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Activin type 1 receptors | The Activin type I receptors transduce signals for a variety of members of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands. This family of cytokines and hormones include activin, Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Nodal. They are involved in a host of physiological processes including, growth, cell differentiation, homeostasis, osteogenesis, apoptosis and many other functions. There are three type I Activin receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B, and ACVR1C. Each bind to a specific type II receptor-ligand complex. Despite the large amount of processes that these ligands regulate, they all operate through essentially the same pathway: A ligand binds to a Type two receptor, which recruits and trans-phosphorylate a type I receptor. The type I receptor recruits a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) which it phosphorylates. The RSMAD then translocates to the nucleus where it functions as a transcription factor. |
USP15 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 15 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the USP15 gene.Ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein involved in the regulation of intracellular protein breakdown, cell cycle regulation, and stress response, which is released from degraded proteins by disassembly of the polyubiquitin chains. The disassembly process is mediated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs). |
Microkeratome | A microkeratome is a precision surgical instrument with an oscillating blade designed for creating the corneal flap in LASIK or ALK surgery. The normal human cornea varies from around 500 to 600 micrometres in thickness; and in the LASIK procedure, the microkeratome creates an 83 to 200 micrometre thick flap.
This piece of equipment is used all around the world to cut the cornea flap.
The microkeratome is also used in Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), where it is used to slice a thin layer from the back of the donor cornea, which is then transplanted into the posterior cornea of the recipient. It was invented by Jose Barraquer and Cesar Carlos Carriazo in the 1950s in Colombia. |
Pound per hour | Pound per hour is a mass flow unit. It is abbreviated as PPH or more conventionally as lb/h. Fuel flow for engines is usually expressed using this unit. It is particularly useful when dealing with gases or liquids, as volume flow varies more with temperature and pressure. |
5-HT6 receptor | The 5HT6 receptor is a subtype of 5HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). It is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gs and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. HTR6 denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor. |
Disclosure widget | A disclosure widget, expander, or disclosure triangle is a graphical control element that is used to show or hide a collection of "child" widgets in a specific area of the interface. The widget hides non-essential settings or information and thus makes the dialog less cluttered. |
Homeobox A10 | Homeobox protein Hox-A10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA10 gene. |
Yule–Simon distribution | In probability and statistics, the Yule–Simon distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Udny Yule and Herbert A. Simon. Simon originally called it the Yule distribution.The probability mass function (pmf) of the Yule–Simon (ρ) distribution is f(k;ρ)=ρB(k,ρ+1), for integer k≥1 and real ρ>0 , where B is the beta function. Equivalently the pmf can be written in terms of the rising factorial as f(k;ρ)=ρΓ(ρ+1)(k+ρ)ρ+1_, where Γ is the gamma function. Thus, if ρ is an integer, f(k;ρ)=ρρ!(k−1)!(k+ρ)!. |
Comparison of vector algebra and geometric algebra | Geometric algebra is an extension of vector algebra, providing additional algebraic structures on vector spaces, with geometric interpretations.
Vector algebra uses all dimensions and signatures, as does geometric algebra, notably 3+1 spacetime as well as 2 dimensions. |
Near-native speaker | In linguistics, the term near-native speakers is used to describe speakers who have achieved "levels of proficiency that cannot be distinguished from native levels in everyday spoken communication and only become apparent through detailed linguistic analyses" (p.484) in their second language or foreign languages. Analysis of native and near-native speakers indicates that they differ in their underlying grammar and intuition, meaning that they do not interpret grammatical contrasts the same way. However, this divergence typically does not impact a near-native speaker's regular usage of the language. |
Helicobacter cellulitis | Helicobacter cellulitis is a cutaneous condition caused by Helicobacter cinaedi.: 280 H. cinaedi can cause cellulitis and bacteremia in immunocompromised people. |
Bisin | Bisin is a naturally occurring lantibiotic (an antibacterial peptide) discovered by University of Minnesota microbiologist Dan O'Sullivan. Unlike earlier lantibiotics discovered, such as nisin, bisin also kills Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria.
