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but restricted to a subspace. Using this prediction approach, the users with the highest positive correlation with the active user, have the most impact on the prediction. The algorithm’s performance was compared against other collaborating filtering techniques, and it performed similarly to the previously mentioned approach, BIC-aiNet . Similarly, Sun and Zhang explored fuzzy ART-neural networks to separately cluster users and items. After the clustering stage, the respective user and item clusters containing the active user and the targeted item are merged to create a bicluster. Ratings from the bicluster are used to obtain a local prediction. A final prediction is derived through a weighted sum of the local prediction and a global prediction obtained using a traditional CF approach on the entire dataset. The authors compared their approach against using IBCF as a global predictor, and their approach achieved better prediction scores than User-based CF , Item-based CF , and clustering-based CF (CBCF) . Recently, Singh and Mehrotra introduced a new biclustering-based CF technique, BBCF. In this work, the authors use biclustering as a preprocessing step to scale CF approaches (Figure 7). Once the biclustering algorithm is executed, the users are compared with the found biclusters based on the items they have in common, 𝑠𝑖𝑚(𝑢,𝐵𝑘)= |𝐼𝑢∩𝐼𝑘| |𝐼𝑘| . (9) Then, similarities between users and biclusters are weighted with the number of users in the bicluster so that biclusters with more users are privileged, WF(𝑢,𝐵𝑘)=𝑠𝑖𝑚(𝑢,𝐵𝑘)×|𝑈𝑘|. (10) After this step, the K-nearest biclusters per user are merged, creating a larger subspace referred as Nearest Neighbor Setup (NSS). The NSS of each user is viewed as a denser subspace of the UI matrix, including a subset of users similar to the respective user along a subset of overall items. Finally, a classic CF approach, such as the Item-based, is applied
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{"source": 3654, "title": "from dpo"}
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of memory. _Related Work_ Puncturable encryption [32")] was used to construct forward-secure instant messaging [32")] and 0-RTT protocols [19, 20 EUROCRYPT 2018, Part III. LNCS, vol. 10822, pp. 425–455. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, Tel Aviv, Israel (Apr 29 – May 3, 2018)"), 33 EUROCRYPT 2017, Part III. LNCS, vol. 10212, pp. 519–548. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, Paris, France (Apr 30 – May 4, 2017)"), 45, 336 – 357 (01 Apr 2020), ")], for instance. Green and Miers [32")] first proposed puncturable encryption as a practical building block for the case of asynchronous messaging. They used pairing-based puncturable encryption, and as a result observed impractically long processing times
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{"source": 5676, "title": "from dpo"}
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M ∞ 𝑀 𝑛 → 𝑀 ∞ with probability one. If M n 𝑀 𝑛 does not converge, for some rational a 𝑎 , b 𝑏 with − ∞ < a < b < ∞ − ∞ < 𝑎 < 𝑏 < ∞ we must have U ( a , b ) = ∞ 𝑈 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) = ∞ . However, by 4.44, E U ( a , b ) < ∞ 𝐸 𝑈 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) < ∞ implying that P ( U ( a , b ) = ∞ ) = 0 𝑃 ( 𝑈 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) = ∞ ) = 0 . As the number of such pairs ( a , b ) ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) is countable, the result follows. Let ( X k ) k ≥ 1 ( 𝑋 𝑘 ) 𝑘 ≥ 1 be independent variables with P ( X = 3 2 ) = P ( X = 1 2 ) = 1 2 . 𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 3 2 ) = 𝑃 ( 𝑋 = 1 2 ) = 1 2 . Put M n = X 1 ⋅ … ⋅ X n 𝑀 𝑛 = 𝑋 1 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝑋 𝑛 with M 0 = 1 𝑀 0 = 1 . Show that M n 𝑀 𝑛 is an ( F X n ) n ≥ 0 ( 𝐹 𝑛 𝑋 ) 𝑛 ≥ 0 martingale. Deduce that M n → M ∞ 𝑀 𝑛 → 𝑀 ∞ with probability one. Can you compute E ( M ∞ ) 𝐸 ( 𝑀 ∞ ) ? 4.6 Additional problems Let ( η n ) n ≥ 1 ( 𝜂 𝑛 ) 𝑛 ≥ 1 be independent positive random variables with
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{"source": 6700, "title": "from dpo"}
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e i ( n k 0 z − ω t ) z > 0. {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (z,t)=\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf {E} _{0}e^{i\left(k_{0}z-\omega t\right)}-\left({\frac {n-1}{n+1}}\right)\mathbf {E} _{0}e^{-i\left(k_{0}z+\omega t\right)}}&{z<0}\\{\left({\frac {2}{n+1}}\right)\mathbf {E} _{0}e^{i\left(nk_{0}z-\omega t\right)}}&{z>0.}\end{array}}\right.} This is exactly the result as expected. There is only one wave inside the medium and it has wave speed reduced by n. The expected reflection and transmission coefficients are also recovered. == Extinction lengths and tests of special relativity == The characteristic "extinction length" of a medium is the distance after which the original wave can be said to have been completely replaced. For visible light, traveling in air at sea level, this distance is approximately 1 mm. In interstellar space, the extinction length for light is 2 light years. At very high frequencies, the electrons in the medium can't "follow" the original wave into oscillation, which lets that wave travel much further: for 0.5 MeV gamma rays, the length is 19 cm of air and 0.3 mm of Lucite, and for 4.4 GeV, 1.7 m in air, and 1.4 mm in carbon. Special relativity predicts that the speed of light in vacuum is independent of the velocity of the source emitting it. This widely believed prediction has been occasionally tested using astronomical observations. For example, in a binary star system, the two stars are moving in opposite directions, and one might test the prediction by analyzing their light. (See, for instance, the De Sitter double star experiment.) Unfortunately, the extinction length of light in space nullifies the results of any such experiments using visible light, especially when taking account of the thick cloud of stationary gas surrounding such stars. However, experiments using X-rays emitted by binary pulsars, with much longer extinction length, have been successful. == References ==
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{"page_id": 43667672, "title": "Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem"}
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Harish-Chandra (nee Harish Chandra Mehrotra) FRS (11 October 1923 – 16 October 1983) was an Indian-American mathematician and physicist who did fundamental work in representation theory, especially harmonic analysis on semisimple Lie groups. == Early life == Harish-Chandra was born in Kanpur. He was educated at B.N.S.D. College, Kanpur and at the University of Allahabad. After receiving his master's degree in physics in 1940, he moved to the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore for further studies under Homi J. Bhabha. In 1945, he moved to University of Cambridge, and worked as a research student under Paul Dirac. While at Cambridge, he attended lectures by Wolfgang Pauli, and during one of them, Mehrotra pointed out a mistake in Pauli's work. The two became lifelong friends. During this time he became increasingly interested in mathematics. He obtained his PhD, Infinite Irreducible Representations of the Lorentz Group, at Cambridge in 1947 under Dirac. == Honors and awards == He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was the recipient of the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society, in 1954. The Indian National Science Academy honoured him with the Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal in 1974. In 1981, he received an honorary degree from Yale University. The mathematics department of V.S.S.D. College, Kanpur celebrates his birthday every year in different forms, which includes lectures from students and professors from various colleges, institutes and students' visit to Harish-Chandra Research Institute. The Indian Government named the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, an institute dedicated to Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, after him. Robert Langlands wrote in a biographical article of Harish-Chandra: He was considered for the Fields Medal in 1958, but a forceful member of the selection committee in whose eyes Thom was a Bourbakist was determined not to have
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{"page_id": 373190, "title": "Harish-Chandra"}
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In combinatorial mathematics, a large set of positive integers S = { s 0 , s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , … } {\displaystyle S=\{s_{0},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},\dots \}} is one such that the infinite sum of the reciprocals 1 s 0 + 1 s 1 + 1 s 2 + 1 s 3 + ⋯ {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s_{0}}}+{\frac {1}{s_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{s_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{s_{3}}}+\cdots } diverges. A small set is any subset of the positive integers that is not large; that is, one whose sum of reciprocals converges. Large sets appear in the Müntz–Szász theorem and in the Erdős conjecture on arithmetic progressions. == Examples == Every finite subset of the positive integers is small. The set { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … } {\displaystyle \{1,2,3,4,5,\dots \}} of all positive integers is a large set; this statement is equivalent to the divergence of the harmonic series. More generally, any arithmetic progression (i.e., a set of all integers of the form an + b with a ≥ 1, b ≥ 1 and n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...) is a large set. The set of square numbers is small (see Basel problem). So is the set of cube numbers, the set of 4th powers, and so on. More generally, the set of positive integer values of any polynomial of degree 2 or larger forms a small set. The set {1, 2, 4, 8, ...} of powers of 2 is a small set, and so is any geometric progression (i.e., a set of numbers of the form of the form abn with a ≥ 1, b ≥ 2 and n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). The set of prime numbers is large. The set of twin primes is small (see Brun's constant). The set of prime
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{"page_id": 3152856, "title": "Large set (combinatorics)"}
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techniques as potential endophenotypes for discovering the genetic causes of executive function. == See also == Cognitive neuropsychology Executive dysfunction Metacognition Nonverbal learning disorder Purkinje cell Self-control Conscientiousness == References == == External links == Media related to Executive functions at Wikimedia Commons The National Center for Learning Disabilities
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{"page_id": 3704475, "title": "Executive functions"}
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The Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software (NOVAS) is a software library for astrometry-related numerical computations. It is developed by the Astronomical Applications Department, United States Naval Observatory. Currently, NOVAS has three different editions, for C, Fortran, and Python. == Algorithms == The algorithms used by NOVAS are based on vector astrometry theories and the IAU resolutions. Instead of using trigonometric formulae from spherical astrometry, NOVAS uses the matrix and vector formulation which is more rigorous. This version implements the resolutions on astronomical reference systems and Earth rotation models passed at the IAU General Assemblies in 1997, 2000, and 2006. According to the Astronomical Applications Department, the algorithms used in NOVAS are identical to those used in the production of the US part of the Astronomical Almanac. A detailed description of the algorithms can be found here: Kaplan, et al. (1989) Astron. J. 97, 1197. == Structure == The NOVAS library provides three levels of subroutines (functions): basic, utility, and supervisory. Basic-level subroutines supply the values of fundamental variables, such as the nutation angles and the heliocentric positions of Solar System bodies for specific epoches. Utility-level subroutines perform transformations, such as those caused by precession, nutation and aberration. Supervisory-level subroutines serve as interfaces to the basic and utility subroutines to compute the coordinates of stars or Solar System bodies for specific dates and times. == Usage == The NOVAS library can be linked by programs that work with positions of celestial bodies. For example, "Pocket Stars", an astronomy software for Smartphone and PDA platforms, used the NOVAS as its astrometry engine. The Python edition allows calling the NOVAS functions from Python. It is mostly feature complete with respect to the C edition, with a few exceptions, and shares the C edition's API. The current edition uses Python's foreign function library, ctypes.
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{"page_id": 18677318, "title": "Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines"}
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the equivalent mass density of each component, p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is its pressure, and w i = p i / ( ρ i c 2 ) {\displaystyle w_{i}=p_{i}/(\rho _{i}c^{2})} is the equation of state for each component. The value of w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} is 0 for non-relativistic matter (baryons and dark matter), 1/3 for radiation, and −1 for a cosmological constant; for more general dark energy it may differ from −1, in which case it is denoted w D E {\displaystyle w_{DE}} or simply w {\displaystyle w} . Defining the critical density as ρ c = 3 H 2 8 π G {\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3H^{2}}{8\pi G}}} and the density parameters Ω i ≡ ρ i / ρ c {\displaystyle \Omega _{i}\equiv \rho _{i}/\rho _{c}} , substituting ρ i = Ω i ρ c {\displaystyle \rho _{i}=\Omega _{i}\,\rho _{c}} in the acceleration equation gives q = 1 2 ∑ Ω i ( 1 + 3 w i ) = Ω rad ( z ) + 1 2 Ω m ( z ) + 1 + 3 w DE 2 Ω DE ( z ) . {\displaystyle q={\frac {1}{2}}\sum \Omega _{i}(1+3w_{i})=\Omega _{\text{rad}}(z)+{\frac {1}{2}}\Omega _{m}(z)+{\frac {1+3w_{\text{DE}}}{2}}\Omega _{\text{DE}}(z)\ .} where the density parameters are at the relevant cosmic epoch. At the present day Ω rad ∼ 10 − 4 {\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{rad}}\sim 10^{-4}} is negligible, and if w D E = − 1 {\displaystyle w_{DE}=-1} (cosmological constant) this simplifies to q 0 = 1 2 Ω m − Ω Λ . {\displaystyle q_{0}={\frac {1}{2}}\Omega _{m}-\Omega _{\Lambda }.} where the density parameters are present-day values; with ΩΛ + Ωm ≈ 1, and ΩΛ = 0.7 and then Ωm = 0.3, this evaluates to q 0 ≈ − 0.55 {\displaystyle q_{0}\approx -0.55} for the parameters estimated from the Planck spacecraft data. (Note that
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{"page_id": 6393146, "title": "Deceleration parameter"}
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paper from the Church group has already been the subject of two corrections, one for incomplete conflict of interest disclosures and one for image duplication. ==== Space biology and space genetics ==== Church is a faculty member in the Consortium of Space Genetics at Harvard Medical School. ==== De-extinction, woolly mammoth revival project, and Colossal Biosciences ==== In March 2015, Church and his genetics research team at Harvard successfully copied some woolly mammoth genes into the genome of an Asian elephant. Using the CRISPR DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the ears, subcutaneous fat, and hair attributes, into the DNA of skin cells from a modern elephant. National Geographic, in an article titled "Mammoth-elephant hybrids could be created within the decade. Should they be?", reported: Church's dreams of engineering a hybrid mammoth first deepened after an interview he did with the New York Times in 2008 about efforts to sequence the woolly mammoth genome. This marked the first time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active since the species became extinct. Their work has not been subject to peer review, however. Church stated that "Just making a DNA change isn't that meaningful. We want to read out the phenotypes." To do that, the team plans to perform further tests to get the hybrid cells into becoming specialized tissues, and from there attempting to turn the hybrid elephant/mammoth skin cells into hybrid embryos that can be grown in artificial wombs. On September 13, 2021, Church founded a biosciences and genetics company, Colossal Biosciences, with entrepreneur Ben Lamm. The company is attempting to use genetic code to revive the woolly mammoth by equipping Asian elephants with mammoth traits. Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux, founder-CEO of Global Space Ventures and an investor in Colossal
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{"page_id": 3813728, "title": "George Church (geneticist)"}
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arts Van Hiele model - Prevailing theory of how children learn to reason in geometry Astronomy Computer graphics Image analysis Robot control The Strähle construction is used in the design of some musical instruments. Burmester's theory for the design of mechanical linkages == Lists == List of mathematical shapes List of geometers List of curves List of curves topics List of trigonometric identities == See also == List of basic mathematics topics List of mathematics articles Table of mathematical symbols == Further reading == Rich, Barnett (2009). Schaum's Outline of Geometry (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-154412-2. == External links ==
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{"page_id": 6473626, "title": "Outline of geometry"}
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Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime.: 5 There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. In economics, goods with a long usable life are referred to as durable goods. Because there is no objective measure of durability for clothing, price has become an important indicator. == Requirements for product durability == Product durability is predicated by good repairability and regenerability in conjunction with maintenance. Every durable product must be capable of adapting to technical, technological and design developments. This must be accompanied by a willingness on the part of consumers to forgo having the "very latest" version of a product. In the United Kingdom, durability as a characteristic relating to the quality of goods that can be demanded by consumers was not clearly established until an amendment of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 relating to the quality standards for supplied goods in 1994. Reliability testing verifies the resistance of a product or material to wear. Common tests evaluate fatigue, abrasion, corrosion and exposure to environmental conditions. == Product life spans and sustainable consumption == The lifespan of household goods is a significant factor in sustainable consumption. Longer product life spans can contribute to eco-efficiency and sufficiency, thus slowing consumption in order to progress towards a sustainable level of consumption. Cooper (2005) proposed a model to demonstrate the crucial role of product lifespans to sustainable production and consumption. == Types of durability == Durability can encompass several specific physical properties of designed products, including: Ageing (of polymers) Dust resistance Resistance to fatigue Fire resistance Radiation hardening Thermal resistance Rot-proofing Rustproofing Toughness Waterproofing == Examples ==
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{"page_id": 482602, "title": "Durability"}
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have been exposed to neurotoxins by preying on highly contaminated zooplankton. With the summertime habitat of this species overlapping with seasonal blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, and subsequent copepod grazing, foraging right whales will ingest large concentrations of these contaminated copepods. Ingestion of such contaminated prey can affect respiratory capabilities, feeding behavior, and ultimately the reproductive condition of the population. Immune system responses have been affected by brevetoxin exposure in another critically endangered species, the loggerhead sea turtle. Brevetoxin exposure, from inhalation of aerosolized toxins and ingestion of contaminated prey, can have clinical signs of increased lethargy and muscle weakness in loggerhead sea turtles causing these animals to wash ashore in a decreased metabolic state with increases of immune system responses upon blood analysis. Examples of common harmful effects of HABs include: the production of neurotoxins which cause mass mortalities in fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals human illness or death from consumption of seafood contaminated by toxic algae mechanical damage to other organisms, such as disruption of epithelial gill tissues in fish, resulting in asphyxiation oxygen depletion of the water column (hypoxia or anoxia) from cellular respiration and bacterial degradation ==== Marine life exposure ==== HABs occur naturally off coasts all over the world. Marine dinoflagellates produce ichthyotoxins. Where HABs occur, dead fish wash up on shore for up to two weeks after a HAB has been through the area. In addition to killing fish, the toxic algae contaminate shellfish. Some mollusks are not susceptible to the toxin, and store it in their fatty tissues. By consuming the organisms responsible for HABs, shellfish can accumulate and retain saxitoxin produced by these organisms. Saxitoxin blocks sodium channels and ingestion can cause paralysis within 30 minutes. In addition to directly harming marine animals and vegetation loss, harmful algal
