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Haplogroup JT (mtDNA) | Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. |
Vacuum dry box | A vacuum dry box is a piece of safety equipment which can provide an inert, or controlled atmosphere for handling sensitive materials. These devices can commonly be found in the fume hoods of chemistry labs, in facilities handling deadly pathogens, in NASA Moon rock handling facilities and in industrial applications. Inert atmosphere glove boxes are also used for painting and sandblasting. |
Coisogenic strain | Coisogenic strains are one type of inbred strain that differs by a mutation at a single locus and all of the other loci are identical. There are numerous ways to create an inbred strain and each of these strains are unique. Genetically engineered mice can be considered a coisogenic strain if the only difference between the engineered mouse and a wild-type mouse is a specific locus. Coisogenic strains can be used to investigate the function of a certain genetic locus. |
ILCD | iLCD (Lighting Cell Display) is a device developed by a research team from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, a MIT educated bioengineer, undergraduate students of the Universidad Politéctica de Valencia and Universitat de València and several members of the faculty and research staff from Universidad de València (Manuel Porcar), UPV (Pedro De Cordoba) and University of Malaga (Emilio Navarro). |
Electronic instrument cluster | A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel or IP, or fascia) is a control panel set within the central console of a vehicle or small aircraft. Usually located directly ahead of the driver (or pilot), it displays instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. An electronic equivalent may be called an electronic instrument cluster, digital instrument panel, digital dash, digital speedometer or digital instrument cluster. |
Doctor Polaris | Doctor Polaris is an alias used by two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. |
Key-recovery attack | A key-recovery attack is an adversary's attempt to recover the cryptographic key of an encryption scheme. Normally this means that the attacker has a pair, or more than one pair, of plaintext message and the corresponding ciphertext.: 52 Historically, cryptanalysis of block ciphers has focused on key-recovery, but security against these sorts of attacks is a very weak guarantee since it may not be necessary to recover the key to obtain partial information about the message or decrypt message entirely.: 52 Modern cryptography uses more robust notions of security. Recently, indistinguishability under adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack (IND-CCA2 security) has become the "golden standard" of security.: 566 The most obvious key-recovery attack is the exhaustive key-search attack. But modern ciphers often have a key space of size 128 or greater, making such attacks infeasible with current technology. |
Fluorosulfates | The fluorosulfates or fluorosulfonates are a set of salts of fluorosulfuric acid with an ion formula SO3F−. The fluorosulfate anion can be treated as though it were a hydrogen sulfate anion with hydroxyl substituted by fluorine. The fluorosulfate ion has a low propensity to form complexes with metal cations. Since fluorine is similar in size to oxygen, the fluorosulfate ion is roughly tetrahedral and forms salts similar to those of the perchlorate ion. It is isoelectronic with hydrogen sulfate, HSO−4. When an organic group is substituted for the anions, organic fluorosulfonates are formed. |
Vue d'optique | Vue d'optique (French), vue perspective or perspective view refers to a genre of etching popular during the second half of the 18th century and into the 19th. Vues d'optique were specifically developed to provide the illusion of depth when viewed through a zograscope, also known as an "optical diagonal machine" or viewers with similar functions. |
Semaphorin | Semaphorins are a class of secreted and membrane proteins that were originally identified as axonal growth cone guidance molecules. They primarily act as short-range inhibitory signals and signal through multimeric receptor complexes. Semaphorins are usually cues to deflect axons from inappropriate regions, especially important in the neural system development. The major class of proteins that act as their receptors are called plexins, with neuropilins as their co-receptors in many cases. The main receptors for semaphorins are plexins, which have established roles in regulating Rho-family GTPases. Recent work shows that plexins can also influence R-Ras, which, in turn, can regulate integrins. Such regulation is probably a common feature of semaphorin signalling and contributes substantially to our understanding of semaphorin biology. |
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program | The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international marine research program, running from 2003 to 2013. The program used heavy drilling equipment mounted aboard ships to monitor and sample sub-seafloor environments. With this research, the IODP documented environmental change, Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles, and geodynamics.The program began a new 10-year phase with the International Ocean Discovery Program, from the end of 2013. |
SES-2 Enclosure Management | The introduction of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) as the most recent evolution of SCSI required redefining the related standard for enclosure management, called SCSI Enclosure Services. SES-2, or SCSI Enclosure Management 2 first revision, was introduced in 2002 and is now at revision 20.