The food-preservative properties of bisin could lead to food products that resist spoilage for years. |
Patrick J. Miller | Patrick J. Miller is a computer scientist and high performance parallel applications developer with a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of California, Davis, in run-time error detection and correction. Until recently he was with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. |
Black light theatre | Black light theatre (in Czech černé divadlo) or simply black theatre, is a theatrical performance style characterized by the use of black box theatre augmented by black light illusion. This form of theatre originated from Asia and can be found in many places around the world. It has become a speciality of Prague, where many theatres use it.The distinctive characteristics of "black theatre" are the use of black curtains, a darkened stage, and "black lighting" (UV light), paired with fluorescent costumes in order to create intricate visual illusions. This "black cabinet" technique was used by Georges Méliès, and by theatre revolutionary Konstantin Stanislavski (especially in his production of Cain). The technique, paired with the expressive artistry of dance, mime and acrobatics of the performers is able to create remarkable spectacles. |
NERD (sabermetrics) | In baseball statistics, NERD is a quantitative measure of expected aesthetic value. NERD was originally created by Carson Cistulli and is part of his project of exploring the "art" of sabermetric research. The original NERD formula only took into account the pitcher's expected performance while a later model factors in the entire team's performance. |
Absurdity | An absurdity is a state or condition of being extremely unreasonable, meaningless or unsound in reason so as to be irrational or not taken seriously. "Absurd" is an adjective used to describe an absurdity, e.g., "Tyler and the boys laughed at the absurd situation." It derives from the Latin absurdum meaning "out of tune". The Latin surdus means "deaf", implying stupidity. |
Choline | Choline ( KOH-leen) is a cation with the chemical formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+. Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate. |
Multipolar exchange interaction | Magnetic materials with strong spin-orbit interaction, such as: LaFeAsO, PrFe4P12, YbRu2Ge2, UO2, NpO2, Ce1−xLaxB6, URu2Si2 and many other compounds, are found to have magnetic ordering constituted by high rank multipoles, e.g. quadruple, octople, etc. Due to the strong spin-orbit coupling, multipoles are automatically introduced to the systems when the total angular momentum quantum number J is larger than 1/2. If those multipoles are coupled by some exchange mechanisms, those multipoles could tend to have some ordering as conventional spin 1/2 Heisenberg problem. Except the multipolar ordering, many hidden order phenomena are believed closely related to the multipolar interactions |
Florentine bronze | Florentine bronze is a modern term for a type of bronzed metal. |
HD 213240 | HD 213240 is a possible binary star system in the constellation Grus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.81, which lies below the limit of visibility for normal human sight. The system is located at a distance of 133.5 light years from the Sun based on parallax. The primary has an absolute magnitude of 3.77.This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G0/G1V. It is a metal-rich star with an age that has been calculated as being anywhere from 2.7 to 4.6 billion years. The star has 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and 1.56 times the Sun's radius. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.5 km/s. The star is radiating 2.69 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,921 K.A red dwarf companion star was detected in 2005 with a projected separation of 3,898 AU. |
Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials | A. R. Forouhi and I. Bloomer deduced dispersion equations for the refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k, which were published in 1986 and 1988. The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline. Subsequently, in 1991, their work was included as a chapter in “The Handbook of Optical Constants”. The Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations describe how photons of varying energies interact with thin films. When used with a spectroscopic reflectometry tool, the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations specify n and k for amorphous and crystalline materials as a function of photon energy E. Values of n and k as a function of photon energy, E, are referred to as the spectra of n and k, which can also be expressed as functions of the wavelength of light, λ, since E = HC/λ. The symbol h represents Planck’s constant and c, the speed of light in vacuum. Together, n and k are often referred to as the “optical constants” of a material (though they are not constants since their values depend on photon energy). |
Endoscopy unit | An endoscopy unit refers to a dedicated area where medical procedures are performed with endoscopes, which are cameras used to visualize structures within the body, such as the digestive tract and genitourinary system. Endoscopy units may be located within a hospital, incorporated within other medical care centres, or may be stand-alone in nature.
In the early days of endoscopy, when fewer procedures were carried out, facilities such as operating theatres tended to be used; as the number of procedures carried out and the complexity of the procedures and equipment increased, the need for specialised rooms and staff became apparent. |
National research and education network | A national research and education network (NREN) is a specialised internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country.
It is usually distinguished by support for a high-speed backbone network, often offering dedicated channels for individual research projects.