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{"page_id": 18348855, "title": "Harmful algal bloom"}
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the result, pivoted into columns. See the "Metadata columns" section of the module documentation for details. Columns of the returned DataFrame: runID (string): Identifies the simulation run name (string): The name of the config entry value (string): The value of the config entry Additional metadata items (run attributes, iteration variables, etc.), as requested 30.1.1.17 get_param_assignments() get_param_assignments(filter_or_dataframe, include_runattrs=False, include_itervars=False, include_param_assignments=False, include_config_entries=False) Returns a filtered list of parameter assignment patterns. The result is a subset of what get_config_entries would return with the same arguments. Parameters: filter_or_dataframe (string): The filter expression to select the desired parameter assignments, or a dataframe in the "raw" format. Example: name =~ **.flowID AND itervar:numHosts =~ 10 include_runattrs, include_itervars, include_param_assignments, include_config_entries (bool): Optional. When set to True, additional pieces of metadata about the run is appended to the result, pivoted into columns. See the "Metadata columns" section of the module documentation for details. Columns of the returned DataFrame: runID (string): Identifies the simulation run name (string): The parameter assignment pattern value (string): The assigned value Additional metadata items (run attributes, iteration variables, etc.), as requested 30.1.2 Module omnetpp.scave.chart Provides access to the properties of the current chart for the chart script. Note that this module is stateful. It is set up appropriately by the OMNeT++ IDE or opp_charttool before the chart script is run. 30.1.2.1 Class ChartScriptError Raised by chart scripts when they encounter an error. A message parameter can be passed to the constructor, which will be displayed on the plot area in the IDE. 30.1.2.2 get_properties() get_properties() Returns the currently set properties of the chart as a dict whose keys and values are both strings. 30.1.2.3 get_property() get_property(key) Returns the value of a single property of the chart, or None if there is no property with the given name (key) set on the chart. 30.1.2.4 get_name()
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{"source": 1766, "title": "from dpo"}
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𝑉 , 𝜇 𝑥 ∗ ( 𝛿 ) = 𝜇 ∗ ( 𝛿 ) ≤ 1 ( 1 − 𝛼 ) 2 𝑁 ( 𝛼 / ( 𝑑 𝛿 ) ) , (1.2) where 𝑁 ( 𝑟 ) denotes the number of vertices in a ball of radius 𝑟 . In addition, if 𝐺 is finite of diameter diam , then 𝜆 2 > 2 𝑑 ( sin 𝜋 4 diam ) 2 . (1.3) □ Because the volume-growth function 𝑁 ( ⋅ ) can fluctuate dramatically in some groups, it can be important to have 𝑁 ( ⋅ ) appear more directly in the estimate as in (1.2). For example, see for an application to occupation measure of random walks in balls where this bound is crucial. The first lower bound for 𝜆 2 on finite Cayley graphs similar to (1.3) is due to [1, Lemma 6.1]; the constant was improved later by [14, Corollary 1] to 𝜆 2 > 1 𝑑 diam 2 . (1.4) It is known that the same inequality holds for general finite transitive graphs; it can be proved by the congestion method, for example, [28, Corollary 13.24]. Note that (1.3) agrees with (1.4) when diam = 1 and is otherwise strictly better. Also, 2 𝑑 ( sin 𝜋 4 diam ) 2 ∼ 𝜋 2 8 𝑑 diam 2 as diam → ∞ . Our improvement is accomplished through adapting a proof due to of similar result for compact manifolds, due originally to . ( in turn was inspired by an earlier version of this article.) Our technique yields very short proofs of the above results. In addition, one can immediately deduce such results as that return probabilities in infinite transitive graphs with polynomial growth at least order 𝐷 decay
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{"source": 4180, "title": "from dpo"}
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t \ge t_{past}\), meaning the time gap between the current and the past time. And, the spatial convolution is done by $$\begin{aligned} {\overline{II}}_S^{(t)}(\varvec{\xi }_{j}; L_k) = \int _{\text {V}} { \omega (\varvec{\xi }_j, {{\textbf {x}}}_{i}^{(t)}; L_k) M_{i}^{(t)}/10 \; d{{\textbf {x}}}} \end{aligned}$$ (8) where the 3D Gaussian weight \(\omega (\varvec{\xi }_j, {{\textbf {x}}}_{i}^{(t)}; L_k) = (L_k(2\pi )^{1/2})^{-N}\exp \left( -\frac{|{{\textbf {x}}}_{i}^{(t)} - \varvec{\xi }_j|^2}{2L_k^2}\right)\); V means the entire lithosphere domain under consideration. Here, \(T_l\;(l=1,\ldots ,n_T)\) and \(L_k\;(k=1,\ldots ,n_L)\) are influence ranges in time and 3D space, respectively. Therefore, there can be at most \({n_L}\times {n_T}\) spatio-temporal IIs at one reference volume and a time. Following the preliminary investigations done in Ref.17."), this study adopts \(n_L=2\) with \(L_1=10\) (km) and \(L_2=25\) (km) while \(n_T=2\) with \(T_1=3\) (month) and \(T_2=6\) (month). This combination appears to lead to the best-so-far prediction performance since it embraces dual impacts of close and far EQs both in three-dimensional spatial domain and in one-dimensional temporal domain. ### Flexible and expressive link functions Pursuing the interpretability, this paper adopts an expressive link function (LF) using transparent, flexible bases that can describe a mathematical expression between input features and the hidden rules as output. LF is denoted as \({\mathcal {L}}\) where \(\varvec{\uptheta }\) is a set of free parameters prescribing the LF. The cubic spline regression (CRS) curves consist of a few cubic polynomials connected at knots so that the curves are continuous up to the second derivatives38."). For practical cubic spline bases39.") (denoted as \(b_i\)), LFs look like $$\begin{aligned}{} & {} {\mathcal {L}}({\overline{II}}_{ST};~{{\textbf
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{"source": 6001, "title": "from dpo"}
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on the density. A more concise and experimentally relevant condition involves the phase-space density D = n λ T 3 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}=n\lambda _{T}^{3}} , where λ T = ℏ 2 π m k B T {\displaystyle \lambda _{T}=\hbar {\sqrt {\frac {2\pi }{mk_{\text{B}}T}}}} is the thermal de Broglie wavelength. It is a dimensionless quantity. The transition to BEC occurs when the phase-space density is greater than critical value: D c = ζ ( 3 / 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{\text{c}}=\zeta (3/2)} in 3D uniform space. This is equivalent to the above condition on the temperature. In a 3D harmonic potential, the critical value is instead D c = ζ ( 3 ) ≈ 1.202 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{\text{c}}=\zeta (3)\approx 1.202} where n {\displaystyle n} has to be understood as the peak density. == Derivation == === Ideal Bose gas === For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state 1 v = 1 λ 3 g 3 / 2 ( f ) + 1 V f 1 − f , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{v}}={\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}g_{3/2}(f)+{\frac {1}{V}}{\frac {f}{1-f}},} where v = V / N {\displaystyle v=V/N} is the per-particle volume, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the thermal wavelength, f {\displaystyle f} is the fugacity, and g α ( f ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ f n n α . {\displaystyle g_{\alpha }(f)=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {f^{n}}{n^{\alpha }}}.} It is noticeable that g 3 / 2 {\displaystyle g_{3/2}} is a monotonically growing function of f {\displaystyle f} in f ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle f\in [0,1]} , which are the only values for which the series converge. Recognizing that the second term on the right-hand side contains the expression for the average occupation number of the fundamental state ⟨ n 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle n_{0}\rangle } ,
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{"page_id": 4474, "title": "Bose–Einstein condensate"}
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In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in a wide variety of fields such as biology, neuroscience, computer science, information theory and sociology. Its main purpose is to clarify the properties of matter in aggregate, in terms of physical laws governing atomic motion. Statistical mechanics arose out of the development of classical thermodynamics, a field for which it was successful in explaining macroscopic physical properties—such as temperature, pressure, and heat capacity—in terms of microscopic parameters that fluctuate about average values and are characterized by probability distributions.: 1–4 While classical thermodynamics is primarily concerned with thermodynamic equilibrium, statistical mechanics has been applied in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to the issues of microscopically modeling the speed of irreversible processes that are driven by imbalances.: 3 Examples of such processes include chemical reactions and flows of particles and heat. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem is the basic knowledge obtained from applying non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to study the simplest non-equilibrium situation of a steady state current flow in a system of many particles.: 572–573 == History == In 1738, Swiss physicist and mathematician Daniel Bernoulli published Hydrodynamica which laid the basis for the kinetic theory of gases. In this work, Bernoulli posited the argument, still used to this day, that gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure that we feel, and that what we experience as heat is simply the kinetic energy of their motion. The founding of the field of statistical mechanics is generally credited to three physicists: Ludwig Boltzmann, who developed the fundamental interpretation of entropy in terms of a collection of microstates James Clerk
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{"page_id": 28481, "title": "Statistical mechanics"}
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of lignite coal. The results indicated that the process was not economically viable and it was subsequently shut down. Houdry had found that Fuller's earth, a clay mineral containing aluminosilicates, could convert oil derived from the lignite to gasoline. He then began to study the catalysis of petroleum oils and had some success in converting vaporized petroleum oil to gasoline. In 1930, the Vacuum Oil Company invited him to come to the United States and he moved his laboratory to Paulsboro, New Jersey. In 1931, the Vacuum Oil Company merged with Standard Oil of New York (Socony) to form the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. In 1933, a small Houdry unit processed 200 barrels per day (32 m3/d) of petroleum oil. Because of the economic depression of the early 1930s, Socony-Vacuum was no longer able to support Houdry's work and gave him permission to seek help elsewhere. In 1933, Houdry and Socony-Vacuum joined with Sun Oil Company in developing the Houdry process. Three years later, in 1936, Socony-Vacuum converted an older thermal cracking unit in their Paulsboro refinery in New Jersey to a small demonstration unit using the Houdry process to catalytically crack 2,000 barrels per day (320 m3/d) of petroleum oil. In 1937, Sun Oil began operation of a new Houdry unit processing 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m3/d) at their Marcus Hook refinery in Pennsylvania. The Houdry process at that time used reactors with a fixed bed of catalyst and was a semi-batch operation involving multiple reactors with some of the reactors in operation while other reactors were in various stages of regenerating the catalyst. Motor-driven valves were used to switch the reactors between online operation and offline regeneration and a cycle timer managed the switching. Almost 50 percent of the cracked product was gasoline as compared with about 25
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{"page_id": 3527984, "title": "Fluid catalytic cracking"}
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Brownout in software engineering is a technique that involves disabling certain features of an application. == Description == Brownout is used to increase the robustness of an application to computing capacity shortage. If too many users are simultaneously accessing an application hosted online, the underlying computing infrastructure may become overloaded, rendering the application unresponsive. Users are likely to abandon the application and switch to competing alternatives, hence incurring long-term revenue loss. To better deal with such a situation, the application can be given brownout capabilities: The application will disable certain features – e.g., an online shop will no longer display recommendations of related products – to avoid overload. Although reducing features generally has a negative impact on the short-term revenue of the application owner, long-term revenue loss can be avoided. The technique is inspired by brownouts in power grids, which consists in reducing the power grid's voltage in case electricity demand exceeds production. Some consumers, such as incandescent light bulbs, will dim – hence originating the term – and draw less power, thus helping match demand with production. Similarly, a brownout application helps match its computing capacity requirements to what is available on the target infrastructure. Brownout complements elasticity. The former can help the application withstand short-term capacity shortage, but does so without changing the capacity available to the application. In contrast, elasticity consists of adding (or removing) capacity to the application, preferably in advance, so as to avoid capacity shortage altogether. The two techniques can be combined; e.g., brownout is triggered when the number of users increases unexpectedly until elasticity can be triggered, the latter usually requiring minutes to show an effect. Brownout is relatively non-intrusive for the developer, for example, it can be implemented as an advice in aspect-oriented programming. However, surrounding components, such as load-balancers, need to
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{"page_id": 53231843, "title": "Brownout (software engineering)"}
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"good," which were sent by the gods, and "bad," sent by demons. A surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iškar Zaqīqu records various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases. Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results. The Greeks shared their beliefs with the Egyptians on how to interpret good and bad dreams, and the idea of incubating dreams. Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, also sent warnings and prophecies to those who slept at shrines and temples. The earliest Greek beliefs about dreams were that their gods physically visited the dreamers, where they entered through a keyhole, exiting the same way after the divine message was given. Antiphon wrote the first known Greek book on dreams in the 5th century BCE. In that century, other cultures influenced Greeks to develop the belief that souls left the sleeping body. The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates (460–375 BCE), thought dreams could analyze illness and predict diseases. For instance, a dream of a dim star high in the night sky indicated problems in the head region, while low in the night sky indicated bowel issues. Galen (129–216 AD) believed the same thing. Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BCE) wrote that people harbor secret, repressed desires, such as incest, murder, adultery, and conquest, which build up during the day and run rampant during the night in dreams. Plato's student, Aristotle (384–322 BCE), believed dreams were caused by processing incomplete physiological activity during sleep, such as eyes trying to see while the sleeper's eyelids were closed. Marcus Tullius Cicero, for his part, believed that all dreams are produced by thoughts and conversations a dreamer had during the preceding days. Cicero's
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{"page_id": 44785, "title": "Dream"}
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In mathematical logic, Craig's theorem (also known as Craig's trick) states that any recursively enumerable set of well-formed formulas of a first-order language is (primitively) recursively axiomatizable. This result is not related to the well-known Craig interpolation theorem, although both results are named after the same logician, William Craig. == Recursive axiomatization == Let A 1 , A 2 , … {\displaystyle A_{1},A_{2},\dots } be an enumeration of the axioms of a recursively enumerable set T {\displaystyle T} of first-order formulas. Construct another set T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} consisting of A i ∧ ⋯ ∧ A i ⏟ i {\displaystyle \underbrace {A_{i}\land \dots \land A_{i}} _{i}} for each positive integer i {\displaystyle i} . The deductive closures of T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} and T {\displaystyle T} are thus equivalent; the proof will show that T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} is a recursive set. A decision procedure for T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} lends itself according to the following informal reasoning. Each member of T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} is of the form B j ∧ ⋯ ∧ B j ⏟ j . {\displaystyle \underbrace {B_{j}\land \dots \land B_{j}} _{j}.} Since each formula has finite length, it is checkable whether or not it is of the said form. If it is of the said form and consists of j {\displaystyle j} conjuncts, it is in T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} if the (reoccurring) conjunct is A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} ; otherwise it is not in T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} . Again, it is checkable whether the conjunct is in fact A n {\displaystyle A_{n}} by going through the enumeration of the axioms of T {\displaystyle T} and then checking symbol-for-symbol whether the expressions are identical. == Primitive recursive axiomatizations == The proof above shows that for each recursively enumerable set of axioms there is a
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{"page_id": 8465779, "title": "Craig's theorem"}
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handle heading changes, and named the result the Sperry S-1. Existing supplies of Nordens continued to be supplied to the USAAC's B-17s, while the S-1 equipped the B-24Es being sent to the 15th Air Force. Some B-17s had been equipped with a simple heading-only autopilot, the Sperry A-3. The company had also been working on an all-electronic model, the A-5, which stabilized in all three directions. By the early 1930s, it was being used in a variety of Navy aircraft to excellent reviews. By connecting the outputs of the S-1 bombsight to the A-5 autopilot, Sperry produced a system similar to the M-4/SBAE, but it reacted far more quickly. The combination of the S-1 and A-5 so impressed the Army that on 17 June 1941 they authorized the construction of a 186,000 m2 (2 million sq ft) factory and noted that "in the future all production models of bombardment airplanes be equipped with the A-5 Automatic Pilot and have provisions permitting the installation of either the M-Series [Norden] Bombsight or the S-1 Bombsight". === British interest, Tizard mission === By 1938, information about the Norden had worked its way up the Royal Air Force chain of command and was well known within that organization. The British had been developing a tachometric bombsight of their own known as the Automatic Bomb Sight, but combat experience in 1939 demonstrated the need for it to be stabilized. Work was underway as the Stabilized Automatic Bomb Sight (SABS), but it would not be available until 1940 at the earliest, and likely later. Even then, it did not feature the autopilot linkage of the Norden, and would thus find it difficult to match the Norden's performance in anything but smooth air. Acquiring the Norden became a major goal. The RAF's first attempt, in the spring
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{"page_id": 640046, "title": "Norden bombsight"}
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has begun to ionize the central region of this disk. Hubble Space Telescope observations suggest that KjPn 8 might be a very rare object, formed by a binary system in which both stars had similar masses, which reached the end of the Asymptotic Giant Branch phase within 10 to 20 thousand years of each other, and entered the planetary nebula formation stage nearly simultaneously. == References ==
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{"page_id": 65955525, "title": "KjPn 8"}