SES-2 SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) permit the management and sense the state of power supplies, cooling devices, LED displays, indicators, individual drives, and other non-SCSI elements installed in an enclosure. SES2 alerts users about drive, temperature and fan failures with an audible alarm and a fan failure LED. |
Monopod | A monopod, also called a unipod, is a single staff or pole used to help support cameras, binoculars, rifles or other precision instruments in the field. |
PGRMC1 | Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (abbreviated PGRMC1) is a protein which co-purifies with progesterone binding proteins in the liver and ovary. In humans, the PGRMC1 protein is encoded by the PGRMC1 gene.The sole biochemical function of PGRMC1 is heme-binding. PGRMC1 shares key structural motifs with cytochrome b5. PGRMC1 binds and activates P450 proteins, which are important in drug, hormone and lipid metabolism. PGRMC1 also binds to PAIR-BP1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor RNA-binding protein-1). However, its expression outside of the reproductive tract and in males suggests multiple functions for the protein. These may include binding to Insig (insulin-induced gene), which regulates cholesterol synthesis. |
Clothing | Clothing (also known as clothes, garments, dress, apparel, or attire) is any item worn on the body. Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles, but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natural products found in the environment, put together. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on gender, body type, social factors, and geographic considerations. Garments cover the body, footwear covers the feet, gloves cover the hands, while hats and headgear cover the head, and underwear covers the private parts. |
Patch collecting | Patch collecting or badge collecting (also, scutelliphily, from Latin scutellus meaning little shield, and Greek phileein meaning to love) is the hobby of collecting patches or badges. |
Incorporation (linguistics) | In linguistics, incorporation is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function. The inclusion of a noun qualifies the verb, narrowing its scope rather than making reference to a specific entity.
Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, Siberia and northern Australia. However, polysynthesis does not necessarily imply incorporation (Mithun 2009), and the presence of incorporation does not imply that the language is polysynthetic. |
5000 (number) | 5000 (five thousand) is the natural number following 4999 and preceding 5001. Five thousand is the largest isogrammic numeral in the English language. |
Fusion of horizons | In the philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer, a "Fusion of horizons" (German: Horizontverschmelzung) is the process through which the members of a hermeneutical dialogue establish the broader context within which they come to a shared understanding. |
Aeronomy | Aeronomy is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics. Scientists specializing in aeronomy, known as aeronomers, study the motions and chemical composition and properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere and regions of the atmospheres of other planets that correspond to it, as well as the interaction between upper atmospheres and the space environment. In atmospheric regions aeronomers study, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena. |
Elastin | Elastin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELN gene. Elastin is a key component of the extracellular matrix in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). It is highly elastic and present in connective tissue allowing many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched. Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue in the bodies of vertebrates and used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored. |
Macon (food) | Macon is a cured and smoked form of mutton. Macon is prepared in a similar manner to bacon, with the meat being either dry cured with large quantities of salt or wet cured with brine and then smoked. The name macon is a portmanteau word of mutton and bacon. In South Africa the term is also used for other bacon substitutes, including ones made from beef.Generally macon has a light black and yellow color, with the outer edges being a darker pink. Macon looks and feels similar to bacon. It would more commonly be found in a thin sliced form used in sandwiches, or as a smaller cut slice topping on a pizza. |
Factorial moment measure | In probability and statistics, a factorial moment measure is a mathematical quantity, function or, more precisely, measure that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both. Moment measures generalize the idea of factorial moments, which are useful for studying non-negative integer-valued random variables.The first factorial moment measure of a point process coincides with its first moment measure or intensity measure, which gives the expected or average number of points of the point process located in some region of space. In general, if the number of points in some region is considered as a random variable, then the moment factorial measure of this region is the factorial moment of this random variable. Factorial moment measures completely characterize a wide class of point processes, which means they can be used to uniquely identify a point process. |
Petroselinic acid | Petroselinic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in several animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a white powder and is commercially available. In chemical terms, petroselinic acid is classified as a monounsaturated omega-12 fatty acid, abbreviated with a lipid number of 18:1 cis-6. It has the formula CH3(CH2)10CH=CH(CH2)4COOH. The term "petroselinic" means related to, or derived from, oil of Petroselinum, parsley. Despite its name, petroselinic acid does not contain any selenium. Petroselinic acid is a positional isomer of oleic acid. |
Color BASIC | Color BASIC is the implementation of Microsoft BASIC that is included in the ROM of the Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computers manufactured between 1980 and 1991. BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high level language with simple syntax that makes it easy to write simple programs. Color BASIC is interpreted, that is, decoded as it is run. |