In recent years NRENs have developed many 'above the net' services. |
German Braille | German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets. The French-based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille. However, the assignments for German letters beyond the 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values. |
Pit manager | A pit boss (more commonly known today as the pit manager) is the person who directs the employees who work in a casino pit. The job of the pit boss is to manage the floormen, who are the supervisors for table games dealers in a casino. One pit boss monitors all floormen, dealers, and players in the pit; there is usually one floorman for every six tables. The floormen correct minor mistakes, but if a severe gaming discrepancy arises (such as duplicate cards being found in a deck), it is the job of the pit boss to sort it out. |
Emotion Markup Language | An Emotion Markup Language (EML or EmotionML) has first been defined by the W3C Emotion Incubator Group (EmoXG) as a general-purpose emotion annotation and representation language, which should be usable in a large variety of technological contexts where emotions need to be represented. Emotion-oriented computing (or "affective computing") is gaining importance as interactive technological systems become more sophisticated. Representing the emotional states of a user or the emotional states to be simulated by a user interface requires a suitable representation format; in this case a markup language is used. |
Patulous Eustachian tube | Patulous Eustachian tube (PET) is the name of a physical disorder where the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, instead stays intermittently open. When this occurs, the person experiences autophony, the hearing of self-generated sounds. These sounds, such as one's own breathing, voice, and heartbeat, vibrate directly onto the ear drum and can create a "bucket on the head" effect. PET is a form of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD), which is said to be present in about 1 percent of the general population. |
Long dice | Long dice (sometimes oblong or stick dice) are dice, often roughly right prisms or (in the case of barrel dice) antiprisms, designed to land on any of several marked lateral faces, but neither end. Landing on end may be rendered very rare simply by their small size relative to the faces, by the instability implicit in the height of the dice, and by rolling the long dice along their axes rather than tossing. Many long dice provide further insurance against landing on end by giving the ends a rounded or peaked shape, rendering such an outcome physically impossible (at least on a flat solid surface). |
Dorsal nerve of the clitoris | The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is a nerve in females that branches off the pudendal nerve to innervate the clitoris. The nerve is important for female sexual pleasure, and it may play a role in clitoral erections.It travels from below the inferior pubic ramus to the suspensory ligament of the clitoris. At its thickest, the DNC is 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter, visible to the naked eye during dissection. The DNC splits into two nerve branches on either side of the midline, closely following the crura of the clitoris.Some surgeries—for example, sling surgeries to treat female urinary incontinence—can damage the DNC, causing a loss of sensation in the clitoris. Understanding the nerve is important for urologists and gynecologists who may operate on organs near the DNC.The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is analogous to the dorsal nerve of the penis in males. It is a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve. |
Pyromorphite | Pyromorphite is a mineral species composed of lead chlorophosphate: Pb5(PO4)3Cl, sometimes occurring in sufficient abundance to be mined as an ore of lead. Crystals are common, and have the form of a hexagonal prism terminated by the basal planes, sometimes combined with narrow faces of a hexagonal pyramid. Crystals with a barrel-like curvature are not uncommon. Globular and reniform masses are also found. It is part of a series with two other minerals: mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl) and vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl), the resemblance in external characters is so close that, as a rule, it is only possible to distinguish between them by chemical tests. They were formerly confused under the names green lead ore and brown lead ore (German: Grünbleierz and Braunbleierz). The phosphate was first distinguished chemically by M. H. Klaproth in 1784, and it was named pyromorphite by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813. The name is derived from the Greek for pyr (fire) and morfe (form) due to its crystallization behavior after being melted.Paecilomyces javanicus is a mold collected from a lead-polluted soil that is able to form biominerals of pyromorphite. |
Etemadi's inequality | In probability theory, Etemadi's inequality is a so-called "maximal inequality", an inequality that gives a bound on the probability that the partial sums of a finite collection of independent random variables exceed some specified bound. The result is due to Nasrollah Etemadi. |
Horn antenna | A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz. They are used as feed antennas (called feed horns) for larger antenna structures such as parabolic antennas, as standard calibration antennas to measure the gain of other antennas, and as directive antennas for such devices as radar guns, automatic door openers, and microwave radiometers. Their advantages are moderate directivity, broad bandwidth, low losses, and simple construction and adjustment.One of the first horn antennas was constructed in 1897 by Bengali-Indian radio researcher Jagadish Chandra Bose in his pioneering experiments with microwaves. The modern horn antenna was invented independently in 1938 by Wilmer Barrow and G. C. Southworth The development of radar in World War II stimulated horn research to design feed horns for radar antennas. The corrugated horn invented by Kay in 1962 has become widely used as a feed horn for microwave antennas such as satellite dishes and radio telescopes.An advantage of horn antennas is that since they have no resonant elements, they can operate over a wide range of frequencies, a wide bandwidth. The usable bandwidth of horn antennas is typically of the order of 10:1, and can be up to 20:1 (for example allowing it to operate from 1 GHz to 20 GHz). The input impedance is slowly varying over this wide frequency range, allowing low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) over the bandwidth. The gain of horn antennas ranges up to 25 dBi, with 10–20 dBi being typical. |