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The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM, pronounced 'crism' or 'krizz-em', as if the X was a chi), is an X-ray space telescope. It is a mission of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in partnership with NASA and ESA, intended to study galaxy clusters, outflows from galaxy nuclei, and dark matter. XRISM is a next generation X-ray astronomy spacecraft, succeeding the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton. XRISM is intended to fill a gap in observational capabilities between the anticipated retirement of those older X-ray telescopes and the future launch of the planned Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA). The Hitomi X-ray telescope was intended to fill that gap, but destroyed itself a few weeks after launch in 2016. XRISM replaces Hitomi's role of filling the expected observational gap. During its early design phase, XRISM was known as the "ASTRO-H Successor" or "ASTRO-H2". After the loss of Hitomi, the name X-ray Astronomy Recovery Mission (XARM) was used, the R in the acronym referring to recovering Hitomi's capabilities. The name was changed to XRISM in 2018 when JAXA formally initiated the project team. == Overview == With the retirement of Suzaku in September 2015, and the detectors onboard Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton operating for more than 15 years and gradually aging, the failure of Hitomi meant that X-ray astronomers would have a 13-year blank period in soft X-ray observation, until the launch of ATHENA in 2035. This would result in a major setback for the international community, as studies performed by large scale observatories in other wavelengths, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Thirty Meter Telescope will commence in the early 2020s, while there would be no telescope to cover the most important part of X-ray astronomy. A lack of new missions could also deprive young
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{"page_id": 54459290, "title": "X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission"}
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as 100 bar (10,000 kPA) and as low as 1.5 Pa, an "exceptionally large" dynamic range, far outperforming other pressure sensors of comparable size. In the future, bubble lasers may be used to study thin films and phenomena such as Cavity optomechanics. == See also == List of laser articles Sonoluminescence, emission of light from imploding bubbles == References ==
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{"page_id": 76517743, "title": "Bubble laser"}
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organization-defined controlled areas ]; and b. Protect system media types defined in MP-4a until the media are destroyed or sanitized using approved equipment, techniques, and procedures. Discussion: System media includes digital and non-digital media. Digital media includes flash drives, diskettes, magnetic tapes, external or removable hard disk drives (e.g., solid state, magnetic), compact discs, and digital versatile discs. Non-digital media includes paper and microfilm. Physically controlling stored media includes conducting inventories, ensuring procedures are in place to allow individuals to check out and return media to the library, and maintaining accountability for stored media. Secure storage includes a locked drawer, desk, or cabinet or a controlled media library. The type of media storage is commensurate with the security category or classification of the information on the media. Controlled areas are spaces that provide physical and procedural controls to meet the requirements established for protecting information and systems. Fewer controls may be needed for media that contains information determined to be in the public domain, publicly releasable, or have limited adverse impacts on organizations, operations, or individuals if accessed by other than authorized personnel. In these situations, physical access controls provide adequate protection. Related Controls: AC-19 , CP-2 , CP-6 , CP-9 , CP-10 , MP-2 , MP-7 , PE-3 , PL-2 , SC-12 , SC-13 , SC-28 , SC-34 , SI-12 . Control Enhancements: (1) MEDIA STORAGE | CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTECTION [Withdrawn: Incorporated into SC-28(1) .] (2) MEDIA STORAGE | AUTOMATED RESTRICTED ACCESS Restrict access to media storage areas and log access attempts and access granted using [Assignment: organization-defined automated mechanisms ]. Discussion: Automated mechanisms include keypads, biometric readers, or card readers on the external entries to media storage areas. Related Controls: AC-3 , AU-2 , AU-6 , AU-9 , AU-12 , PE-3 . References: [ FIPS 199 ], [ SP
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{"source": 985, "title": "from dpo"}
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11 .6.1 Endogeneity Suppose we want to examine the role of syndication in venture success. Success in a syndicated venture comes from two broad sources of VC expertise. First, VCs are experienced in picking good projects to invest in, and syndicates are efficient vehicles for picking good firms; this is the selection hypothesis put forth by Lerner ( 1994 ). Amongst two projects that appear a-priori similar in prospects, the fact that one of them is selected by a syndicate is evidence that the project is of better quality (ex-post to being vetted by the syndicate, but ex-ante to effort added by the VCs), since the process of syndication effectively entails getting a second opinion by the lead VC. Second, syndicates may provide better monitoring as they bring a wide range of skills to the venture, and this is suggested in the value-added hypothesis of Brander, Amit and Antweiler (2002 ). A regression of venture returns on various firm characteristics and a dummy variable for syndication allows a first pass estimate of whether syndication impacts performance. However, it may be that syndicated firms are simply of higher quality and deliver better performance, whether or not they chose to syndicate. Better firms are more likely to syndicate because VCs tend to prefer such firms and can identify them. In this case, the coefficient on the dummy variable might reveal a value-add from syndication, when indeed, there is none. Hence, we correct the specification for endogeneity, and then examine whether the dummy variable remains significant. Greene ( 2011 ) provides the correction for endogeneity required here. We briefly summarize the model required. The performance regression is of the form: Y = β′ X + δS + e, e ∼ N(0, σ2 > e ) (11 .4)where Y is the performance variable; S
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{"source": 2689, "title": "from dpo"}
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For Informative Sampling When Learning to Forecast Treatment Outcomes Over Time Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts Related Code View Highlight: In this work, we formalize informative sampling as a covariate shift problem and show that it can prohibit accurate estimation of treatment outcomes if not properly accounted for. To overcome this challenge, we present a general framework for learning treatment outcomes in the presence of informative sampling using inverse intensity-weighting, and propose a novel method, TESAR-CDE, that instantiates this framework using Neural CDEs. Toon Vanderschueren; Alicia Curth; Wouter Verbeke; Mihaela van der Schaar; 642 A Picture of The Space of Typical Learnable Tasks Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts View Highlight: We develop information geometric techniques to understand the representations learned by deep networks when they are trained on different tasks using supervised, meta-, semi-supervised and contrastive learning. Rahul Ramesh; Jialin Mao; Itay Griniasty; Rubing Yang; Han Kheng Teoh; Mark Transtrum; James Sethna; Pratik Chaudhari; 643 Towards Quantum Machine Learning for Constrained Combinatorial Optimization: A Quantum QAP Solver Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts View Highlight: In this paper, we propose a novel quantum neural network (QNN) for learning CO problems in a supervised manner to achieve better and faster results. Xinyu Ye; Ge Yan; Junchi Yan; 644 Transformers As Algorithms: Generalization and Stability in In-context Learning Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts Related Code View Highlight: In this work, we formalize in-context learning as an algorithm learning problem where a transformer model implicitly constructs a hypothesis function at inference-time. Yingcong Li; Muhammed Emrullah Ildiz; Dimitris Papailiopoulos; Samet Oymak; 645 Estimation Beyond Data Reweighting: Kernel Method of Moments Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Venues Related Experts Related Code View Highlight: However,
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{"source": 4966, "title": "from dpo"}
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be a single character or a subformula. y = f (x) y=f (x) > \large $y=f(x) $\\[5pt] $y\mathord= f(x) $ > 03-02-11 84 3.2 Math font macros 3.2.15 \mathpunct Assigns class 6 (punctuation) to the following parameter, which can be a single character or a subformula (see section 1.11.4 for an example). 3.2.16 \mathrel Assigns class 3 (relation) to the following parameter, which can be a single character or a subformula. > 03-02-12 x1ox 2ox 3 x1 o x 2 o x 3 \large $x_1 o x_2 o x_3$\\[5pt] $x_1\mathrel o x_2\mathrel o x_3$ 3.2.17 \scriptfont Specifies the scriptstyle font (used for super/subscript) for a family. > 03-02-13 A1 A1 % run with tex 3.2.18 \scriptscriptfont Specifies the scriptscriptstyle font for a family. 3.2.19 \scriptscriptstyle Selects scriptscript style for the following characters. 3.2.20 \scriptstyle Selects script style for the following characters. 3.2.21 \skew Especially for italic characters double accents are often misplaced. \skew has three arguments horizontal shift: A value in math units for the additional shift of the accent. the accent: The symbol which is placed above the character. the character: This is in general a single character, but can also include itself an accent. AMS math redefines the setting of double accents. This is the reason why there are only a few cases where someone has to use \skew when the package amsmath is loaded, like in this document. > 03-02-14 ˜i ˜A ˜i ˜A \large $\tilde i$ \qquad $\tilde{A}$\\[5pt] $\skew{3}{\tilde}{i}$ \qquad $\skew{7}{\tilde}{A}$ 85 3 TEX and math 3.2.22 \skewchar Is -1 or the character (reference symbol) used to fine-tune the positioning of math accents. 3.2.23 \textfont Specifies the text font for a family. 3.2.24 \textstyle Selects the text style for the following characters. # 3.3 Math macros 3.3.1 \above ababab ab $a\above0pt b$\\[8pt] ${a\above1pt b}$\\[8pt] ${a\above2.5pt b}$\\[8pt]
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{"source": 6279, "title": "from dpo"}
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The Flash ends with Flash and Iris kissing passionately and the caption "And they lived happily ever after... for a while". There are a few references in the final issue (The Flash #350) to the upcoming events, and Flash's impending death. In the controversial storyline Identity Crisis (set within the post-Zero Hour continuity), it is revealed that six months after Iris' death, Barry and four other members of the Justice League voted to allow Zatanna to edit Doctor Light's mind, essentially lobotomizing him. When Batman discovers what the League was doing, the League has his memories edited as well despite the objection of Green Arrow. Both Doctor Light and Batman eventually recover from their respective mindwipes; Doctor Light vows to get his revenge against the heroes while Batman loses trust and faith in his allies. === Crisis on Infinite Earths === Following the trial, Allen retires and joins Iris in the 30th century. After only a few weeks of happiness, the Crisis on Infinite Earths intervenes, and Allen is captured by the Anti-Monitor and brought to 1985; according to the Anti-Monitor, the Flash is the only being capable of traveling to other universes at will, so the Anti-Monitor could not allow him to stay free. Allen escapes and foils the Anti-Monitor's plan to destroy the Earth with an anti-matter cannon, creating a speed vortex to draw the power in, but dies in the process as the power becomes too much for his body. It has been said that Allen travels back through time and becomes the very same lightning bolt that gives him his powers, but later it is also strongly implied that the soul of Barry resides in the Speed Force, the mystical source and Valhalla open to all dead speedsters, and from which the living ones draw their
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{"page_id": 1257797, "title": "Barry Allen"}
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deny this type of ontological bifurcation. Instead, they argue that, on the most fundamental level, only one type of entity exists. According to materialism, everything is ultimately material. On this view, minds either do not exist or exist as material aspects of bodies. According to idealism, everything is ultimately mental. On this view, material objects only exist in the form of ideas and depend thereby on experience and other mental states. Monists are faced with the problem of explaining how two types of entities that seem to be so different can belong to the same ontological category. The hard problem of consciousness is a closely related issue. It is concerned with explaining why some physical events, like brain processes, are accompanied by conscious experience, i.e. that undergoing them feels a certain way to the subject. This is especially relevant from the perspective of the natural sciences since it seems to be possible, at least in principle, to explain human behavior and cognition without reference to experience. Such an explanation can happen in relation to the processing of information in the form of electrical signals. In this sense, the hard problem of consciousness points to an explanatory gap between the physical world and conscious experience. There is significant overlap between the solutions proposed to the mind–body problem and the solutions proposed to the hard problem of consciousness. === Psychology === Another disagreement between empiricists and rationalists besides their epistemological dispute concerns the role of experience in the formation of concepts. Concepts are general notions that constitute the fundamental building blocks of thought. Some empiricists hold that all concepts are learned from experience. This is sometimes explained by claiming that concepts just constitute generalizations, abstractions or copies of the original contents of experience. Logical empiricists, for example, have used this idea in
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{"page_id": 297724, "title": "Experience"}
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The European Astrobiology Network Association (EANA) coordinates and facilities research expertise in astrobiology in Europe. EANA was created in 2001 to coordinate the different European centers in astrobiology and the related fields previously organized in paleontology, geology, atmospheric physics, planetary science and stellar physics. In early 2002, EANA was established as an affiliate partner of the NASA Astrobiology Institute. The association is administered by an Executive Council that is elected every three years and represents the European nations active in the field, as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, etc. The EANA Executive Council is composed of a president, two vice-presidents, a treasurer and two secretaries, and councillors. The EANA association strongly supports the AbGradE – Astrobiology Graduates in Europe, which is an independent organisation that aim to support early-career scientists and students in astrobiology. == Objectives == The specific objectives of EANA are to: bring together active European researchers and link their research programs fund exchange visits between laboratories optimize the sharing of information and resources facilities for research promote this field of research to European funding agencies and politicians promote research on extremophiles of relevance to environmental issues in Europe interface with the Research Network with European bodies (e.g. European Space Agency, and the European Commission) attract young scientists to participate promote public interest in astrobiology, and to educate the younger generation == References == == External links == European Astrobiology Network Association (EANA) - home page [1] - home page
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{"page_id": 57079971, "title": "European Astrobiology Network Association"}
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include situations, where the decision outcome depends on the choices of others, e.g., in cooperation, competition, mate search and even in morally significant situations. Social rationality has been studied in a number of other fields than human decision-making, e.g. in evolutionary social learning, and social learning in animals. === Examples === ==== Imitate-the-majority heuristic ==== An example for a heuristic that is not necessarily social but that requires social input is the imitate-the-majority heuristic, where in a situation of uncertainty, individuals follow the actions or choices of the majority of their peers regardless of their social status. The domain of pro-environmental behavior provides numerous illustrations for this strategy, such as littering behavior in public places, the reuse of towels in hotel rooms, and changes in private energy consumption in response to information about the consumption of the majority of neighbors. ==== 1/N (Equality heuristic) ==== Following the equality heuristic (sometimes called 1/N rule) people divide and invest their resources equally in a number of N different options. These options can be both social (e.g., time spent with children) and nonsocial entities (e.g., financial investments or natural resources). For example, many parents invest their limited resources, such as affection, time, and money (e.g., for education) equally into their offspring. In highly uncertain environments with large numbers of assets and only few possibilities to learn, the equality heuristic can outperform optimizing strategies and yield better performance on various measures of success than optimal asset allocation strategies. == Social heuristics == Adapted from Hertwig & Herzog, 2009. Imitate-the-majority heuristic Social circle heuristic Averaging heuristic Tit-for-tat Generous tit-for-tat (or tit-for-two-tat) Status tree Regret matching heuristic Mirror heuristic 1/N (Equality heuristic) Group recognition heuristic White coat heuristic/ Trust your doctor heuristic Imitate-the-successful heuristic Plurality vote-based lexicographic heuristic == See also == Social heuristics Ecological rationality
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{"page_id": 41444371, "title": "Social rationality"}
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P ( S ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(S)} denotes the power set of a set S ; {\displaystyle S;} that is the set of all subsets of S . {\displaystyle S.} See § Notation below for more. === Image of a function === The image of a function is the image of its entire domain, also known as the range of the function. This last usage should be avoided because the word "range" is also commonly used to mean the codomain of f . {\displaystyle f.} === Generalization to binary relations === If R {\displaystyle R} is an arbitrary binary relation on X × Y , {\displaystyle X\times Y,} then the set { y ∈ Y : x R y for some x ∈ X } {\displaystyle \{y\in Y:xRy{\text{ for some }}x\in X\}} is called the image, or the range, of R . {\displaystyle R.} Dually, the set { x ∈ X : x R y for some y ∈ Y } {\displaystyle \{x\in X:xRy{\text{ for some }}y\in Y\}} is called the domain of R . {\displaystyle R.} == Inverse image == Let f {\displaystyle f} be a function from X {\displaystyle X} to Y . {\displaystyle Y.} The preimage or inverse image of a set B ⊆ Y {\displaystyle B\subseteq Y} under f , {\displaystyle f,} denoted by f − 1 [ B ] , {\displaystyle f^{-1}[B],} is the subset of X {\displaystyle X} defined by f − 1 [ B ] = { x ∈ X : f ( x ) ∈ B } . {\displaystyle f^{-1}[B]=\{x\in X\,:\,f(x)\in B\}.} Other notations include f − 1 ( B ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}(B)} and f − ( B ) . {\displaystyle f^{-}(B).} The inverse image of a singleton set, denoted by f − 1 [ { y } ] {\displaystyle f^{-1}[\{y\}]} or
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{"page_id": 579311, "title": "Image (mathematics)"}
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an overseer armed with pistols march on Myerstown and proceeded to intimidate townspeople while seizing and beating the young men they suspected of starting the brawl the previous night." In 1794, as part of the federal government's response to the Whiskey Rebellion, George Washington, according to historian Joseph Ellis, became "the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field". Washington left Philadelphia which at that time was the capital city for the country on the 30th of September to first dine at Norristown and then stay the night at what is now Trappe, Pennsylvania. The next day he traveled to Reading, Pennsylvania on his way to meet up with the rest of the militia he ordered mobilized at Carlisle. On the second of October, 1794, Washington left Reading heading west to Womelsdorf in order to "view the canal from Myerstown towards Lebanon and the locks between the two places ...". Another officer on the march noted that at that time, ten miles of canal had been excavated and five locks constructed for a total lift of thirty feet in elevation. By the end of 1793, Weston reported to the board that "... lawsuits and jury awards have slowed the work. ... " While Weston had over four hundred men working on the project that summer, by the end of the year, most of his workforce had left the project. The remaining workforce was assigned to work on the towpath. In the end, Weston had completed 4.25 miles of the canal prism through the narrows between the two springs. Weston, though had to narrow the summit cut to pass only one boat at a time. Crucially, Weston had also to acknowledge a problem that none of his predecessors had faced when he was forced to "...