Daizy | Daizy is an artificial intelligence firm that conducts long term research in the field of generative AI for investment transparency. |
Synchronized down shift rev-matching system | Synchronized downshift rev-matching system (SynchroRev Match) is a technology invented by Nissan for use on the Nissan 370Z. In combination with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and various sensors, the engine electronically blips the throttle for the driver during both downshifts and upshifts to allow for better and smoother shifting, and improved handling. |
Spellcraft: Aspects of Valor | Spellcraft: Aspects of Valor is a strategy game released for MS-DOS in 1992 by Asciiware. A Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was cancelled. |
Tab Mix Plus | Tab Mix Plus (often abbreviated TMP) was a Mozilla Firefox extension that adds to the tabbed browsing functions in Firefox. It was a popular extension on Mozilla Add-ons, which records download statistics. TMP is a collection of features from other extensions built in one package. Lifehacker named it one of their "Top 10 must-have Firefox extensions" for 2009. PC World said that "With Tab Mix Plus, Firefox tabs go past the obvious and into the indispensable... it's hard to imagine how you lived without it." As the only extension providing multi-row tab support, Wired and CNET both called it a "must-have" that is "powerful" and "gives you what feels like an infinite amount of control over tab behaviour."The original Tab Mix Plus ceased to be compatible with Firefox upon the release of Firefox 57 Quantum, due to the switch to the WebExtensions interface. A complete rewrite of the extension under development build has been released, called Tab Mix WebExtension, with limited features and not yet compatible with Quantum. |
Albinterferon | Albinterferon (alb-IFN, trade name Albuferon) is a recombinant fusion protein drug consisting of interferon alpha (IFN-α) linked to human albumin. Conjugation to human albumin prolongs the half-life of the IFN-α to about 6 days, allowing to dose it every two to four weeks.The drug was under investigation as an alternative to pegylated IFN-α-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C. In response to an FDA ruling, Novartis and Human Genome Sciences announced on October 5, 2010 that they will cease development of the drug. |
Cubic honeycomb | The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille. |
Conway group Co3 | In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Conway group Co3 is a sporadic simple group of order 210 · 37 · 53 · 7 · 11 · 23 = 495766656000 ≈ 5×1011. |
Money illusion | In economics, money illusion, or price illusion, is a cognitive bias where money is thought of in nominal, rather than real terms. In other words, the face value (nominal value) of money is mistaken for its purchasing power (real value) at a previous point in time. Viewing purchasing power as measured by the nominal value is false, as modern fiat currencies have no intrinsic value and their real value depends purely on the price level. The term was coined by Irving Fisher in Stabilizing the Dollar. It was popularized by John Maynard Keynes in the early twentieth century, and Irving Fisher wrote an important book on the subject, The Money Illusion, in 1928.The existence of money illusion is disputed by monetary economists who contend that people act rationally (i.e. think in real prices) with regard to their wealth. Eldar Shafir, Peter A. Diamond, and Amos Tversky (1997) have provided empirical evidence for the existence of the effect and it has been shown to affect behaviour in a variety of experimental and real-world situations.Shafir et al. also state that money illusion influences economic behaviour in three main ways: Price stickiness. Money illusion has been proposed as one reason why nominal prices are slow to change even where inflation has caused real prices to fall or costs to rise. |
Vaginal venous plexus | The vaginal venous plexus is a group of veins draining blood from the vagina. It lies around the sides of the vagina. Its blood eventually drains into the internal iliac veins. |
Commercial Type | Commercial Type is a digital type foundry established in 2007 by type designers Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz. Its work includes typefaces for The Guardian, such as the Guardian Egyptian series, and other retail and commissioned typefaces. It created the open-source Roboto Serif typeface for Google and several of its typefaces are bundled with macOS. |
Fine-tuning | Fine-tuning may refer to: Fine-tuning (machine learning) Fine-tuning (physics) |
Radium chloride | Radium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula RaCl2. It is a radium salt of hydrogen chloride. It was the first radium compound isolated in a pure state. Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne used it in their original separation of radium from barium. The first preparation of radium metal was by the electrolysis of a solution of this salt using a mercury cathode. |
Sample-return mission | A sample-return mission is a spacecraft mission to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. Sample-return missions may bring back merely atoms and molecules or a deposit of complex compounds such as loose material and rocks. These samples may be obtained in a number of ways, such as soil and rock excavation or a collector array used for capturing particles of solar wind or cometary debris. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised that the return of such samples to planet Earth may endanger Earth itself.To date, samples of Moon rock from Earth's Moon have been collected by robotic and crewed missions, the comet Wild 2 and the asteroids 25143 Itokawa and 162173 Ryugu have been visited by robotic spacecraft which returned samples to Earth, and samples of the solar wind have been returned by the robotic Genesis mission. Samples from the asteroid 101955 Bennu are en route back to Earth and are expected to arrive in September 2023. |
Planetary Report | The Planetary Report is a quarterly magazine published by the Planetary Society, featuring articles and photos of Solar System exploration, planetary missions, spacefaring nations, intrepid explorers, planetary science controversies and the latest findings in space exploration and related subjects. |
O-Acylpseudotropine | An O-acylpseudotropine is any derivative of pseudotropine in which the alcohol group is substituted with an acyl group.
