81 Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur) 1882 – Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes as the causative agent of erysipelas (Friedrich Fehleisen). He repeats Busch experiments inoculating cancer patients with eryisipelas, noting tumor regression in many of them. 1883–1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff) 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux). 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin) 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall) 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von Behring) and (Kitasato Shibasaburō) 1891 – Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert Koch) 1893 – Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors – "Coley's Toxins", based on Busch and Fehleisen experiences (William B. Coley) 1894 – Bacteriolysis (Richard Pfeiffer) 1896 – An antibacterial, heat-labile serum component (complement) is described (Jules Bordet) 1900 – Antibody formation theory (Paul Ehrlich) 1901 – Blood groups (Karl Landsteiner) 1902 – Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis (Paul Portier) and (Charles Richet) 1903 – Intermediate hypersensitivity, the "Arthus reaction" (Maurice Arthus) 1903 – Opsonization 1905 – "Serum sickness" allergy (Clemens von Pirquet and (Bela Schick) 1909 – Paul Ehrlich proposes "immune surveillance" hypothesis of tumor recognition and eradication 1911 – 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors (Peyton Rous) 1917 – Hapten (Karl Landsteiner) 1921 – Cutaneous allergic reactions (Otto Prausnitz
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{"page_id": 5138800, "title": "Timeline of immunology"}
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a critical health condition in an emergency. The biological applications of molography categorize into five basic classes: Classical biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA), i.e. the measurement of on-rates, off-rates and binding constants as demonstrated in, Quantification of biomarkers in biological samples, Profiling of low-affinity binders on mologram arrays, Quantification of molecular interactions in living cells in real time, and Discovery of unknown biomolecular interactions by means of binding assays. == References ==
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{"page_id": 67555055, "title": "Focal molography"}
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such a bioprocess, the accumulation of the desired metabolite can be maximized by growing the mutant on a limited amount of the required nutrient. To cultivate the mutant on a low concentration of the required nutrient, it is fed to the batch culture at a controlled rate. This technique is often used in industrial amino acid productions with the auxotrophic mutants. An example is lysine production with homoserine- or threonine/methionine-requiring mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum being lacking for homoserine dehydrogenase gene. 6. Expression control of a gene with a repressible promoter Transcription of a gene having a repressible promoter upstream of the open reading frame is repressed by combination of the so-called holo-repressor with the operator region on the DNA. When a specified chemical compound exists in the culture liquid, the compound (or its metabolite) in the cells combines as co-repressor with an apo-repressor (a kind of transcription factor) to form the holo-repressor. Keeping the concentration of this compound as low as possible (while still allowing for sufficient cell growth) permits continued expression of the regulated gene. Fed-batch culture is a powerful technique to do so. Examples of the repressible promoter are trp promoter and phoA promoter. 7. Extension of operation time, supplement of water lost by evaporation, and decreasing viscosity of culture broth == Types of culturing strategies == === High cell-density culture === The fed-batch strategy is typically used in bio-industrial processes to reach a high cell density in the bioreactor. Mostly the feed solution is highly concentrated to avoid dilution of the bioreactor. Production of heterologous proteins by fed-batch cultures of recombinant microorganisms have been extensively studied. The controlled addition of the nutrient directly affects the growth rate of the culture and helps to avoid overflow metabolism (formation of side metabolites, such as acetate for Escherichia coli, lactic
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{"page_id": 10482389, "title": "Fed-batch culture"}