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{"page_id": 51207093, "title": "Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company"}
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Teddy Ruxpin is an electronic children's toy in the form of a talking bear-like creature known as an 'Illiop'. The toy's mouth and eyes move while he tells stories about his adventures played on an audio tape cassette deck built into his back. While the character itself was created by Ken Forsse, the talking toy was designed and built by Forsse’s Alchemy II, Inc. employees, including Larry Larsen and John Davies. Later versions have a digital cartridge in place of a cassette. At the peak of its popularity, Teddy Ruxpin became one of the best-selling toys of 1985 and 1986. The 2006 version was awarded the 2006 Animated Interactive Plush Toy of the Year award by Creative Child Magazine. A cartoon based on the characters debuted in 1986. Teddy's popularity in 1986 buoyed the launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System, initially distributed by Worlds of Wonder. == Technology == Conventional cassette tapes carry two audio tracks for stereo sound reproduction. Teddy Ruxpin's cassettes use the left track for audio and the right track for a control data stream. The data stream controls the motors that move the eyes and mouth and can also redirect the audio signal to Grubby, who is an octopede and the companion toy, by means of a proprietary cable. This allows the two toys to engage in pre-recorded interactions. Grubby only works with the original WoW versions of Teddy Ruxpin. If a normal audio cassette is played in either the second or third generation models of the original Teddy Ruxpin, this is detected and its right audio track is ignored and Teddy will not move. The production eject mechanism was designed by global design firm RKS Design. Early versions of the toy use three servo motors, but this was reduced to two and even one in
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{"page_id": 1178931, "title": "Teddy Ruxpin"}
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\operatorname {Inf} [f]\leq \deg f\cdot \operatorname {Var} [f].} This implies that max i Inf i [ f ] ≥ Var [ f ] n {\displaystyle \max _{i}\operatorname {Inf} _{i}[f]\geq {\frac {\operatorname {Var} [f]}{n}}} . The Kahn–Kalai–Linial theorem, also known as the KKL theorem, states that if f {\displaystyle f} is Boolean then max i Inf i [ f ] = Ω ( log n n ) {\displaystyle \max _{i}\operatorname {Inf} _{i}[f]=\Omega \left({\frac {\log n}{n}}\right)} . The bound given by the Kahn–Kalai–Linial theorem is tight, and is achieved by the Tribes function of Ben-Or and Linial: ( x 1 , 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ x 1 , w ) ∨ ⋯ ∨ ( x 2 w , 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ x 2 w , w ) . {\displaystyle (x_{1,1}\land \cdots \land x_{1,w})\lor \cdots \lor (x_{2^{w},1}\land \cdots \land x_{2^{w},w}).} The Kahn–Kalai–Linial theorem was one of the first results in the area, and was the one introducing hypercontractivity into the context of Boolean functions. === Friedgut's junta theorem === If f : { − 1 , 1 } n → { − 1 , 1 } {\displaystyle f\colon \{-1,1\}^{n}\to \{-1,1\}} is an M {\displaystyle M} -junta (a function depending on at most M {\displaystyle M} coordinates) then Inf [ f ] ≤ M {\displaystyle \operatorname {Inf} [f]\leq M} according to the Poincaré inequality. Friedgut's theorem is a converse to this result. It states that for any ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} , the function f {\displaystyle f} is ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } -close to a Boolean junta depending on exp ( Inf [ f ] / ε ) {\displaystyle \exp(\operatorname {Inf} [f]/\varepsilon )} coordinates. Combined with the Russo–Margulis lemma, Friedgut's junta theorem implies that for every p {\displaystyle p} , every monotone function is
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{"page_id": 54171755, "title": "Analysis of Boolean functions"}
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The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and XO sex-determination system. The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers, which resulted in the naming of its counterpart Y chromosome, for the next letter in the alphabet, following its subsequent discovery. == Discovery == It was first noted that the X chromosome was special in 1890 by Hermann Henking in Leipzig. Henking was studying the testicles of Pyrrhocoris and noticed that one chromosome did not take part in meiosis. Chromosomes are so named because of their ability to take up staining (chroma in Greek means color). Although the X chromosome could be stained just as well as the others, Henking was unsure whether it was a different class of the object and consequently named it X element, which later became X chromosome after it was established that it was indeed a chromosome. The idea that the X chromosome was named after its similarity to the letter "X" is mistaken. All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and take on a well-defined shape only during mitosis. This shape is vaguely X-shaped for all chromosomes. It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. It was first suggested that the X chromosome was involved in sex determination by Clarence Erwin McClung in 1901. After comparing his work on locusts with Henking's and others, McClung noted that only half the sperm received an X chromosome. He called this chromosome an accessory chromosome, and insisted (correctly) that it was a proper
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{"page_id": 208144, "title": "X chromosome"}
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In computer science, string interning is a method of storing only one copy of each distinct string value, which must be immutable. Interning strings makes some string processing tasks more time-efficient or space-efficient at the cost of requiring more time when the string is created or interned. The distinct values are stored in a string intern pool. The single copy of each string is called its intern and is typically looked up by a method of the string class, for example String.intern() in Java. All compile-time constant strings in Java are automatically interned using this method. String interning is supported by some modern object-oriented programming languages, including Java, Python, PHP (since 5.4), Lua and .NET languages. Lisp, Scheme, Julia, Ruby and Smalltalk are among the languages with a symbol type that are basically interned strings. The library of the Standard ML of New Jersey contains an atom type that does the same thing. Objective-C's selectors, which are mainly used as method names, are interned strings. Objects other than strings can be interned. For example, in Java, when primitive values are boxed into a wrapper object, certain values (any boolean, any byte, any char from 0 to 127, and any short or int between −128 and 127) are interned, and any two boxing conversions of one of these values are guaranteed to result in the same object. == History == Lisp introduced the notion of interned strings for its symbols. Historically, the data structure used as a string intern pool was called an oblist (when it was implemented as a linked list) or an obarray (when it was implemented as an array). Modern Lisp dialects typically distinguish symbols from strings; interning a given string returns an existing symbol or creates a new one, whose name is that string. Symbols often have
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{"page_id": 1423287, "title": "String interning"}
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model (see Section 4.4). Ex. 4.20 Show that any optimal solution to the doubly regularized estima-tor (4.52) takes the form ̂ fj (·) = ∑Ni=1 ̂ θij R(·, x ij ), where the optimal weights (̂ θj , j = 1 , . . . , J ) are obtained by solving the convex program (4.53). Ex. 4.21 Consider the fused lasso problem (4.56). Characterize ̂ β0. Show that if we center the predictors and the response by subtracting their sample means, we can omit the term β0 and the estimates ̂ βj are unaffected. Now consider a version of the fused-lasso signal approximator (4.54) with a constant term θ0 included: minimize > θ0,θ > N ∑ > i=1 (yi − θ0 − θi)2 + λ1 > N ∑ > i=1 |θi| + λ2 > N ∑ > i=2 |θi − θi−1|. (4.88) Characterize ˆθ0, and show that median( ˆθi) = 0. Ex. 4.22 Consider the matrix M corresponding to the linear transforma-tion (4.60). (a) Show that its inverse M−1 is lower triangular with all ones on and below the diagonal. (b) Explore the pairwise correlations between the columns of such a matrix for the CGH data of Figure 4.8. (c) Using glmnet with maxdf=200 , and type="naive" , fit model (4.61), and show that the fitted values correspond to the parameters of interest. Com-pare the performance of lars for the same task. Using a soft-thresholding post-processor, try to match Figure 4.8. Ex. 4.23 Derive the dual optimization problem (4.64) in Section 4.5.1.3. Sup-pose the kth element of ˆ u(λ) has reached the bound at λ = λk, and let the set B hold their indices, and s a vector of their signs. Show that the solution to (4.64) at λk also solves minimize > u−B 12 ‖y − λkDTB
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{"source": 1206, "title": "from dpo"}
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of community detection methods. In Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018, WWW ’18 45–46, (International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 2018)."). Most of the disassembly strategies employed in this study are related to the degree of a node; generally, higher internal degrees of a node have a greater influence on the community. In other cases, such nodes may be vital to a community and as a result, they are called community centers54."),55."). In other cases, it may mean placing the node on the periphery or outside the community owing to its higher external degree. This understanding has resulted in the development of strategies that may differentiate between internal and external degrees of nodes. By differentiating these degrees, our approach is capable of enabling nuanced identification and analysis of communities within networks. **Table 4 NMI between DGM and other methods, for multiple datasets.** Full size table and \(\beta\), respectively. The most important parameter for community detection was \(\mu\). This parameter controls the number of edges between communities. If \(\mu\) = 0, all links go to the nodes in the same community. Otherwise, if \(\mu\) = 1 all links go to nodes in different communities. \(\mu\) is above 0.5 external links between communities are larger than internal links. In this study we attempted to vary \(\mu\) between 0.1 and 0.4, with 250 nodes, \(\gamma\) = 3, and \(\beta\) = 1.5 (Fig. ( **Figure 6** [![Image
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{"source": 3665, "title": "from dpo"}
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be the class of minimally unsatisfiable clause-sets F with c(F) >> TR04-110 | 24th November 2004 Tomoyuki Yamakami, Harumichi Nishimura An Application of Quantum Finite Automata to Interactive Proof Systems Quantum finite automata have been studied intensively since their introduction in late 1990s as a natural model of a quantum computer with finite-dimensional quantum memory space. This paper seeks their direct application to interactive proof systems in which a mighty quantum prover communicates with a ... more >>> TR09-085 | 14th September 2009 Christoph Behle, Andreas Krebs, Stephanie Reifferscheid An Approach to characterize the Regular Languages in TC0 with Linear Wires Revisions: 1 We consider the regular languages recognized by weighted threshold circuits with a linear number of wires. We present a simple proof to show that parity cannot be computed by such circuits. Our proofs are based on an explicit construction to restrict the input of the circuit such that the value ... more >>> TR14-030 | 5th March 2014 Dana Moshkovitz An Approach To The Sliding Scale Conjecture Via Parallel Repetition For Low Degree Testing The Sliding Scale Conjecture in PCP states that there are PCP verifiers with a constant number of queries and soundness error that is exponentially small in the randomness of the verifier and the length of the prover's answers. The Sliding Scale Conjecture is one of the oldest open problems in ... more >>> TR97-017 | 5th May 1997 Marek Karpinski, Juergen Wirtgen, Alexander Zelikovsky An Approximation Algorithm for the Bandwidth Problem on Dense Graphs The bandwidth problem is the problem of numbering the vertices of a given graph G such that the maximum difference between the numbers of adjacent vertices is minimal. The problem has a long history and is known to
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{"source": 5711, "title": "from dpo"}
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result, we recall Boyle’s extension lemma [ Reference Boyle 6, Lemma 2.2]. Lemma 4.26. (Boyle’s extension lemma [ Reference Boyle 6]) Let X be a $\mathbb {Z}$ -subshift, let $\tilde X \subseteq X$ be a closed shift-invariant set, and let $Y \subseteq B^{\mathbb {Z}}$ be a mixing subshift of finite type such that $X \rightsquigarrow Y$ . Let $\tilde \pi :\tilde X \to Y$ be a map. Then, $\tilde \pi $ extends to a map $\pi :X \to Y$ . Boyle’s extension lemma implies an alternative characterization of topologically mixing $\mathbb {Z}$ -subshifts of finite type. Proposition 4.27. A $\mathbb {Z}$ -subshift has the map extension property if and only if it is a topologically mixing subshift of finite type. Proof. From Proposition 4.24, it follows that any $\Gamma $ -subshift which has the map extension property is a strongly irreducible SFT. In particular, any $\mathbb {Z}$ -subshift which is a restricted absolute retract is a mixing shift of finite type. Now suppose $Y \subset A^{\mathbb {Z}}$ is a mixing SFT. Let $\mathcal {G} \subset \mathrm {Sub}(\mathbb {Z})$ denote the collection of subgroups $\Gamma _0 \le \mathbb {Z}$ such that for every $y \in Y$ , the subgroup $\Gamma _0$ is not contained in $\mathrm {stab}(x)$ . We claim that $\mathcal {G}$ is a finite set. Indeed, since Y is a mixing $\mathbb {Z}$ -SFT, there exists $n_0 \in \mathbb {N}$ such that for every $n \ge n_0$ , there exists $y \in Y$ with $\sigma ^n(y)=y$ . Thus, every subgroup $\Gamma _0 \in \mathcal {G}$ must be of the form $n \mathbb {Z}$ with $n < n_0$ . It follows from Boyle’s extension lemma (Lemma 4.26) that Y has the map extension property. Although the map extension property is a rather strong property for $\mathbb {Z}^d$ -subshifts, it is
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{"source": 6729, "title": "from dpo"}
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Artificial disintegration is the term coined by Ernest Rutherford for the process by which an atomic nucleus is broken down by bombarding it with high speed alpha particles, either from a particle accelerator, or a naturally decaying radioactive substance such as radium, as Rutherford originally used. == See also == Nuclear fission The Fly in the Cathedral == References ==
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{"page_id": 1921693, "title": "Artificial disintegration"}
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hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery. However, the development of hepatocytes from ESCs has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism. Therefore, research has focused on establishing fully functional ESC-derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity. === Models of genetic disorder === Several new studies have started to address the concept of modeling genetic disorders with embryonic stem cells. Either by genetically manipulating the cells, or more recently, by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD), modeling genetic disorders is something that has been accomplished with stem cells. This approach may very well prove valuable at studying disorders such as Fragile-X syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system. Yury Verlinsky, a Russian-American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics (genetic cytology), developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis. The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 (when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher). In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders, they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring. === Repair of DNA damage === Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage. For instance, human foreskin fibroblasts, one type of somatic cell, use non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an error prone DNA repair process, as the primary pathway for repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) during all cell
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{"page_id": 1029022, "title": "Embryonic stem cell"}
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positively with b {\displaystyle b} being any integer besides 0. If b = − 1 {\displaystyle b=-1} , these are Carmichael numbers, and if b = 1 {\displaystyle b=1} , these are Lucas–Carmichael numbers. The first Quasi–Carmichael numbers are: 35, 77, 143, 165, 187, 209, 221, 231, 247, 273, 299, 323, 357, 391, 399, 437, 493, 527, 561, 589, 598, 713, 715, 899, 935, 943, 989, 1015, 1073, 1105, 1147, 1189, 1247, 1271, 1295, 1333, 1517, 1537, 1547, 1591, 1595, 1705, 1729, ... (sequence A257750 in the OEIS) == Knödel number == An n-Knödel number for a given positive integer n is a composite number m with the property that each i < m {\displaystyle i<m} coprime to m satisfies i m − n ≡ 1 ( mod m ) {\displaystyle i^{m-n}\equiv 1{\pmod {m}}} . The n = 1 {\displaystyle n=1} case are Carmichael numbers. == Higher-order Carmichael numbers == Carmichael numbers can be generalized using concepts of abstract algebra. The above definition states that a composite integer n is Carmichael precisely when the nth-power-raising function pn from the ring Zn of integers modulo n to itself is the identity function. The identity is the only Zn-algebra endomorphism on Zn so we can restate the definition as asking that pn be an algebra endomorphism of Zn. As above, pn satisfies the same property whenever n is prime. The nth-power-raising function pn is also defined on any Zn-algebra A. A theorem states that n is prime if and only if all such functions pn are algebra endomorphisms. In-between these two conditions lies the definition of Carmichael number of order m for any positive integer m as any composite number n such that pn is an endomorphism on every Zn-algebra that can be
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{"page_id": 7723, "title": "Carmichael number"}
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x 0 0 0 v y 0 0 0 v z ] [ p x p y p z ] = [ v x p x v y p y v z p z ] . {\displaystyle S_{v}p={\begin{bmatrix}v_{x}&0&0\\0&v_{y}&0\\0&0&v_{z}\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}p_{x}\\p_{y}\\p_{z}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}v_{x}p_{x}\\v_{y}p_{y}\\v_{z}p_{z}\end{bmatrix}}.} Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three. The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal (vx = vy = vz). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling. In the case where vx = vy = vz = k, the scaling is also called an enlargement or dilation by a factor k, increasing the area by a factor of k2 and the volume by a factor of k3. Scaling in the most general sense is any affine transformation with a diagonalizable matrix. It includes the case that the three directions of scaling are not perpendicular. It includes also the case that one or more scale factors are equal to zero (projection), and the case of one or more negative scale factors. The latter corresponds to a combination of scaling proper and a kind of reflection: along lines in a particular direction we take the reflection in the point of intersection with a plane that need not be perpendicular; therefore it is more general than ordinary reflection in the plane. === Using homogeneous coordinates === In projective geometry, often used in computer graphics, points are represented using homogeneous coordinates. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each homogeneous coordinate vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) would need to be multiplied
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{"page_id": 35248, "title": "2D computer graphics"}
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m / n {\displaystyle c=2m/n} . The maximum possible number of edges in a simple network (i.e. one with no multi-edges or self-edges) is ( n 2 ) = n ( n − 1 ) / 2 {\displaystyle {\binom {n}{2}}=n(n-1)/2} . Therefore the density ρ of a network is the faction of those edges that are actually present is: which for large networks is approximated by ρ = c / n {\displaystyle \rho =c/n} . == Limitations == Metcalfe's law assumes that the value of each node n {\displaystyle n} is of equal benefit. If this is not the case, for example because one fax machine serves 60 workers in a company, the second fax machine serves half of that, the third one third, and so on, then the relative value of an additional connection decreases. Likewise, in social networks, if users that join later use the network less than early adopters, then the benefit of each additional user may lessen, making the overall network less efficient if costs per users are fixed. == Modified models == Within the context of social networks, many, including Metcalfe himself, have proposed modified models in which the value of the network grows as n log n {\displaystyle n\log n} rather than n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} . Reed and Andrew Odlyzko have sought out possible relationships to Metcalfe's Law in terms of describing the relationship of a network and one can read about how those are related. Tongia and Wilson also examine the related question of the costs to those excluded. == Validation in data == For more than 30 years, there was little concrete evidence in support of the law. Finally, in July 2013, Dutch researchers analyzed European Internet-usage patterns over a long-enough time and found n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} proportionality for