Acylpseudotropines are formed by the action of the enzyme pseudotropine acyltransferase on pseudotropine. |
NBench | NBench, short for Native mode Benchmark and later known as BYTEmark, is a synthetic computing benchmark program developed in the mid-1990s by the now defunct BYTE magazine intended to measure a computer's CPU, FPU, and Memory System speed. |
MacPerspective | MacPerspective was a 3D perspective drawing program developed for the Apple Macintosh computer in 1985. It featured an intuitive system for creating "wireframe" drawings by specifying the X, Y, and Z coordinates of lines to be drawn on the screen. It was developed and distributed by B. Knick Drafting, Inc., which still retains the rights to the software. It enjoyed modest success through the early 1990s when it was still functional on System 7. |
Ordered graph | An ordered graph is a graph with a total order over its nodes. |
Alcoholism | Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnostic entity, and the use of alcoholism terminology is discouraged due to its heavily stigmatized connotations. Predominant diagnostic classifications are alcohol use disorder (DSM-5) or alcohol dependence (ICD-11); these are defined in their respective sources.Heavy alcohol use can damage all organ systems, but it particularly affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system. Alcoholism can result in mental illness, delirium tremens, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, irregular heartbeat, an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis and increased cancer risk. Drinking during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Women are generally more sensitive than men to the harmful effects of alcohol, primarily due to their smaller body weight, lower capacity to metabolize alcohol, and higher proportion of body fat. In a small number of individuals, prolonged, severe alcohol misuse ultimately leads to cognitive impairment and dementia. |
UV-sensitive syndrome | UV-sensitive syndrome is a cutaneous condition inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, characterized by photosensitivity and solar lentigines. Recent research identified that mutations of the KIAA1530 (UVSSA) gene as cause for the development of UV-sensitive syndrome. Furthermore, this protein was identified as a new player in the Transcription-coupled repair (TC-NER). |
Sweep investment | A sweep investment, or sweep investment account, is a secondary bank account or type of sweep account that offers additional investment options on idle funds in a primary cash or checking account. |
Lumpy skin disease outbreak in Pakistan | Lumpy skin disease was spotted in Pakistan in Jamshoro district, Sindh in November 2021. By 9 September 2022, over 7000 cattle had died. Pakistan has 93 million cattle and buffaloes.In the beginning of March 2022, a representative of the Dairy and Cattle Farmers Association had requested government intervention in closing provincial borders for cattle. The association had also sent a letter to the Prime Minister in this regard. Samples from Karachi were sent to Islamabad for testing.A goat pox vaccine has been found effective. Approval for imported vaccines was given in March 2022. |
Psyco | Psyco is an unmaintained specializing just-in-time compiler for pre-2.7 Python originally developed by Armin Rigo and further maintained and developed by Christian Tismer. Development ceased in December, 2011.Psyco ran on BSD-derived operating systems, Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows using 32-bit Intel-compatible processors. Psyco was written in C and generated only 32-bit x86-based code.