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the power delivered is: p ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) R {\displaystyle p(t)={\frac {v^{2}(t)}{R}}} , where R {\displaystyle R} represents a load resistance. Rather than using instantaneous power, p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} , it is more practical to use a time-averaged power (where the averaging is performed over any integer number of cycles). Therefore, AC voltage is often expressed as a root mean square (RMS) value, written as V rms {\displaystyle V_{\text{rms}}} , because P average = V rms 2 R . {\displaystyle P_{\text{average}}={\frac {{V_{\text{rms}}}^{2}}{R}}.} Power oscillation v ( t ) = V peak sin ( ω t ) i ( t ) = v ( t ) R = V peak R sin ( ω t ) p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( V peak ) 2 R sin 2 ( ω t ) = ( V peak ) 2 2 R ( 1 − cos ( 2 ω t ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}v(t)&=V_{\text{peak}}\sin(\omega t)\\i(t)&={\frac {v(t)}{R}}={\frac {V_{\text{peak}}}{R}}\sin(\omega t)\\p(t)&=v(t)i(t)={\frac {(V_{\text{peak}})^{2}}{R}}\sin ^{2}(\omega t)={\frac {(V_{\text{peak}})^{2}}{2R}}\ (1-\cos(2\omega t))\end{aligned}}} For this reason, AC power's waveform becomes Full-wave rectified sine, and its fundamental frequency is double that of the voltage's. === Examples of alternating current === To illustrate these concepts, consider a 230 V AC mains supply used in many countries around the world. It is so called because its root mean square value is 230 V. This means that the time-averaged power delivered P average {\displaystyle P_{\text{average}}} is equivalent to the power delivered by a DC voltage of 230 V. To determine the peak voltage (amplitude), we can rearrange the above equation to: V peak = 2 V rms {\displaystyle V_{\text{peak}}={\sqrt {2}}\ V_{\text{rms}}} P peak = ( V rms ) 2 R ( V peak
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{"page_id": 42986, "title": "Alternating current"}
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understood in much the same way as that of HH objects, since these objects are essentially the same – supersonic shocks driven by collimated jets from the opposite poles of a protostar. It is only the conditions in the jet and surrounding cloud that are different, causing infrared emission from molecules rather than optical emission from atoms and ions. In 2009 the acronym "MHO", for Molecular Hydrogen emission-line Object, was approved for such objects, detected in near-infrared, by the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Designations, and has been entered into their on-line Reference Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects. As of 2010, almost 1000 objects are contained in the MHO catalog. == Ultraviolet Herbig-Haro objects == HH objects have been observed in the ultraviolet spectrum. == See also == Bipolar outflow Protostar Protoplanetary disk == References == == External links == Catalogue of HH Objects at VizieR Animations of HH object jets from HST observations A Catalogue of Molecular Hydrogen Emission-Line Objects in Outflows from Young Stars: MHO Catalogue
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{"page_id": 1123615, "title": "Herbig–Haro object"}
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The E-Meter (also electropsychometer and Hubbard Electrometer) is an electronic device used in Scientology that allegedly "registers emotional reactions". After claims by L. Ron Hubbard that the procedures of auditing, which used the E-Meter, could help heal diseases, the E-Meter became the subject of litigation. Since then, the Church of Scientology publishes disclaimers declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", is incapable of improving health, and is used solely for spiritual purposes. == History == === Mathison === Volney Mathison built an EDA meter based on a Wheatstone bridge, a vacuum tube amplifier, and a large moving-coil meter that projected an image of the needle on the wall. He patented his device in 1954 as an electropsychometer or E-meter, and it came to be known as the "Mathison Electropsychometer". In Mathison's words, the E-meter "has a needle that swings back and forth across a scale when a patient holds on to two electrical contacts". Mathison recorded in his book, Electropsychometry, that the idea of the E-Meter came to him in 1950 while listening to a lecture by L. Ron Hubbard:: 64 In 1950 ... I next attended a series of lectures being given by a very controversial figure, who several times emphasized that perhaps the major problem of psychotherapy was the difficulty of maintaining the communication of accurate or valid data from the patient to the therapist.: 101 and it appeared to me that the psychogalvanometer showed most promise.: 104 Hubbard told of that encounter in a 1952 recorded lecture: This machine, the electropsychometer, has been acting as a pilot since about the first of January 1952. Very early I wanted a pilot; I had to have some method of metering preclears which was not dependent at all upon opinion or judgment. And I went out and looked at
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{"page_id": 899924, "title": "E-meter"}
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