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{"page_id": 65776, "title": "Metcalfe's law"}
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he was a visiting professor at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. In 2008, he was a visiting professor at the Institute for Low Temperature Sciences at Hokkaido University, Japan. Between 2011 and 2012, he was a visiting professor at the Center for Atmospheric Ocean Science at New York University, whereafter he was a visiting professor at the Center for Sea Level Change at New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE. In 2016, he became a full professor at the Faculty of Engineering and Science at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, but shortly afterwards he was appointed managing director of the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC) in Bergen. He was elected pro-vice-chancellor (Danish: Prorektor) of the University of Southern Denmark in 2020. He is also the director (Program Chair) of the newly established Climate Centre of the University of Southern Denmark. Mernild is also partly a professor of climate change and glaciology at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Bergen in Norway. === Scientific research === Mernild's scientific research focuses on local, regional and global climate modelling, using various atmospheric and terrestrial models and observations, with a particular focus on understanding and simulating climate change interactions related to snow, glacier ice mass-balance (for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Antarctic Ice Sheet, and mountain glaciers), and freshwater run-off (the water balance components) in the Arctic, Antarctic, Patagonia, and the Andes. Mernild has also conducted extensive field research in cold and high mountain regions, leading and participating in glaciological, snow, and hydrological research expeditions throughout the Arctic and Andes. Mernild's scientific research and findings on glaciers and climate change impacts on them, in particular, have received considerable attention in climate science forums, and the general public. Mernild's studies of Greenlandic
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{"page_id": 68453868, "title": "Sebastian Mernild"}
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whether the technology is overhyped. There are questions on whether 5G will truly change the customer experience, ability for 5G's mmWave signal to provide significant coverage, overstating what 5G can achieve or misattributing continuous technological improvement to "5G", lack of new use case for carriers to profit from, wrong focus on emphasizing direct benefits on individual consumers instead of for Internet of Things devices or solving the last mile problem, and overshadowing the possibility that in some aspects there might be other more appropriate technologies. Such sort of concerns have also led to consumers not trusting information provided by cellular providers on the topic. == Misinformation == === Health === There is a long history of fear and anxiety surrounding wireless signals that predates 5G technology. The fears about 5G are similar to those that have persisted throughout the 1990s and 2000s. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) "exposure to intense, direct amounts of non-ionizing radiation may result in damage to tissue due to heat. This is not common and mainly of concern in the workplace for those who work on large sources of non-ionizing radiation devices and instruments." Some advocates of fringe health claim the regulatory standards are too low and influenced by lobbying groups. There have been rumors that 5G mobile phone use can cause cancer, but this is a myth. Many popular books of dubious merit have been published on the subject including one by Joseph Mercola alleging that wireless technologies caused numerous conditions from ADHD to heart diseases and brain cancer. Mercola has drawn sharp criticism for his anti-vaccinationism during the COVID-19 pandemic and was warned by the Food and Drug Administration to stop selling fake COVID-19 cures through his online alternative medicine business. According to The New York Times, one
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{"page_id": 23475353, "title": "5G"}
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because Verhoeven believed that that made scenes funnier. He compared the brutality of Murphy's death to the crucifixion of Jesus, an effective way to evoke sympathy for the character. The scene was filmed at an abandoned auto-assembly plant in Long Beach, California, on a raised stage that allowed operators to control the effects from below. To show Murphy being dismantled by gunfire, prosthetic arms were cast in alginate and filled with tubing that could pump artificial blood and compressed air. Weller's left hand, attached to his shoulders by velcro and controlled by three operators, was designed to explode in a controllable way so it could be easily put back together for repeat shots. The right arm was jerked away from Weller's body by a monofilament wire. A detailed, articulated replica of Weller's upper body was used to depict Boddicker shooting Murphy through the head. A mold was made of Weller's face using foam latex that was baked to make it rubbery and flesh-like, and placed over a fiberglass skull containing a blood squib and explosive charge. The articulated head was controlled by four puppeteers, and had details of sweat and blood. A fan motor attached to the body made it vibrate, as if shaking in fear. The charge in the skull was connected to the trigger of Smith's gun by wire to synchronize the effect. Emil's melting condition was inspired by the 1977 science-fiction film The Incredible Melting Man. Bottin designed and constructed Emil's prosthetics, creating a foam-latex headpiece and matching gloves that gave the appearance of Emil's skin melting "off his bones like marshmallow sauce". A second piece, depicting further degradation, was applied over the first. Dupuis painted each piece differently to emphasize Emil's advancing degradation. The prosthetics were applied to an articulated dummy to show Emil being struck
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{"page_id": 445066, "title": "RoboCop"}
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domain leaving syntaxin free to associate with both SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. === Syntaxin 1B and readily releasable pool of vesicles === There is an immense diversity of syntaxin subtypes, with 15 varieties in the human genome. It has been suggested that syntaxin1B has a role in regulating number of synaptic vesicles ready for exocytosis in the axon terminal. This is also called the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles. A knock out study in 2014 showed that the lack of syntaxin1B led to a significant decrease in RRP size. == Toxins == Many neurotoxins directly affect SNARE complexes. Such toxins as the botulinum and tetanus toxins work by targeting the SNARE components. These toxins prevent proper vesicle recycling and result in poor muscle control, spasms, paralysis, and even death. === Botulinum neurotoxin === Botulinum Toxin (BoNT) is one of the most potent toxins to have ever been discovered. It is a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves SNARE proteins in neurons. Its protein structure is composed of two peptide subunits, a heavy chain (100kDas) and a light chain (50kDas), which are held together by a disulfide bond. The action of BoNT follows a 4-step mechanism including binding to the neuronal membrane, endocytosis, membrane translocation, and proteolysis of SNARE proteins. In its mechanism of action, the heavy chain of BoNT is first used to find its neuronal targets and bind to the gangliosides and membrane proteins of presynaptic neurons. Next, the toxin is then endocytosed into the cell membrane. The heavy chain undergoes a conformational change important for translocating the light chain into the cytosol of the neuron. Finally, after the light chain of BoNT is brought into the cytosol of the targeted neuron, it is released from the heavy chain so that it can reach its active cleavage sites on the SNARE
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{"page_id": 2318393, "title": "SNARE protein"}
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Genomic phylostratigraphy is a novel genetic statistical method developed in order to date the origin of specific genes by looking at its homologs across species. It was first developed by Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb, Croatia. The system links genes to their founder gene, allowing us to then determine their age. This could help us better understand many evolutionary processes such as patterns of gene birth throughout evolution, or the relationship between the age of a transcriptome throughout embryonic development. Bioinformatic tools like GenEra have been developed to calculate relative gene ages based on genomic phylostratigraphy. == Method == This technique relies on the assumption that the diversity of the genome is not only due to gene duplications but also to continuous frequent de novo gene births. These genes (called "founder genes") would form from non-genic DNA sequences, as well as from changes in reading frame (or other ways of arising from within existing genes), or even from very rapid evolution of the protein that would modify the sequence beyond recognition. These new genes would at first have high evolutionary rates that would then slow down with time, allowing us to recognise their lineage in their descendants. The founder genes can then be put in a specific phylostratum. The phylostratum is represented as the clade that includes all the genes that derive from the same founder gene, signifying that this gene was formed in the common ancestor of this clade (e.g. Arthropoda, Mammalia, Metazoa, etc.). Positioning these founder genes and their descendants on different phylostrata can allow us to age them. This can then be used to analyse the origin of certain functions of proteins and developmental processes on a macroevolutionary scale, by observing connections between certain genes as well. The original method for genomic phylostratigraphy involves the use of
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{"page_id": 13106733, "title": "Genomic phylostratigraphy"}
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(for pincites) regardless of whether it is being viewed digitally or in print. Note that many of the Internet citation rules are little more than common sense (that’s a compliment, not a dig). For example: include the URL that most directly links your reader to the authority, as you don’t want to send readers on a wild goose chase through the recesses of the Internet in search of a source. For the sake of completeness, we include these rules below, even though most people would probably intuit them. One internet citation rule is not common sense, however. Traditional legal citation does not underline the URL to indicate a hyperlink. (Indeed, if you are using italics for case names, titles, and such, nothing will be underlined anywhere in the document.) As you create a citation to an internet source, your word processor may helpfully add an underlined hyperlink with URL text turned a different color. For citation per the Uniform System of Citation, believe it or not, you should remove that formatting change. Depending on the situation, you might choose to leave the non-compliant (yet helpful) obvious hyperlink. You could remove the hyperlink altogether. Or you could change the formatting so the hyperlink works but is rendered in plain font, consistent with traditional legal citation. # R33 Basic Formula for Internet Sources Citations to Internet sources follow this form: , , , , . # R33.1 Author Name(s) R33.1.1 Personal author When available, use the name or names of the individual, personal authors of the source. Example: Kate Klonick, Facebook v. Sullivan , Knight First Amend. Inst. (Oct. 1, 2018), https:// knightcolumbia.org/content/facebook-v-sullivan. The Indigo Book 100 indigobook-2.0-rev2023-2 R33.1.2 Institutional authors When the name of the individual, personal author is unavailable, use the
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{"source": 2291, "title": "from dpo"}
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there exists a set X ⊆ V 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑉 , such that X 𝑋 is shattered and | X | > c + i | 𝑋 | > 𝑐 + 𝑖 . We pick c 𝑐 arbitrary, pairwise distinct vertices v 1 , … , v c 𝑣 1 , … , 𝑣 𝑐 from X 𝑋 and define X j = X ∖ { v j } 𝑋 𝑗 = 𝑋 ∖ { 𝑣 𝑗 } for each j 𝑗 . Then X = ( X 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ X c ) ∪ { v 1 , … , v c } 𝑋 = ( 𝑋 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝑋 𝑐 ) ∪ { 𝑣 1 , … , 𝑣 𝑐 } holds and also | X | ≤ | X ∗ | + c | 𝑋 | ≤ | 𝑋 ∗ | + 𝑐 with X ∗ ⊆ X 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ X c 𝑋 ∗ ⊆ 𝑋 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝑋 𝑐 . Since X 𝑋 is shattered, for each 1 ≤ j ≤ c 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑐 , there exists a distinct edge e j ∈ E ( H ) 𝑒 𝑗 ∈ 𝐸 ( 𝐻 ) with X j = X ∩ e j 𝑋 𝑗 = 𝑋 ∩ 𝑒 𝑗 . Hence, X j = X ∖ { v j } ⊆ e j 𝑋 𝑗 = 𝑋 ∖ { 𝑣 𝑗 } ⊆ 𝑒 𝑗 and also X ∗ ⊆ e 1 ∩ e 2 ∩ ⋯ ∩ e c 𝑋 ∗ ⊆ 𝑒 1 ∩ 𝑒 2 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝑒 𝑐 holds, i.e., X ∗ 𝑋 ∗ is in the intersection of c 𝑐 edges of H 𝐻 . By , we thus get
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{"source": 4188, "title": "from dpo"}
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(12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(D)): i. During the preceding calendar year (or, if the application was received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two preceding calendar years), the creditor and its affiliates together extended no more than 2,000 first-lien covered transactions that were sold, assigned or otherwise transferred to another person or subject at the time of consummation to a commitment to be acquired by another person; and ii. As of the end of the preceding calendar year (or if the application was received before April 1 of the current calendar year, as of either of the two preceding December 31sts), the creditor and its affiliates that regularly extended first-lien covered transactions, together had total assets of less than $2 billion (this threshold will adjust annually). NOTE: This category of qualified mortgages does not require a small creditor to operate in a rural or underserved area. b. The creditor makes a loan that meets the requirements for a qualified mortgage in 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2), other than 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(v) and (vi), and NOTE: This means, among other things, that the loan does not have negative amortization, interest-only, or balloon payment features (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i)); has a loan term of 30 years or less (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(ii)); points and fees are under certain thresholds (generally 3 percent) (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iii)); and the creditor underwrites the loan, taking into account the monthly payment for mortgage related obligations (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iv)). Further, the creditor considers and verifies at or before consummation: the consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets other than the value of the dwelling (including any real property attached to the dwelling) that secures the loan, in accordance Interagency Examination Procedures TILA > October 2021 TILA 324 with the general repayment ability standards; and the consumer’s
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{"source": 6034, "title": "from dpo"}
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Pokkesviricetes is a class of viruses. == Nomenclature == The class, Pokkesviricetes, is derived from pockes, the Middle English word for pox as in referring to the disease associated to certain members of Poxviridae. == Orders == The following orders are recognized: Asfuvirales Chitovirales == References ==
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{"page_id": 63771405, "title": "Pokkesviricetes"}
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B cell has on its surface immunoglobulin receptors whose antigen-binding site is identical to that of antibodies that are secreted by the cell when it encounters an antigen, and more specifically a particular B cell clone secretes antibodies with identical sequences. The final piece of the story, the Fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane provided all the ingredients for a new model for the initiation of signal transduction; viz, receptor dimerization. The first hints of this were obtained by Becker et al who demonstrated that the extent to which human basophils—for which bivalent Immunoglobulin E (IgE) functions as a surface receptor – degranulate, depends on the concentration of anti IgE antibodies to which they are exposed, and results in a redistribution of surface molecules, which is absent when monovalent ligand is used. The latter observation was consistent with earlier findings by Fanger et al. These observations tied a biological response to events and structural details of molecules on the cell surface. A preponderance of evidence soon developed that receptor dimerization initiates responses (reviewed in ) in a variety of cell types, including B cells. Such observations led to a number of theoretical (mathematical) developments. The first of these was a simple model proposed by Bell which resolved an apparent paradox: clustering forms stable networks; i.e. binding is essentially irreversible, whereas the affinities of antibodies secreted by B cells increase as the immune response progresses. A theory of the dynamics of cell surface clustering on lymphocyte membranes was developed by DeLisi and Perelson who found the size distribution of clusters as a function of time, and its dependence on the affinity and valence of the ligand. Subsequent theories for basophils and mast cells were developed by Goldstein and Sobotka and their collaborators, all aimed at the analysis of dose-response patterns
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{"page_id": 28857, "title": "Signal transduction"}
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Ideal and the Hegelian Concept through the statement: forms do not have an existence without a brain and the ability for stored memory, referring to how artists such as Monet could paint without knowing what the objects are in order to capture their true form. ==== Abstraction ==== This process refers to the hierarchical coordination where a general representation can be applied to many particulars, allowing the brain to efficiently process visual stimuli. The ability to abstract may have evolved as a necessity due to the limitations of memory. In a way, art externalizes the functions of abstraction in the brain. The process of abstraction is unknown to cognitive neurobiology. However, Zeki proposes an interesting question of whether there is a significant difference in the pattern of brain activity when viewing abstract art as opposed to representational art. === Ramachandran's eight laws of artistic experience === Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and his fellow researchers including William Hirstein, developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These "laws" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as there are undoubtedly many other principles of artistic experience, the theorists claim that they provide a framework for understanding aspects of visual art, style and design. Although testing of these principles quantitatively may provide future evidence for specific areas of the brain responsible for one kind of aesthetic appeal, the theory faces substantial philosophical and historical objections. ==== Peak shift principle ==== This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal discrimination learning. In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a rat is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for
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{"page_id": 1038052, "title": "Neuroesthetics"}
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The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans. Technology includes methods ranging from simple stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has emerged since the 1980s. The term technology comes from the Greek word techne, meaning art and craft, and the word logos, meaning word and speech. It was first used to describe applied arts, but it is now used to describe advancements and changes that affect the environment around us. New knowledge has enabled people to create new tools, and conversely, many scientific endeavors are made possible by new technologies, for example scientific instruments which allow us to study nature in more detail than our natural senses. Since much of technology is applied science, technical history is connected to the history of science. Since technology uses resources, technical history is tightly connected to economic history. From those resources, technology produces other resources, including technological artifacts used in everyday life. Technological change affects, and is affected by, a society's cultural traditions. It is a force for economic growth and a means to develop and project economic, political, military power and wealth. == Measuring technological progress == Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski have declared technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, such as fire. White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture is energy. For White, "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy." White differentiates between five stages of human development: In the first, people use the
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{"page_id": 803661, "title": "History of technology"}