Although Tismer announced on 17 July 2009 that work was being done on a second version of Psyco, a further announcement declared the project "unmaintained and dead" on 12 March 2012 and pointed visitors to PyPy instead. Unlike Psyco, PyPy incorporates an interpreter and a compiler that can generate C, improving its cross-platform compatibility over Psyco. |
Benadryl challenge | The Benadryl challenge is an internet challenge that emerged in 2020, revolving around the deliberate consumption, excessive use and overdose of the antihistamine medicine diphenhydramine (commonly sold in the United States under the brand name Benadryl), which acts as a deliriant in high doses. The challenge, which spread via the social media platform TikTok, instructs participants to film themselves consuming large doses of Benadryl and documenting the effect of tripping or hallucinating. |
Tramp | A tramp is a long-term homeless person who travels from place to place as a vagrant, traditionally walking all year round. |
CDBurnerXP | CDBurnerXP is an optical disc authoring utility for Windows 2000 and later, written mostly in Visual Basic .NET as of version 4, released in September 2007. It has international language support. The software is available to download in both 32-bit and 64-bit variants. |
Hemosiderinuria | Hemosiderinuria (syn. haemosiderinuria) is the presence of hemosiderin in urine. It is often the result of chronic intravascular hemolysis, in which hemoglobin is released from red blood cells into the bloodstream in excess of the binding capacity of haptoglobin. The function of haptoglobin is to bind to circulating hemoglobin, thereby reducing renal excretion of hemoglobin and preventing injury to kidney tubules. The excess hemoglobin that is not bound to haptoglobin is filtered by the kidneys and reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, where the iron portion is removed and stored in ferritin or hemosiderin. The tubule cells of the proximal tubule become damaged, slough off with the hemosiderin and are excreted into the urine, producing a "brownish" color. It is usually seen three to four days after the onset of hemolytic conditions. |
Laser dye | A Laser dye is a dye used as laser medium in a dye laser.Laser dyes include the coumarins and the rhodamines. Coumarin dyes emit in the green region of the spectrum, whereas rhodamine dyes are used for emission in the yellow-red. The color emitted by the laser dyes depend upon the surrounding medium i.e.the medium in which they are dissolved. However, there are dozens of laser dyes that can be used to span continuously the emission spectrum from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared.Laser dyes are also used to dope solid-state matrices, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and ORMOSILs, to provide gain media for solid state dye lasers. |
Bunch–Nielsen–Sorensen formula | In mathematics, in particular linear algebra, the Bunch–Nielsen–Sorensen formula, named after James R. Bunch, Christopher P. Nielsen and Danny C. Sorensen, expresses the eigenvectors of the sum of a symmetric matrix A and the outer product, vvT , of vector v with itself. |
GeckoLinux | GeckoLinux is a Linux distribution based on openSUSE. It is available in two editions: Static, which is based on openSUSE Leap, and Rolling, which is based on openSUSE Tumbleweed. |
Mir-650 microRNA precursor family | In molecular biology mir-650 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. |
Lennert lymphoma | Lennert lymphoma is a systemic T-cell lymphoma that presents with cutaneous skin lesions roughly 10% of the time.: 739 It is also known as "lymphoepithelioid variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma".
It was first characterized in 1952. |
ISO/IEC 8859 | ISO/IEC 8859 is a joint ISO and IEC series of standards for 8-bit character encodings. The series of standards consists of numbered parts, such as ISO/IEC 8859-1, ISO/IEC 8859-2, etc. There are 15 parts, excluding the abandoned ISO/IEC 8859-12. The ISO working group maintaining this series of standards has been disbanded.
ISO/IEC 8859 parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 were originally Ecma International standard ECMA-94. |
Pyrromethene | Pyrromethene is a dye used in solid-state dye lasers. As a structural motif it is similar to the naturally occurring tetrapyrrole class of compounds. |
Kovalevskaya Prize | Kovalevskaya Prize (Russian: Премия имени С. В. Ковалевской) is a national scientific prize awarded by Russian Academy of Sciences for outstanding achievements in mathematics since 1997 in honor of Sofya Kovalevskaya. |
Harkness table | The Harkness table, Harkness method, or Harkness discussion is a teaching and learning method involving students seated in a large, oval configuration to discuss ideas in an encouraging, open-minded environment with only occasional or minimal teacher intervention. |
Climate of Southeast Brazil | The climate of Southeast Brazil is quite diverse in temperature. This is due to the latitudinal position around the Tropic of Capricorn, the very uneven topography, and disturbed circulation systems which greatly influence the climatology of the region. |
Task state segment | The task state segment (TSS) is a structure on x86-based computers which holds information about a task. It is used by the operating system kernel for task management. Specifically, the following information is stored in the TSS: Processor register state I/O port permissions Inner-level stack pointers Previous TSS linkAll this information should be stored at specific locations within the TSS as specified in the IA-32 manuals. |
Air-gap malware | Air-gap malware is malware that is designed to defeat the air-gap isolation of secure computer systems using various air-gap covert channels. |