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cities as being changed by technology into more regional settlements, for which he coined the term conurbation. Similar to the garden city movement, he also believed in adding green areas to these urban regions. The Regional Planning Association of America advanced his ideas, coming up with the 'regional city' which would have a variety of urban communities across a green landscape of farms, parks and wilderness with the help of telecommunication and the automobile. This had major influence on the County of London Plan, 1944. === City Beautiful movement === The City Beautiful movement was inspired by 19th century European capital cities such as Georges-Eugène Haussmann's Paris or the Vienna Ring Road. An influential figure was Daniel Burnham (1846-1912), who was the chief of construction of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Urban problems such as the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago had created a perceived need to reform the morality of the city among some of the elites. Burnham's greatest achievement was the Chicago plan of 1909. His aim was "to restore to the city a lost visual and aesthetic harmony, thereby creating the physical prerequisite for the emergence of a harmonious social order", essentially creating social reform through new slum clearance and creating public space, which also endeared it the support of the Progressivist movement. This was also believed to be economically advantageous by drawing in tourists and wealthy migrants. Because of this it has been referred to as "trickle-down urban development" and as "centrocentrist" for focusing only on the core of the city. Other major cities planned according to the movement principles included British colonial capitals in New Delhi, Harare, Lusaka Nairobi and Kampala, as well as that of Canberra in Australia, and Albert Speer's plan for the Nazi capital Germania. === Towers in the park ===
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{"page_id": 45346, "title": "Theories of urban planning"}
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a search for overlapping (contiguous) sequences. (Affine gaps are helpful for homology searches but not usually for sequencing error alignment). Phrap attempts to classify chimeras, vector sequences and low quality end regions all in a single alignment and will sometimes make mistakes. Furthermore, Phrap has more than one round of assembly building internally and later rounds are less stringent - Greedy algorithm. These design choices were helpful in the 1990s when the program was originally written (at Washington University in St. Louis) but are less so now. Phrap appears error prone in comparison with newer assemblers like Euler and cannot use mate-pair information directly to guide assembly and assemble past perfect repeats. Phrap is not free software so it has not been extended and enhanced like less restricted open-source software Sequence assembly. == Quality based consensus sequences == Another use of Phred quality scores by Phrap that contributed to the program's success was the determination of consensus sequences using sequence qualities. In effect, Phrap automated a step that was a major bottleneck in the early phases of the Human Genome Project: to determine the correct consensus sequence at all positions where the assembled sequences had discrepant bases. This approach had been suggested by Bonfield and Staden in 1995, and was implemented and further optimized in Phrap. Basically, at any consensus position with discrepant bases, Phrap examines the quality scores of the aligned sequences to find the highest quality sequence. In the process, Phrap takes confirmation of local sequence by other reads into account, after considering direction and sequencing chemistry. The mathematics of this approach were rather simple, since Phred quality scores are logarithmically linked to error probabilities. This means that the quality scores of confirming reads can simply be added, as long as the error distributions are sufficiently independent. To
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{"page_id": 22360187, "title": "Phrap"}
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455P/PANSTARRS is an Encke-type periodic comet that completes a 5.6-year orbit around the Sun within the main asteroid belt. It is also considered an active asteroid, whose orbit suggested it may belong to the Theobalda collisional family. == References == == External links == 455P/PANSTARRS at the JPL Small-Body Database 455P/PANSTARRS at Seiichi Yoshida's website
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{"page_id": 80012021, "title": "455P/PANSTARRS"}
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had been given by Stanhope's great-grandson, Arthur, who had kept one. The other two were owned by Henry Prevost Babbage – the son of Charles Babbage, who continued his work on the Analytical Engine. One of the devices was donated to the Science Museum, London by the last Earl in 1953. Other styles, such as circular models, were constructed, but these were less convenient. == See also == Logical piano Venn diagram == References ==
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{"page_id": 73034100, "title": "Stanhope Demonstrator"}
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V528 Carinae (V528 Car, HD 95950, HIP 54021) is a variable star in the constellation Carina. V528 Carinae has an apparent visual magnitude that varies between about 6.3 and 6.8. When it is near its maximum brightness, it is very faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal observing conditions. It is a distant star but the exact distance is uncertain. The Hipparcos satellite gives a negative annual parallax and is not helpful, while the Gaia Data Release 3 parallax of 0.45 mas implies a distance of around 7,200 light years (2,200 parsecs). Assuming membership of the Carina OB2 membership would give a distance of about 1,830 parsecs. V528 Carinae is a red supergiant of spectral type M2 Ib with an effective temperature of 3,700 K. It has a radius of 700 solar radii. In the visible spectrum, its luminosity is 11,900 times higher than the Sun, but the bolometric luminosity considering all wavelengths reaches around 81,000 L☉. It loses mass at 0.5×10−9 M☉ per year. It was found to be a variable star when the Hipparcos data was analyzed, and for that reason it was given its variable star designation in 1999. It is classified as a slow irregular variable whose prototype is TZ Cassiopeiae. == See also == List of largest known stars == References ==
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{"page_id": 51838790, "title": "V528 Carinae"}
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ELMER (Easier and more Efficient Reporting), is a comprehensive set of principles and specifications for the design of Internet-based forms. The Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry has decided that the most recent version, ELMER2, shall be the common guidelines for user interfaces in Norwegian public forms for enterprises on the Internet. All public forms in Norway shall be based on the ELMER guidelines within the end of 2008 [1]. The Norwegian authorities emphasize that simplification of public forms is important to improve communication between the users and the public sector. The idea is expressed like this in the preface of the guidelines: "The proceeding transition to electronic reporting may be an important simplification measure for the respondents, but only if the Internet-based solutions are felt to be more user friendly than the old paper versions. By applying good pedagogical principles, electronic forms may also ensure a better understanding of the task, better validation of the data before submission, and by that even better response quality and more efficient processing by the relevant authority." The objective of the ELMER guidelines is to meet the challenges of Internet design and pedagogics that are particular to web forms. WCAG requirements and W3C conventions have not been baked into the ELMER guidelines, but they shall not contain recommendations which are incompatible with these. In other words, ELMER is not the only set of guidelines to consider, when designing electronic forms, but the only one that concentrate on the form itself. == Background == === The first ELMER Project === During the summer of 2000, an interdisciplinary reference group on electronic reporting initiated the ELMER project. The project followed six enterprises over the period of one year in order to map out their reporting duties, and test simple solutions for electronic reporting based on
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{"page_id": 10982594, "title": "ELMER guidelines"}
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without losing a pound. Focus on how you feel! Not So NewReader* November 6, 2021 at 7:45 am Instead of looking at a scale, I use my clothes to tell me when I need to cut back on snacking or second helpings. BUT. Our bodies do shift around with age/life events so that has to be a factor. I ended up going into websites for “older women” to see what points to consider. This may help make choices easier. So basically, yes, take care of your health AND keep clothes on hand that fit and flatter you. Do both. The two go hand-in-hand. I know if I feel good about how I look that encourages me to be more careful about food and life choices. My number one thing is the garment HAS to hang nicely on me. If I feel klutzy or jerky in it, then out it goes. For my body type there are certain styles that look the best on me and other styles predictably fail. I try to keep clothes that look different one to the other yet still keep the cut/style that looks better on me. Another idea that helped me a lot is to use a sort as I go method for clothes and other items. This means I can pull out a shirt in the morning and quickly decide that I am forever done with it and pop it into a donation bag. I only throw stuff in when I am certain I am done. Across the board I turn the whole question into a math problem. This helps to reduce the emotions involved. I work in-person three days a week. So I need at least three sets of office clothes for the season. Since I worry and I like having back up
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{"source": 990, "title": "from dpo"}
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in Linked Open Data Reasonable view Fact Forge. The ontology is encoded in a fragment of OWL Lite and split into four modules: System, Top, Extent, and KM (Knowledge Management). A snapshot of the PROTON class hierarchy is given on Figure 1, showing the Top and the Extent modules. A survey of Top-Level Ontologies constructioninnovationhub.org.uk 112 Extract 2 – PROTON is relatively un-restrictive 1. Design Rationales PROTON is designed as a lightweight upper-level ontology for use in Knowledge Management and Semantic Web applications. The above mission statement has two important implications: • PROTON is relatively un-restrictive. It specifies only a hierarchy of classes and domain and range of properties defined within it, but it does not impose any other restrictions on the meaning of the classes and properties. • PROTON is not precise in some aspects, for instance regarding the conceptualization of space and time. This is partly because proper models for these aspects would require using a logical apparatus, which is beyond the limits acceptable for many of the tasks to which we wish to apply PROTON (e.g. queries and management of huge datasets/ knowledge bases); and partly because it is very hard to craft strict and precise conceptualizations for these concepts, which are adequate for a wide range of domains and applications. F.28 Schema.org F.28.1 Overview Schema.org is a collaborative, community activity with a mission to create, maintain, and promote schemas for structured data on the Internet, on web pages, in email messages, and beyond. From See also: F.28.2 Top-level Thing • Action • CreativeWork • Event • Intangible • MedicalEntity • Organization • Person • Place • Product F.28.3 Key characteristics A generic top-level data model with lightweight (or no) foundational ontological commitments. F.28.4 Relevant extracts Extracts from: datamodel.html Extract 1 – Data Model
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{"source": 2732, "title": "from dpo"}
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account entirely. Yahoo's recovery system did not work either. As a last measure, I called what was listed as Yahoo Customer Service phone 8557377793 and 8003491641. At both numbers, the call screener (James) asked me suspicious questions and told me some weird story that my account was being accessed in Missouri. He offered to fix the problem for $100. I told him I would report Yahoo and him to the FCC. I got a call back from James at the "888" number above and my autoanswer service picked up his ID from a company called Quonix Technica. When I requested to speak to a manager, James told me to "fuck off". I stayed on the phone asking for a manager for at least 10 minutes while James kept telling me to "go on". I received absolutely no help from my calls to customer service numbers listed. _____________________________________________________________________________ # Ticket: # 1312505 - Incorrect past due account posted to my credit report Date: 11/12/2016 1:49:46 PM City/State/Zip: Vineland, New Jersey 08360 Company Complaining About: AT&T _____________________________________________________________________________ # Description During the process of financing a camper, I was notified that under my credit account there is a delinquent account in my credit report. The account belongs to AT & T. I have never used AT & T. I would like to clear this issue as quickly as possible. _____________________________________________________________________________ # Ticket: # 1312906 - Computer and router hacked and OS changed Date: 11/13/2016 1:41:46 AM City/State/Zip: Las Vegas, Nevada 89108 Company Complaining About: Cox _____________________________________________________________________________ # Description For the last 2 year I have had several computers breached into, and the system changed to where I am being constantly monitored. I will attached a picture of what I believe is the user agent and command line to change the operating system. _____________________________________________________________________________
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{"source": 4974, "title": "from dpo"}
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the chapter. The third column of the table indicates where the derivation of the given transforms may be found. Although Table 6.2.1 is sufficient for the examples and problems in this book, much larger tables are also available (see the list of references at the end of the chapter). Transforms and inverse transforms can also be readily obtained electronically by using a computer algebra system. Frequently, a Laplace transform F(s) is expressible as a sum of several terms F(s) = F1(s) + F2(s) + · · · + F n(s). (17) 6.2 Solution of Initial Value Problems 317 TABLE 6.2.1 Elementary Laplace Transforms f (t) = L−1{F(s)} F(s) = L{f (t)} Notes 1. 1 1 s , s > 0 Sec. 6.1; Ex. 4 2. e at 1 s − a , s > a Sec. 6.1; Ex. 5 3. t n, n = positive integer n! s n+1 , s > 0 Sec. 6.1; Prob. 27 4. t p, p > −1 ( p + 1) s p+1 , s > 0 Sec. 6.1; Prob. 27 5. sin at as2 + a2 , s > 0 Sec. 6.1; Ex. 7 6. cos at ss2 + a2 , s > 0 Sec. 6.1; Prob. 6 7. sinh at as2 − a2 , s > |a| Sec. 6.1; Prob. 8 8. cosh at ss2 − a2 , s > |a| Sec. 6.1; Prob. 7 9. e at sin bt b (s − a)2 + b2 , s > a Sec. 6.1; Prob. 13 10. e at cos bt s − a (s − a)2 + b2 , s > a Sec. 6.1; Prob. 14 11. t n e at , n = positive integer n! (s − a)n+1 , s > a Sec. 6.1; Prob. 18 12. uc(t) e−cs s ,
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{"source": 6286, "title": "from dpo"}
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society these are considered processed foods. Modern food processing technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries was developed in a large part to serve military needs. In 1809, Nicolas Appert invented a hermetic bottling technique that would preserve food for French troops which ultimately contributed to the development of tinning, and subsequently canning by Peter Durand in 1810. Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world. Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1864, improved the quality and safety of preserved foods and introduced the wine, beer, and milk preservation. In the 20th century, World War II, the space race and the rising consumer society in developed countries contributed to the growth of food processing with such advances as spray drying, evaporation, juice concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colouring agents, and such preservatives as sodium benzoate. In the late 20th century, products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as MRE food ration were developed. By the 20th century, automatic appliances like microwave oven, blender, and rotimatic paved way for convenience cooking. In western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience. Food processing companies marketed their products especially towards middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and "TV dinners". Processors utilised the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today. Also in the late 20th century, food manufacturers began changing their product model from a single "platonic dish", such as one version of jarred spaghetti
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{"page_id": 602960, "title": "Food processing"}
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potential explanation for previous methane measurements by the rover. === Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy === In 2016, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy made spectral observations of the Martian atmosphere from Earth's stratosphere during the Martian summer in its northern hemisphere. When processing the data, care was taken to minimize interference from Earth-based methane spectral lines, and long observation times were used to increase signal-to-noise ratio. No methane was detected. === ExoMars === In 2019, the Trace Gas Orbiter on ExoMars reported non-detections of methane in Mars' upper atmosphere (5 km altitude), with an upper limit of 50 pptv. The ExoMars non-detections contradict the methane detections in Gale crater by the Curiosity rover. A possible explanation for apparently contradictory results relates to the timing of ExoMars measurements. ExoMars measurements occur in the daytime and report non-detections. Should there be high concentrations of methane at night, higher surface temperatures during the day could cause convection currents that mix and dilute methane with the bulk atmosphere. Extensive further search of methane by ExoMars reported non-detections, with upper limits of 0.02 ppbv. == Potential sources and sinks of methane on Mars == === Sources === ==== Geophysical ==== The principal candidates for the origin of Mars' methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then generate methane and other hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with CO and CO2. It has also been shown that methane could be produced by the process called serpentinization, involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. The lack of current volcanism, hydrothermal activity or hotspots is not favorable for geologic methane. Another possible geophysical source could be ancient methane trapped in clathrate hydrates that may be released
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{"page_id": 61051630, "title": "Natural methane on Mars"}
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I q ( P − I ) = 0 q ( [ 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.5 ] − [ 1 0 0 1 ] ) = 0 q [ − 0.1 0.1 0.5 − 0.5 ] = 0 [ q 1 q 2 ] [ − 0.1 0.1 0.5 − 0.5 ] = [ 0 0 ] − 0.1 q 1 + 0.5 q 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P&={\begin{bmatrix}0.9&0.1\\0.5&0.5\end{bmatrix}}\\\mathbf {q} P&=\mathbf {q} &&{\text{(}}\mathbf {q} {\text{ is unchanged by }}P{\text{.)}}\\&=\mathbf {q} I\\\mathbf {q} (P-I)&=\mathbf {0} \\\mathbf {q} \left({\begin{bmatrix}0.9&0.1\\0.5&0.5\end{bmatrix}}-{\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}\right)&=\mathbf {0} \\\mathbf {q} {\begin{bmatrix}-0.1&0.1\\0.5&-0.5\end{bmatrix}}&=\mathbf {0} \\{\begin{bmatrix}q_{1}&q_{2}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-0.1&0.1\\0.5&-0.5\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}0&0\end{bmatrix}}\\-0.1q_{1}+0.5q_{2}&=0\end{aligned}}} and since they are a probability vector we know that q 1 + q 2 = 1. {\displaystyle q_{1}+q_{2}=1.} Solving this pair of simultaneous equations gives the steady state vector: [ q 1 q 2 ] = [ 0.833 0.167 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}q_{1}&q_{2}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0.833&0.167\end{bmatrix}}} In conclusion, in the long term about 83.3% of days are sunny. Not all Markov processes have a steady state vector. In particular, the transition matrix must be regular. Otherwise, the state vectors will oscillate over time without converging. === Stock market === A state diagram for a simple example is shown in the figure on the right, using a directed graph to picture the state transitions. The states represent whether a hypothetical stock market is exhibiting a bull market, bear market, or stagnant market trend during a given week. According to the figure, a bull week is followed by another bull week 90% of the time, a bear week 7.5% of the time, and a stagnant week the other 2.5% of the time. Labeling the state space {1 = bull, 2 = bear, 3 = stagnant} the transition matrix for this example is P = [ 0.9 0.075 0.025 0.15 0.8 0.05 0.25 0.25 0.5 ] . {\displaystyle P={\begin{bmatrix}0.9&0.075&0.025\\0.15&0.8&0.05\\0.25&0.25&0.5\end{bmatrix}}.} The distribution over states
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{"page_id": 195196, "title": "Examples of Markov chains"}
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Miscellaneous fembots from Futurama (1999–2011) Miley Cyrus, in "Hannah Banana", a 2009 episode of Family Guy Jenny Wakeman, Melody, and others from My Life as a Teenage Robot (2002) Jinmay from Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! Julie-8, from Romie-0 and Julie-8 Lesliebots, from The Venture Bros. episode "Past Tense" (2004) Mazuma from Ben 10: Omniverse Molly Mange, from SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron (1994) Penny Polendina from RWBY (2013) Pixal from Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu Pixie (Mimi), from I Dream of Mimi (1997) Robecca Steam from Monster High Rosie from The Jetsons (1962) Robotica, from DuckTales episode Metal Attraction (1990) Six, from Tripping the Rift (2004) Tari and Belle Fontiere, from the Australian animated web series Meta Runner (2019) == In literature, comics, and theatre == Amelia from the short story "The Lady Automaton" (1901) by Ernest Edward Kellett Barbara, leader of a robot-revolutionary group in Hard Boiled by Frank Miller and Geof Darrow. Brainiac 8, a.k.a. Indigo, from DC's Outsiders (2003) Cho, from Divine Endurance (1984) by Gwyneth Jones Chworktap, an android modeled after Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, from Philip José Farmer's novel Venus on the Half-Shell (1975) Cyanure, from Spirou et Fantasio Dee Model, from Ken MacLeod's The Stone Canal "...technically a decerebrate clone manipulated by a computer, but I feel like me" Disposable women, from an early issue of Mad Magazine (1950s) Dors Venabili, wife of Hari Seldon from Asimov's Foundation Series (1988) Freya Nakamichi-47, an android sexbot, in Saturn's Children by Charles Stross (2008) Guri, assistant to Prince Xizor in the novel Shadows of the Empire (1996) Hadaly, from Viller's de L'Isle Adam's novel L'Eve future (1879) Helen O'Loy, from Lester del Rey's short story "Helen O'Loy" (1938) Iko and others from Marissa Meyer's The Lunar Chronicles book series Irona from Richie Rich Jacie
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{"page_id": 7659846, "title": "List of fictional gynoids"}
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to molt throughout life, undergoing multiple instars after reaching sexual maturity, whereas all other insects undergo only a single instar when sexually mature. Apterygotes possess small unsegmented appendages, referred to as "styli", on some of their abdominal segments, but play no part in locomotion. They also have long, paired abdominal cerci and a single median, tail-like caudal filament, or telson. While all members of winged insects (Pterygota) has a closed amniotic cavity during embryonic development, this varies within Apterygota. In Archaeognatha, species like Petrobius brevistylis and Pedetontus unimaculatus have a wide open cavity, whereas Trigoniophthalmus alternatus does not have an amniotic cavity at all. In Zygentoma, the cavity is open through a narrow canal called the amniopore in the species Thermobia domestica and Lepisma saccharina, but in other species like Ctenolepisma lineata it is completely closed. == History of the concept == The composition and classification of Apterygota changed over time. By the mid-20th century, the subclass included four orders (Collembola, Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura). With the advent of a more rigorous cladistic methodology, the subclass was proven paraphyletic. While the first three groups formed a monophyletic group, the Entognatha, distinguished by having mouthparts submerged in a pocket formed by the lateral and ventral parts of the head capsule, the Thysanura (Zygentoma plus Archaeognatha) appeared to be more closely related to winged insects. The most notable synapomorphy proving the monophyly of Thysanura+Pterygota is the absence of intrinsic antennal muscles, which connect the antennomeres in entognaths, myriapods, and crustaceans. For this reason, the whole group is often termed the Amyocerata, meaning "lacking antennal muscles". However, the Zygentoma are now considered more closely related to the Pterygota than to the Archaeognatha, thus rendering even the amyocerate apterygotes paraphyletic, and resulting in the dissolution of Thysanura into two separate monophyletic orders. == References
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{"page_id": 2152845, "title": "Apterygota"}
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effective against surface targets. This addition was developed to provide ship defense against small vessel threats and other "floaters" in littoral waters and to improve the weapon's performance against slower low-flying aircraft. The FLIR's capability is also of use against low-observability missiles and can be linked with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) system to increase RAM engagement range and accuracy. The Block 1B also allows for an operator to visually identify and target threats. Since the end of FY 2015, the US Navy has upgraded all Phalanx systems to the Block 1B variant. In addition to the FLIR sensor, the Block 1B incorporates an automatic acquisition video tracker, optimized gun barrels (OGB), and Enhanced Lethality Cartridges (ELC) for additional capabilities against asymmetric threats such as small maneuvering surface craft, slow-flying fixed and rotary-winged aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles. The FLIR sensor improves performance against anti-ship cruise missiles, while the OGB and ELC provide tighter dispersion and increased "first-hit" range; the Mk 244 ELC is specifically designed to penetrate anti-ship missiles with a 48 percent heavier tungsten penetrator round and an aluminum nose piece. Another system upgrade is the Phalanx 1B Baseline 2 radar to improve detection performance, increase reliability, and reduce maintenance. It also has a surface mode to track, detect, and destroy threats closer to the water's surface, increasing the ability to defend against fast-attack boats and low-flying missiles. As of 2019, the Baseline 2 radar upgrade has been installed on all U.S. Navy Phalanx system-equipped vessels. The Block 1B is also used by other navies, such as Canada, Portugal, Japan, Egypt, Bahrain, and the UK. In April 2017, Raytheon tested a new electric gun for the Phalanx allowing the system to fire at varying rates to conserve ammunition. The new design replaces the pneumatic motor, compressor, and
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{"page_id": 89872, "title": "Phalanx CIWS"}
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of very few iterations. This can also help in recovering images with sparse gradients. In the figure shown below, P1 refers to the first-step of the iterative reconstruction process, of the projection matrix P of the fan-beam geometry, which is constrained by the data fidelity term. This may contain noise and artifacts as no regularization is performed. The minimization of P1 is solved through the conjugate gradient least squares method. P2 refers to the second step of the iterative reconstruction process wherein it utilizes the edge-preserving total variation regularization term to remove noise and artifacts, and thus improve the quality of the reconstructed image/signal. The minimization of P2 is done through a simple gradient descent method. Convergence is determined by testing, after each iteration, for image positivity, by checking if f k − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle f^{k-1}=0} for the case when f k − 1 < 0 {\displaystyle f^{k-1}<0} (Note that f {\displaystyle f} refers to the different x-ray linear attenuation coefficients at different voxels of the patient image). ===== Edge-preserving total variation (TV)-based compressed sensing ===== This is an iterative CT reconstruction algorithm with edge-preserving TV regularization to reconstruct CT images from highly undersampled data obtained at low dose CT through low current levels (milliampere). In order to reduce the imaging dose, one of the approaches used is to reduce the number of x-ray projections acquired by the scanner detectors. However, this insufficient projection data which is used to reconstruct the CT image can cause streaking artifacts. Furthermore, using these insufficient projections in standard TV algorithms end up making the problem under-determined and thus leading to infinitely many possible solutions. In this method, an additional penalty weighted function is assigned to the original TV norm. This allows for easier detection of sharp discontinuities in intensity in the images
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{"page_id": 11403316, "title": "Compressed sensing"}
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oceans boiling away, while the Earth's liquid outer core cools due to the inner core's expansion and causes the Earth's magnetic field to shut down. In the absence of a magnetic field, charged particles from the Sun will deplete the atmosphere and further increase the Earth's temperature to an average of around 420 K (147 °C, 296 °F) in 2.8 billion years, causing the last remaining life on Earth to die out. This is the most extreme instance of a climate-caused extinction event. Since this will only happen late in the Sun's life, it would represent the final mass extinction in Earth's history (albeit a very long extinction event). == Effects and recovery == The effects of mass extinction events varied widely. After a major extinction event, usually only weedy species survive due to their ability to live in diverse habitats. Later, species diversify and occupy empty niches. Generally, it takes millions of years for biodiversity to recover after extinction events. In the most severe mass extinctions it may take 15 to 30 million years. The worst Phanerozoic event, the Permian–Triassic extinction, devastated life on Earth, killing over 90% of species. Life seemed to recover quickly after the P-T extinction, but this was mostly in the form of disaster taxa, such as the hardy Lystrosaurus. The most recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to recover. It is thought that this long recovery was due to successive waves of extinction that inhibited recovery, as well as prolonged environmental stress that continued into the Early Triassic. Recent research indicates that recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, four to six million years after the extinction; and some writers estimate that
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{"page_id": 9813, "title": "Extinction event"}
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into two very different sedimentary facies realms. On the northern edge of Iberia (in the South Pyrenean Zone and in the axial zone), shelf carbonates were then being deposited. Because of several emersions, they only show very reduced thicknesses. Due to transtension in the North Pyrenean Zone, a very strongly subsiding flysch basin (North Pyrenean Basin) developed, which follows essentially the east–west-trending Variscan fracture zones. The basin was deepening towards the Atlantic and shallowing towards the east, where it terminates before the Aude river. It is split by the basement massifs of the North Pyrenean Zone into two strands—a southerly strand called sillon aturien, which received up to 2500 m of flysch ardoisier and a northerly strand with the flysch noir. The flysch basin is rimmed to the north by the relatively stable Aquitanian Shelf. It was formed probably by extensive crustal thinning that penetrated from the Atlantic side. Concurrent with the transtension, the Pyrenean Metamorphism took place characterised by high heat flow (peak temperatures were 500–600 °C) but relatively low pressures (HT/LP-metamorphism). Under these conditions, new minerals like biotite, diopside and scapolite grew. The metamorphism is diachronous and has been dated radiometrically in the eastern North Pyrenean Zone as Albian, whereas in the Basque country in the west (for example in the Basque Marble Nappe) it has been dated only as Campanian. It is possible that the metamorphism lasted in a milder form until the end of the Cretaceous or even the beginning of the Eocene. Two major deformational phases with the development of schistosities (Upper Albian till Lower Cenomanian and Santonian till Maastrichtian) affected the pyrenean domain during the Upper Cretaceous expressing themselves as unconformities in the sedimentary record. The flysch basin was shortened and at the northern edge of Iberia, an orogenic wedge formed that moved slowly
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{"page_id": 26161133, "title": "Geology of the Pyrenees"}
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includes the definition of three variants of OWL, with different levels of expressiveness. These are OWL Lite, OWL DL and OWL Full (ordered by increasing expressiveness). Each of these sublanguages is a syntactic extension of its simpler predecessor. The following set of relations hold. Their inverses do not. Every legal OWL Lite ontology is a legal OWL DL ontology. Every legal OWL DL ontology is a legal OWL Full ontology. Every valid OWL Lite conclusion is a valid OWL DL conclusion. Every valid OWL DL conclusion is a valid OWL Full conclusion. ==== OWL Lite ==== OWL Lite was originally intended to support those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraints. For example, while it supports cardinality constraints, it only permits cardinality values of 0 or 1. It was hoped that it would be simpler to provide tool support for OWL Lite than its more expressive relatives, allowing quick migration path for systems using thesauri and other taxonomies. In practice, however, most of the expressiveness constraints placed on OWL Lite amount to little more than syntactic inconveniences: most of the constructs available in OWL DL can be built using complex combinations of OWL Lite features, and is equally expressive as the description logic S H I F ( D ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {SHIF}}(\mathbf {D} )} . Development of OWL Lite tools has thus proven to be almost as difficult as development of tools for OWL DL, and OWL Lite is not widely used. ==== OWL DL ==== OWL DL is designed to provide the maximum expressiveness possible while retaining computational completeness (either φ or ¬φ holds), decidability (there is an effective procedure to determine whether φ is derivable or not), and the availability of practical reasoning algorithms. OWL DL includes all OWL language constructs, but they can be
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{"page_id": 248001, "title": "Web Ontology Language"}
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data distribution. We propose a new, generalized ELBO formulation for multimodal data that overcomes these limitations. The new objective encompasses two previous methods as special cases and combines their benefits without compromises. In extensive experiments, we demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art models in self-supervised, generative learning tasks. 650. DC3: A learning method for optimization with hard constraints Priya L. Donti, David Rolnick, J Zico Kolter rating : 6.25 - [4, 7, 8, 6] - Accept (Poster) tl;dr: We describe a method, DC3, for fast approximate solutions to optimization problems with hard constraints, which enforces feasibility via a differentiable procedure incorporated into a neural network. Large optimization problems with hard constraints arise in many settings, yet classical solvers are often prohibitively slow, motivating the use of deep networks as cheap "approximate solvers." Unfortunately, naive deep learning approaches typically cannot enforce the hard constraints of such problems, leading to infeasible solutions. In this work, we present Deep Constraint Completion and Correction (DC3), an algorithm to address this challenge. Specifically, this method enforces feasibility via a differentiable procedure, which implicitly completes partial solutions to satisfy equality constraints and unrolls gradient-based corrections to satisfy inequality constraints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DC3 in both synthetic optimization tasks and the real-world setting of AC optimal power flow, where hard constraints encode the physics of the electrical grid. In both cases, DC3 achieves near-optimal objective values while preserving feasibility. 651. Contrastive Syn-to-Real Generalization Wuyang Chen, Zhiding Yu, Shalini De Mello, Sifei Liu, Jose M. Alvarez, Zhangyang Wang, Anima Anandkumar rating : 6.25 - [7, 6, 6, 6] - Accept (Poster) tl;dr: We propose a new contrastive synthetic-to-real generalization framework that achieves state-of-the-art performance on synthetic-to-real generalization problems. Training on synthetic data can be beneficial for label or data-scarce scenarios. However, synthetically
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{"source": 1216, "title": "from dpo"}
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significant standpoints of opinion?’ 72 Craufurd Smith (p. 321) argues that the system offers little protection for local audiences, leading her to conclude that after about 10 years of this system, the UK should consider moving back to ‘bright -line’ regulation. The level of discretion on the part of the minister is one of the dr awbacks she identifies (pp. 313 -15). Peter Humphre ys (2015, p. 163) argues the case for a ‘dedicated and politically independent media pluralism monitoring body with the final say, thereby removing the element of ministerial discretion in the decision maki ng’. His conclusion is that in the UK such a body could be ‘housed’ in Ofcom. Some of these points of criticism will be considered below in relation to the suitability of the international measurement frameworks for Australia . First, though, we will exami ne one other aspect which appears to need further thought: the place of platforms with a plurality framework. # The place of platforms As noted at the start of this chapter, a framework for measuring media pl urality can assist in understanding the level of c hoice experienced by consumers, and beyond this, the contribution of media sources to a diverse and dynamic news environment . It can also help to identify threats to existing levels of plurality. However, the tools examined above were not designed specific ally to account for the place of digital platforms and the algorithmic delivery of news . We therefore need to consider whether they have capacity to address some of the factors identified in Chapters One and Two – for example, enhanced exposure through ava ilability of more sources, or reduced exposure through the funnelling of audiences to certain providers. Influence of algorithms of public affairs Natali Helberger’s (2018 a) work on the need
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{"source": 3692, "title": "from dpo"}
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even values of s, in particular, for s = 2 , 4, 6, 8, and 10. The third additive problem is the asymptotics of partition functions .A partition of a positive integer n is a representation of n in the form n = a1 + · · · + ak, where the parts a1, . . . , a k are positive integers and a1 ≥ · · · ≥ ak. The partition function p(n) counts the number of partitions of n. More generally, if A is any nonempty set of positive integers, the partition function pA(n) counts the number of partitions of n with parts belonging to the set A. We shall determine the asymptotic growth of p(n)and, more generally, of pA(n) for any set A of integers of positive density. This book contains many examples and exercises. By design, some of the exercises require old-fashioned manipulations and computations with pencil and paper. A few exercises require a calculator. Number theory, after all, begins with the positive integers, and students should get to know and love them. This book is also an introduction to the subject of “elementary methods in analytic number theory.” The theorems in this book are simple state-ments about integers, but the standard proofs require contour integration, Preface ix modular functions, estimates of exponential sums, and other tools of com-plex analysis. This is not unfair. In mathematics, when we want to prove a theorem, we may use any method. The rule is “no holds barred.” It is OK to use complex variables, algebraic geometry, cohomology theory, and the kitchen sink to obtain a proof. But once a theorem is proved, once we know that it is true, particularly if it is a simply stated and easily understood fact about the natural numbers, then we may want
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{"source": 5734, "title": "from dpo"}
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. The same applies to occurrences of the quantifier 3x. As a first example, the scopes of the qu~ntifiers occurring in (51) have been summarized in (53): ~ > (53) Quantifier 3w Vz 3y 3x Scope Azw 3wAzw --> Ayz 'v'z(3wAzw --> Ayz) 1\ Axy 3y('v'z(3wAzw --> Ayz) 1\ Axy) We distinguish between different occurrences of a quantifier in definition 2 because there are formulas like (54): (54) VxAx 1\ VxBx In (54), one and the same quantifier appears more than once. The first occur-rence of'v'x in (54) has Ax as its scope, while the second occurrence has Bx as its scope. What this means is that the first occurrence of Vx only governs the x in Ax, while the second occurrence governs the x in Bx. We shall now incor-porate this distinction into the following general definition: Predicate Logic 77 Definition 3 (a) An occurrence of a variable x in the formula (which is not part of aquantifier) is said to be free in if this occurrence of x does not fall within the scope of a quantifier Vx or a quantifier 3x appearing in . (b) If Vxlj! (or 3xlj!) is a subformula of and xis free in lj!, then this occur-rence of xis said to be bound by the quantifier Vx (or 3x). > It will be clear that either an occurrence of a variable x in a formula is free or it is bound by a quantifier Vx or 3x. Definition 3 is a little more complicated than may seem necessary, and this is because we allow formulas such as 'v'x(Ax 1\ 3xBx). In this formula, the x in Bx is bound by the 3x, while the x in Ax is bound by the Vx. According to definition 2, the x in Bx also occurs within
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{"source": 6818, "title": "from dpo"}
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effects remain poorly understood due to variations in experimental conditions, such as nanoparticle concentration and structuring methods. Further research is necessary to assess the degradability, safety, and environmental footprint of nanofilms, particularly as their use expands across industries. Regulatory frameworks and standardized toxicity testing methods will be essential in ensuring their safe and sustainable implementation. == References ==