Genetic interaction network | Genetic interaction networks represent the functional interactions between pairs of genes in an organism and are useful for understanding the relation between genotype and phenotype. The majority of genes do not code for particular phenotypes. Instead, phenotypes often result from the interaction between several genes. In humans, "Each individual carries ~4 million genetic variants and polymorphisms, the overwhelming majority of which cannot be pinpointed as the single cause for a given phenotype. Instead, the effects of genetic variants may combine with one another both additively and synergistically, and each variant's contribution to a quantitative trait or disease risk could depend on the genotypes of dozens of other variants. Interactions between genetic variants, along with the environmental conditions, are likely to play a major role in determining the phenotype that arises from a given genotype." Genetic interaction networks help to understand genetic interactions by identifying such interactions between pairs of genes.Because genetic interactions provide insight into how genotype connects to phenotype in an organism, improved knowledge of genetic interactions in humans could provide crucial insight into complex diseases. Unfortunately, due to the impossibility of isolating subjects with single genetic variants, it is not possible to directly map the genetic interaction networks in humans. Researchers hope that learning about the characteristics of genetic interaction networks in suitable organisms will provide tools for constructing the genetic interaction network of humans. |
Penrose drain | A Penrose drain is a soft, flexible rubber tube used as a surgical drain, to prevent the buildup of fluid in a surgical site. It belongs to the "passive" type of drain, the other broad type being "active". The Penrose drain is named after American gynecologist Charles Bingham Penrose (1862–1925). |
ATP5C1 | The human ATP5F1C gene encodes the gamma subunit of an enzyme called mitochondrial ATP synthase.This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, F0, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. |
Basis path testing | In software engineering, basis path testing, or structured testing, is a white box method for designing test cases. The method analyzes the control-flow graph of a program to find a set of linearly independent paths of execution. The method normally uses McCabe cyclomatic complexity to determine the number of linearly independent paths and then generates test cases for each path thus obtained. Basis path testing guarantees complete branch coverage (all edges of the control-flow graph), but achieves that without covering all possible paths of the control-flow graph – the latter is usually too costly. Basis path testing has been widely used and studied. |
Wide-column store | A wide-column store (or extensible record store) is a column-oriented DBMS and therefore a special type of NoSQL database. It uses tables, rows, and columns, but unlike a relational database, the names and format of the columns can vary from row to row in the same table. A wide-column store can be interpreted as a two-dimensional key–value store.Google's Bigtable is one of the prototypical examples of a wide-column store. |
Norpropylhexedrine | Norpropylhexedrine is an adrenergic amine of the cycloalkylamine class and is the desmethyl analog of propylhexedrine. It is not approved by any regulatory agency for pharmaceutical use.
Norpropylhexedrine is a metabolite of propylhexedrine. |
Lung cavity | A lung cavity or pulmonary cavity is an abnormal, thick-walled, air-filled space within the lung. Cavities in the lung can be caused by infections, cancer, autoimmune conditions, trauma, congenital defects, or pulmonary embolism. The most common cause of a single lung cavity is lung cancer. Bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections are common causes of lung cavities. Globally, tuberculosis is likely the most common infectious cause of lung cavities. Less commonly, parasitic infections can cause cavities. Viral infections almost never cause cavities. The terms cavity and cyst are frequently used interchangeably; however, a cavity is thick walled (at least 5 mm), while a cyst is thin walled (4 mm or less). The distinction is important because cystic lesions are unlikely to be cancer, while cavitary lesions are often caused by cancer.Diagnosis of a lung cavity is made with a chest X-ray or CT scan of the chest, which helps to exclude mimics like lung cysts, emphysema, bullae, and cystic bronchiectasis. Once an imaging diagnosis has been made, a person’s symptoms can be used to further narrow the differential diagnosis. For example, recent onset of fever and productive cough suggest an infection, while a chronic cough, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss suggest cancer or tuberculosis. Symptoms of a lung cavity due to infection can include fever, chills, and cough. Knowing how long someone has had symptoms for or how long a cavity has been present on imaging can also help to narrow down the diagnosis. If symptoms or imaging findings have been present for less than three months, the cause is most likely an acute infection; if they have been present for more than three months, the cause is most likely a chronic infection, cancer, or an autoimmune disease.The presence of lung cavities is associated with worse outcomes in lung cancer and tuberculosis; however, if a lung cancer develops cavitation after chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation, that indicates a good response to treatment. |
Euclidean algorithm | In mathematics, the Euclidean algorithm, or Euclid's algorithm, is an efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers (numbers), the largest number that divides them both without a remainder. It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who first described it in his Elements (c. 300 BC).