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{"page_id": 79328533, "title": "Nanofilm"}
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protected by an acid-labile DMT (4,4'-dimethoxytrityl) group. Thymine and uracil, nucleic bases of thymidine and uridine, respectively, do not have exocyclic amino groups and hence do not require any protection. Although the nucleic base of guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine does have an exocyclic amino group, its basicity is low to an extent that it does not react with phosphoramidites under the conditions of the coupling reaction. However, a phosphoramidite derived from the N2-unprotected 5'-O-DMT-2'-deoxyguanosine is poorly soluble in acetonitrile, the solvent commonly used in oligonucleotide synthesis. In contrast, the N2-protected versions of the same compound dissolve in acetonitrile well and hence are widely used. Nucleic bases adenine and cytosine bear the exocyclic amino groups reactive with the activated phosphoramidites under the conditions of the coupling reaction. By the use of additional steps in the synthetic cycle or alternative coupling agents and solvent systems, the oligonucleotide chain assembly may be carried out using dA and dC phosphoramidites with unprotected amino groups. However, these approaches currently remain in the research stage. In routine oligonucleotide synthesis, exocyclic amino groups in nucleosides are kept permanently protected over the entire length of the oligonucleotide chain assembly. The protection of the exocyclic amino groups has to be orthogonal to that of the 5'-hydroxy group because the latter is removed at the end of each synthetic cycle. The simplest to implement, and hence the most widely used, strategy is to install a base-labile protection group on the exocyclic amino groups. Most often, two protection schemes are used. In the first, the standard and more robust scheme (Figure), Bz (benzoyl) protection is used for A, dA, C, and dC, while G and dG are protected with isobutyryl group. More recently, Ac (acetyl) group is used to protect C and dC as shown in Figure. In the second, mild protection
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{"page_id": 10663351, "title": "Oligonucleotide synthesis"}
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mathematics. His approach differed from the later "foundationalist" Russell–Whitehead or "encyclopedist" Nicolas Bourbaki, and from his contemporary Giuseppe Peano. The mathematical community as a whole could engage in problems of which he had identified as crucial aspects of important areas of mathematics. The problem set was launched as a talk, "The Problems of Mathematics", presented during the course of the Second International Congress of Mathematicians, held in Paris. The introduction of the speech that Hilbert gave said: Who of us would not be glad to lift the veil behind which the future lies hidden; to cast a glance at the next advances of our science and at the secrets of its development during future centuries ? What particular goals will there be toward which the leading mathematical spirits of coming generations will strive ? What new methods and new facts in the wide and rich field of mathematical thought will the new centuries disclose? He presented fewer than half the problems at the Congress, which were published in the acts of the Congress. In a subsequent publication, he extended the panorama, and arrived at the formulation of the now-canonical 23 Problems of Hilbert (see also Hilbert's twenty-fourth problem). The full text is important, since the exegesis of the questions still can be a matter of debate when it is asked how many have been solved. Some of these were solved within a short time. Others have been discussed throughout the 20th century, with a few now taken to be unsuitably open-ended to come to closure. Some continue to remain challenges. The following are the headers for Hilbert's 23 problems as they appeared in the 1902 translation in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 1. Cantor's problem of the cardinal number of the continuum. 2. The compatibility of the arithmetical
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{"page_id": 8302, "title": "David Hilbert"}
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a wide range of host disciplines including: atmospheric sciences, biology, ecology, geomicrobiology, environmental chemistry, geology, oceanography and soil science. These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as earth science and environmental science. Many researchers investigate the biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, as well as their stable isotopes. The cycles of trace elements, such as the trace metals and the radionuclides, are also studied. This research has obvious applications in the exploration of ore deposits and oil, and in the remediation of environmental pollution. Some important research fields for biogeochemistry include: modelling of natural systems soil and water acidification recovery processes eutrophication of surface waters carbon sequestration environmental remediation global change climate change biogeochemical prospecting for ore deposits soil chemistry chemical oceanography == Evolutionary Biogeochemistry == Evolutionary biogeochemistry is a branch of modern biogeochemistry that applies the study of biogeochemical cycles to the geologic history of the Earth. This field investigates the origin of biogeochemical cycles and how they have changed throughout the planet's history, specifically in relation to the evolution of life. == See also == == References == == Representative books and publications == == External links == Treatise on Geochemistry Volume 8. Biogeochemistry International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
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{"page_id": 822575, "title": "Biogeochemistry"}
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The Bayer designation Delta Canis Minoris (δ CMi / δ Canis Minoris) is shared by three stars in the constellation Canis Minor: δ1 Canis Minoris δ2 Canis Minoris δ3 Canis Minoris
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{"page_id": 5039137, "title": "Delta Canis Minoris"}
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beliefs, we are led to believe that Conclusion is true. The logical formulae in W and all formulae in a default were originally assumed to be first-order logic formulae, but they can potentially be formulae in an arbitrary formal logic. The case in which they are formulae in propositional logic is one of the most studied. === Examples === The default rule “birds typically fly” is formalized by the following default: D = { B i r d ( X ) : F l i e s ( X ) F l i e s ( X ) } {\displaystyle D=\left\{{\frac {\mathrm {Bird} (X):\mathrm {Flies} (X)}{\mathrm {Flies} (X)}}\right\}} This rule means that, "if X is a bird, and it can be assumed that it flies, then we can conclude that it flies". A background theory containing some facts about birds is the following one: W = { B i r d ( C o n d o r ) , B i r d ( P e n g u i n ) , ¬ F l i e s ( P e n g u i n ) , F l i e s ( B e e ) } {\displaystyle W=\{\mathrm {Bird} (\mathrm {Condor} ),\mathrm {Bird} (\mathrm {Penguin} ),\neg \mathrm {Flies} (\mathrm {Penguin} ),\mathrm {Flies} (\mathrm {Bee} )\}} . According to this default rule, a condor flies because the precondition Bird(Condor) is true and the justification Flies(Condor) is not inconsistent with what is currently known. On the contrary, Bird(Penguin) does not allow concluding Flies(Penguin): even if the precondition of the default Bird(Penguin) is true, the justification Flies(Penguin) is inconsistent with what is known. From this background theory and this default, Bird(Bee) cannot be concluded because the default rule only allows deriving Flies(X) from Bird(X), but not vice versa.
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{"page_id": 889639, "title": "Default logic"}
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organisms that respire oxygen, and contribute to changes in other chemical reactions in the water. ==== Nitrogen ==== Nitrogen is a nutrient central for the function of aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen is generally present as a dissolved gas (N2) in aquatic ecosystems, however due to the high energy requirement of utilising N2 most organisms tend not to use it. Therefore, most water quality studies tend to focus on nitrate, nitrite and ammonia levels. Most of these dissolved nitrogen compounds follow a seasonal pattern with greater concentrations in the fall and winter months compared to the spring and summer. ==== Phosphorus ==== Another important nutrient in aquatic systems is phosphorus. Phosphorus has a different role in aquatic ecosystems as it is a limiting factor in the growth of phytoplankton because of generally low concentrations in the water. Dissolved phosphorus is also crucial to all living things, is often very limiting to primary productivity in freshwater, and has its own distinctive ecosystem cycling. === Biological properties === ==== Role in ecology ==== Lakes "are relatively easy to sample, because they have clear-cut boundaries (compared to terrestrial ecosystems) and because field experiments are relatively easy to perform.", which make then especially useful for ecologists who try to understand ecological dynamics. ==== Lake trophic classification ==== One way to classify lakes (or other bodies of water) is with the trophic state index. An oligotrophic lake is characterized by relatively low levels of primary production and low levels of nutrients. A eutrophic lake has high levels of primary productivity due to very high nutrient levels. Eutrophication of a lake can lead to algal blooms. Dystrophic lakes have high levels of humic matter and typically have yellow-brown, tea-coloured waters. These categories do not have rigid specifications; the classification system can be seen as more of a spectrum
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{"page_id": 145243, "title": "Limnology"}
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{\displaystyle K(\lambda )} of the dicharacteristic function acts freely on the moment angle complex Z P n {\displaystyle Z_{P^{n}}} , and so defines a principal K ( λ ) {\displaystyle K(\lambda )} -bundle Z P n → M 2 n {\displaystyle Z_{P^{n}}\rightarrow M^{2n}} over the resulting quotient space M 2 n {\displaystyle M^{2n}} . This quotient space can be viewed as T n × P n / ∼ , {\displaystyle T^{n}\times P^{n}/\sim ,} where pairs ( t 1 , p 1 ) {\displaystyle (t_{1},p_{1})} , ( t 2 , p 2 ) {\displaystyle (t_{2},p_{2})} of T n × P n {\displaystyle T^{n}\times P^{n}} are identified if and only if p 1 = p 2 {\displaystyle p_{1}=p_{2}} and t 1 − 1 t 2 {\displaystyle t_{1}^{-1}t_{2}} is in the image of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } on restriction to the subtorus T i 1 × ⋯ × T i k {\displaystyle T_{i_{1}}\times \dots \times T_{i_{k}}} that corresponds to the unique face F i 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ F i k {\displaystyle F_{i_{1}}\cap \dots \cap F_{i_{k}}} of P n {\displaystyle P^{n}} containing the point p 1 {\displaystyle p_{1}} , for some 1 ≤ k ≤ n {\displaystyle 1\leq k\leq n} . It can be shown that any quasitoric manifold M 2 n {\displaystyle M^{2n}} over P n {\displaystyle P^{n}} is equivariently diffeomorphic to a quasitoric manifold of the form of the quotient space above. == Examples == The n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional complex projective space C P n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} P^{n}} is a quasitoric manifold over the n {\displaystyle n} -simplex Δ n {\displaystyle \Delta ^{n}} . If Δ n {\displaystyle \Delta ^{n}} is embedded in R n + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}} so that the origin is the initial vertex, a dicharacteristic function can be chosen so that the associated
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{"page_id": 30495939, "title": "Quasitoric manifold"}
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technology that has greatly helped improve efficiency and environmental protection in these areas. == See also == Marpol 73/78 IMO Oily water separators Oily water separator (marine) Oil content meter Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment Magic Pipe OCDMCS == References ==
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{"page_id": 46883576, "title": "Marpol Annex I"}
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that operations on “thread-safe” types aren’t necessarily synchronization operations. When you read a value that another thread wrote, you can’t assume that the write happens before the read; they may happen concurrently. For example: ``` foo::counter first, second; void thread1() { first.Add(1); // (a) second.Add(1); // (b) } void thread2() { while (second.value() == 0) { sleep(10); } CHECK(first.value() == 1); // ERROR } ``` Even if foo::counter were thread-safe (and you wouldn’t need to worry about data races), you might think that the `CHECK()` will succeed, because line (a) happens before line (b), and the `CHECK()` can’t be reached until line (b) has executed. However, unless `Add()` and `value()` are also synchronization operations, none of the operations in thread1 need necessarily happen before any of the operations in thread2, and that `CHECK()` may fail. Abseil provides several synchronization abstractions. See Synchronization Operations` and `Mutex::LockWhen()` allow the client to wait for a condition without needing a condition variable; the client need not write the while-loop, nor need they use `Signal()`. (See Condition * `Mutex` intrinsically supports deadlock detection (when locks are not acquired in a consistent order). The deadlock detector is enabled by default in most non-opt build modes, and it can detect deadlock risks that even Clang’s [Thread Sanitizer]( misses. (See [Deadlock
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{"source": 6, "title": "from dpo"}
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firing tables for high-angle fire. Naval Gunfire Targets in valleys or on reverse slopes will be very difficult to effectively engage due to the flat trajectory and high muzzle velocity of the rounds. The advantages of naval gunfire are that the weapon systems are not affected by environ-mental conditions, limited rounds, or sustain-ment considerations. Close Air Support The following points should be considered with respect to close air support: > Terrain will limit attack options available to pilots and forward air controllers. > Foul weather may cancel aviation capabilities for extended periods of time. > The same considerations as mortars and artil-lery apply when observing and adjusting fires. > Rotary wing CAS at a high altitude will have reduced ordnance/time on station due to reduced lift capability. > Targets can be marked with white phosphorus and illumination rounds for suppression of enemy air defense missions. > The capabilities of aerial observers should be exploited, particularly for the adjustment of fires in dead spaces. > Lasers can reflect off of ice or smooth snow when designating targets, causing false tracks/ misses. Nonkinetic Fires The environment affects nonkinetic fires, such as information operations, civil-military operations, and electronic warfare. Compartmentalized ter-rain leads to isolated, often very different human environment within relatively short lateral dis-tances, so information operations requires special-ization of products/materials. The effectiveness of equipment is affected by the complex terrain. For example, radio in a box and the long range acous-tic device are limited in distance. Considerations for civil-military operations include an increased security footprint in order to mitigate dead space and potential enemy avenues of approach, such as when conducting medical civil-affairs programs. The reparations process also takes longer in this environment due to the increased time it takes to travel to remote and
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{"source": 2294, "title": "from dpo"}
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| 31st July 2002** Noga Alon, Oded Goldreich, Yishay Mansour #### Almost k-wise independence versus k-wise independence whether a given arithmetic circuit over integers computes an identically zero polynomial, then either ... more >>> in NP\cap coNP]( The Group Isomorphism
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{"source": 4200, "title": "from dpo"}
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the granddaddy of all digital cellular protocols, and it remains of the most popular protocols in the world. One thing that makes GSM special is its call encryption capability: the protocol is designed to encrypt all calls in between the handset and the local tower. Call encryption is facilitated by a long-term secret key (call it _K)_ that’s stored within the tamper-resistantSIM and HLR is the ‘home location register’, a central database. The MS and HLR combine a long-term secret _Ki_ with a random nonce _RAND_ to create the shared communication key _Kc._ A3 and A8 are typically implemented using the COMP128 function derive a pair of values that will be used for authentication and key agreement. This includes a session key _Kc_ as well as a short authentication token _SRES_ that the phone will use to authenticate itself to the tower. Derivation is performed using two functions (A3 and A8) that accept the long-term secret _K_ and with a random nonce _RAND_. There are a handful of well-known problems with the GSM security protocols. In no particular order, they are: 1. **Lack of tower authentication.**GSM phones authenticate to the tower, but the tower doesn’t authenticate back.This means that anyone can create a ‘fake’ tower that your phone will connect to. The major problem here is that in GSM,_the tower gets to pick the encryption algorithm!_ That means your attacker can simply turn encryption off(by setting encryption ‘algorithm’ A5/0) and simply
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{"source": 6071, "title": "from dpo"}
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2 − ] [ H 3 O + ] [ C H 3 C O 2 H ] [ H 2 O ] {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}][{H_{2}O}]} }}} For all but very concentrated solutions, the water can be considered a "pure" liquid, and therefore it has an activity of one. The equilibrium constant expression is therefore usually written as K = [ C H 3 C O 2 − ] [ H 3 O + ] [ C H 3 C O 2 H ] = K c {\displaystyle K={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}]} }}=K_{\mathrm {c} }} . A particular case is the self-ionization of water 2 H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH− Because water is the solvent, and has an activity of one, the self-ionization constant of water is defined as K w = [ H + ] [ O H − ] {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {w} }=\mathrm {[H^{+}][OH^{-}]} } It is perfectly legitimate to write [H+] for the hydronium ion concentration, since the state of solvation of the proton is constant (in dilute solutions) and so does not affect the equilibrium concentrations. Kw varies with variation in ionic strength and/or temperature. The concentrations of H+ and OH− are not independent quantities. Most commonly [OH−] is replaced by Kw[H+]−1 in equilibrium constant expressions which would otherwise include hydroxide ion. Solids also do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression, if they are considered to be pure and thus their activities taken to be one. An example is the Boudouard reaction: 2 CO ⇌ CO2 + C for which the equation (without solid carbon) is written as: K c = [ C O 2 ] [ C O ] 2 {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[CO_{2}]} }{\mathrm {[CO]^{2}} }}} == Multiple equilibria == Consider the case of a
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{"page_id": 5306, "title": "Chemical equilibrium"}
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species which the secondary antibody was produced, the background staining can be reduced. It is also possible to use commercially available universal blocking buffers. Other common blocking buffers include normal serum, non-fat dry milk, BSA, or gelatin. Endogenous enzyme activity may also cause background staining but can be reduced if the tissue is treated with hydrogen peroxide. == Sample labeling == After preparing the sample, the target can be visualized by using antibodies labeled with fluorescent compounds, metals or enzymes. There are direct and indirect methods for labeling the sample. === Antibody types === The antibodies used for detection can be polyclonal or monoclonal. Polyclonal antibodies are made by using animals like guinea pig, rabbit, mouse, rat, or goat. The animal is injected with the antigen of interest and trigger an immune response. The antibodies can be isolated from the animal's whole serum. Polyclonal antibody production will result in a mixture of different antibodies and will recognize multiple epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies are made by injecting the animal with the antigen of interest and then isolating an antibody-producing B cell, typically from the spleen. The antibody producing cell is then fused with a cancer cell line. This causes the antibodies to show specificity for a single epitope. For immunohistochemical detection strategies, antibodies are classified as primary or secondary reagents. Primary antibodies are raised against an antigen of interest and are typically unconjugated (unlabeled). Secondary antibodies are raised against immunoglobulins of the primary antibody species. The secondary antibody is usually conjugated to a linker molecule, such as biotin, that then recruits reporter molecules, or the secondary antibody itself is directly bound to the reporter molecule. === Detection methods === The direct method is a one-step staining method and involves a labeled antibody reacting directly with the antigen in tissue sections. While this
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{"page_id": 1021210, "title": "Immunohistochemistry"}
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