It is an example of an algorithm, a step-by-step procedure for performing a calculation according to well-defined rules, and is one of the oldest algorithms in common use. It can be used to reduce fractions to their simplest form, and is a part of many other number-theoretic and cryptographic calculations. |
Imitation of Christ | In Christian theology, the imitation of Christ is the practice of following the example of Jesus. In Eastern Christianity, the term life in Christ is sometimes used for the same concept.The ideal of the imitation of Christ has been an important element of both Christian ethics and spirituality. References to this concept and its practice are found in the earliest Christian documents, e.g. the Pauline Epistles.Saint Augustine viewed the imitation of Christ as the fundamental purpose of Christian life, and as a remedy for the imitation of the sins of Adam. Saint Francis of Assisi believed in the physical as well as the spiritual imitation of Christ, and advocated a path of poverty and preaching like Jesus who was poor at birth in the manger and died naked on the cross. Thomas à Kempis, on the other hand, presented a path to The Imitation of Christ based on a focus on the interior life and withdrawal from the world.The theme of imitation of Christ existed in all phases of Byzantine theology, and in the 14th-century book Life in Christ Nicholas Cabasilas viewed "living one's own personal life" in Christ as the fundamental Christian virtue. |
Ballistic pendulum | A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern chronographs, which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity. |
Docking (molecular) | In the field of molecular modeling, docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when a ligand and a target are bound to each other to form a stable complex. Knowledge of the preferred orientation in turn may be used to predict the strength of association or binding affinity between two molecules using, for example, scoring functions. |
Pindone | Pindone is an anticoagulant drug for agricultural use. It is commonly used as a rodenticide in the management of rat and rabbit populations.
It is pharmacologically analogous to warfarin and inhibits the synthesis of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. |
Cattle wagon | A cattle wagon or a livestock wagon is a type of railway vehicle designed to carry livestock. Within the classification system of the International Union of Railways they fall under Class H - special covered wagons - which, in turn are part of the group of covered goods wagons, although cattle have historically also been transported in open goods wagons. The American equivalent is called a stock car. |
Dodecane | Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12, or duodecane) is an oily liquid n-alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C12H26 (which has 355 isomers).
It is used as a solvent, distillation chaser, and scintillator component. It is used as a diluent for tributyl phosphate (TBP) in nuclear reprocessing plants. |
Exit rate | Exit rate is a term used in web site traffic analysis and oil and gas production, as well as a financial term. Please, note there is a difference between exit and bounce rate.Exit rate as a term used in web site traffic analysis (sometimes confused with bounce rate) is the percentage of visitors to a page on the website from which they exit the website to a different website. The visitors just exited from that specific page. |
TRIM29 | Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM29 gene. |
Jennifer Mueller | Jennifer L. Mueller is an applied mathematician and biomedical engineer whose research concerns inverse problems and their applications, particularly to problems in medical imaging related to electrical impedance tomography. She is a professor of mathematics at Colorado State University, where she also holds a joint appointment in the school of biomedical engineering and the department of electrical and computer engineering. |
Planetary science | Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, which originally grew from astronomy and Earth science, and now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology, cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, physics, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology. |
Didacticism | Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature, art, and design. In art, design, architecture, and landscape, didacticism is a conceptual approach that is driven by the urgent need to explain.When applied to ecological questions (for example), didacticism in art, design, architecture and landscape attempts to persuade the viewer of environmental priorities; thus, constituting an entirely new form of explanatory discourse that presents, what can be called "eco-lessons". This concept can be defined as "ecological didacticism". |
CopA-like RNA | CopA-like RNA is a family of non-coding RNAs found on the R1 plasmid. |
Stratified squamous epithelium | A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal. There are no intercellular spaces. This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.In the epidermis of skin in mammals, reptiles, and birds, the layer of keratin in the outer layer of the stratified squamous epithelial surface is named the stratum corneum. Stratum corneum is made up of squamous cells which are keratinized and dead. These are shed periodically. |
Low molecular-mass organic gelators | Low molecular-mass organic gelators (LMOGs) are the monomeric sub-unit which form self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFINs) that entrap solvent between the strands. SAFINs arise from the formation of strong non-covalent interactions between LMOG monomeric sub-units. As SAFINs are forming, the long fibers become intertwined and trap solvent molecules. Once solvent molecules are entrapped within the network, they are immobilized by surface tension effects. The stability of a gel is dependent on the equilibrium between the assembled network and the dissolved gelators. One characteristic of an LMOG, that demonstrates its stability, is its ability to contain an organic solvent at the boiling point of that solvent due to extensive solvent-fibrillar interactions. Gels self-assemble through non-covalent interactions such as π-stacking, hydrogen-bonding, or Van der Waals interactions to form volume-filling 3D networks. Self-assembly is key to gel formation and dependent upon reversible bond formation. |
Latin American Diet Pyramid | The Latin American Diet Pyramid is a nutrition guide that was developed by Oldways and scientific advisers from the Harvard School of Public Health, the Baylor College of Medicine, and the Latin American Summit Scientific Committee in 2005. It is a tradition-based diet that suggests the types and frequency of foods that should be enjoyed every day.
This pyramid is based on two distinct historical periods of the culinary evolution of the peoples of Latin America. |
Fires (military) | Fires is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, air and missile defense, and joint fires through the targeting process. Alternatively, it can be defined as the use of weapon systems to create a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target.Fires has traditionally focused on fire support systems such as artillery and close air support, but is increasingly being used to refer to non-lethal systems including information operations, cyberwarfare, and civilian-military relationships. |
Global Defence Force Tactics | Global Defence Force Tactics, known in Japan as Earth Defense Force Tactics, is a PlayStation 2 turn-based strategy game developed by thinkArts. |
Auscultatory gap | An auscultatory gap, also known as the silent gap, is a period of diminished or absent Korotkoff sounds during the manual measurement of blood pressure. It is associated with reduced peripheral blood flow caused by changes in the pulse wave. The improper interpretation of this gap may lead to blood pressure monitoring errors, such as an underestimation of systolic blood pressure and/or an overestimation of diastolic blood pressure. In order to correct for an auscultatory gap, the radial pulse should be monitored by palpation. It is therefore recommended to palpate and auscultate when manually recording a patient's blood pressure. Typically, the blood pressure obtained via palpation is around 10 mmHg lower than the pressure obtained via auscultation. In general, the examiner can avoid being confused by an auscultatory gap by always inflating a blood pressure cuff to 20-40 mmHg higher than the pressure required to occlude the brachial pulse. |
Webcomic | Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on a website or mobile app. While many are published exclusively on the web, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books. |
Light-dependent reactions | Light-dependent reactions is jargon for certain photochemical reactions that are involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy. There are two light dependent reactions, the first occurs at photosystem II (PSII) and the second occurs at photosystem I (PSI), PSII absorbs a photon to produce a so-called high energy electron which transfers via an electron transport chain to cytochrome b6f and then to PSI. The then-reduced PSI, absorbs another photon producing a more highly reducing electron, which converts NADP+ to NADPH. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen (O2) as a by-product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used. |
Jones calculus | In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, discovered by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light. |
Kawashima procedure | The Kawashima procedure is used for congenital heart disease with a single effective ventricle and an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC). It was first performed in 1978 and reported in 1984. |
Internet Storage Name Service | In computing, the proposed Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS) protocol allows automated discovery, management and configuration of iSCSI and Fibre Channel devices (using iFCP gateways) on a TCP/IP network. |
Asahi Health | Asahi (or Asahi Health) is a Finnish health exercise based on the eastern traditions of T'ai chi ch'uan, qigong, yiquan and yoga, with a western scientific viewpoint. Asahi is designed to suit everybody, regardless of physical condition or age and education level. Asahi exercise is taught and performed in instructed groups, but Asahi can also be performed alone as a form of daily self-treatment and build. Asahi exercise is ideal for short breaks. This exercise is equally effective in a group or alone as pleases. |
Comparison of email clients | The following tables compare general and technical features of notable email client programs. |
Transverse measure | In mathematics, a measure on a real vector space is said to be transverse to a given set if it assigns measure zero to every translate of that set, while assigning finite and positive (i.e. non-zero) measure to some compact set. |
DISC2 | In molecular biology, disrupted in schizophrenia 2 (non-protein coding), also known as DISC2, is a long non-coding RNA molecule. In humans, the DISC2 gene that produces the DISC2 RNA molecule is located on chromosome 1, at the breakpoint associated with the chromosomal translocation found in Schizophrenia. It is antisense to the DISC1 gene and may regulate the expression of DISC1. DISC2 may also contribute to other psychiatric disorders. |
Renewable thermal energy | Renewable thermal energy is the technology of gathering thermal energy from a renewable energy source for immediate use or for storage in a thermal battery for later use. |
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