Mehler reaction | The Mehler reaction is named after Alan H. Mehler, who, in 1951, presented data to the effect that isolated chloroplasts reduce oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Mehler observed that the H2O2 formed in this way does not present an active intermediate in photosynthesis; rather, as a reactive oxygen species, it can be toxic to surrounding biological processes as an oxidizing agent. In scientific literature, the Mehler reaction often is used interchangeably with the Water-Water Cycle to refer to the formation of H2O2 by photosynthesis. Sensu stricto, the Water Water Cycle encompasses the Hill reaction, in which water is split to form oxygen, as well as the Mehler Reaction, in which oxygen is reduced to form H2O2 and, finally, the scavenging of this H2O2 by antioxidants to form water. Beginning in the 1970s, Professor Kozi Asada elucidated that oxygen can be reduced by electrons emerging from ferredoxin of photosystem I, to form superoxide, which is then reduced by superoxide dismutase to form H2O2. This photochemical H2O2 is then reduced by the action of ascorbate peroxidase to form water and oxidized ascorbate. Asada argued that oxygen presents an important sink for excess excitation energy acquired during plant exposure to bright light. He would often begin seminars by asking: 'Why aren't plants sunburnt despite being exposed to light?'.How much of a photoprotective role the Water Water Cycle plays has been occasion for some debate. In terrestrial plants, transfer of electrons to oxygen from ferredoxin at PSI accounts for easily less than 10% of total photosynthetic electron transport. In algae and other uni-cellular photosynthetic organisms, however, this amount can account for 20 to 30% of total electron transport. It is possible that the reduction of oxygen by free electrons emerging from PSI prevents components of the electron transport chain from becoming over-reduced.The Water Water Cycle is not related to photorespiration, as it comprises different reactions and results in no net oxygen consumption. |
Quinuclidone | Quinuclidones are a class of bicyclic organic compounds with chemical formula C7H11NO with two structural isomers for the base skeleton 3-quinuclidone and 2-quinuclidone. |
Fuchsine | Fuchsine (sometimes spelled fuchsin) or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl. There are other similar chemical formulations of products sold as fuchsine, and several dozen other synonyms of this molecule.It becomes magenta when dissolved in water; as a solid, it forms dark green crystals. As well as dying textiles, fuchsine is used to stain bacteria and sometimes as a disinfectant. In the literature of biological stains the name of this dye is frequently misspelled, with omission of the terminal -e, which indicates an amine. American and English dictionaries (Webster's, Oxford, Chambers, etc.) give the correct spelling, which is also used in the literature of industrial dyeing. It is well established that production of fuchsine results in development of bladder cancers by production workers. Production of magenta is listed as a circumstance known to result in cancer. |
Flip chart | A flip chart is a stationery item consisting of a pad of large paper sheets. It is typically fixed to the upper edge of a whiteboard, or supported on a tripod or four-legged easel. Such charts are commonly used for presentations. |
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects | Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to all aspects of the synthesis and properties of the nanotechnology. The journal focuses on novel architecture at the nanolevel with an emphasis on new synthesis and characterization methods. The journal focused on objects rather than on their application. However, various novel applications (nano-electronics, energy conversion, catalysis, drug delivery and nano-medicine) using Nanostructures and Nano-objects are considered in this journal. |
Sega Swirl | Sega Swirl is a puzzle game that was created for the Dreamcast, Personal computer and Palm OS. The game was included in various demo discs released for the Dreamcast (through the Official Dreamcast Magazine (UK) and Official Dreamcast Magazine (US) magazines and on newly released consoles), and is free to download and play on the PC.
Sega Swirl was created by Scott Hawkins, while he worked at Sega. Scott Hawkins designed the game and programmed the original PC version of the game. Scott Hawkins worked with Tremor Entertainment to develop the Dreamcast version of the game. |
Low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition | Low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (LEPECVD) is a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique used for the epitaxial deposition of thin semiconductor (silicon, germanium and SiGe alloys) films. A remote low energy, high density DC argon plasma is employed to efficiently decompose the gas phase precursors while leaving the epitaxial layer undamaged, resulting in high quality epilayers and high deposition rates (up to 10 nm/s). |
Heavy water | Heavy water (deuterium oxide, 2H2O, D2O) is a form of water whose hydrogen atoms are all deuterium (2H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (1H or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water. The presence of the heavier hydrogen isotope gives the water different nuclear properties, and the increase in mass gives it slightly different physical and chemical properties when compared to normal water. |
Mortuary house | In archaeology and anthropology a mortuary house is any purpose-built structure, often resembling a normal dwelling in many ways, in which a dead body is buried. |
Sniffing (behavior) | Sniffing is a perceptually-relevant behavior, defined as the active sampling of odors through the nasal cavity for the purpose of information acquisition. This behavior, displayed by all terrestrial vertebrates, is typically identified based upon changes in respiratory frequency and/or amplitude, and is often studied in the context of odor guided behaviors and olfactory perceptual tasks. Sniffing is quantified by measuring intra-nasal pressure or flow or air or, while less accurate, through a strain gauge on the chest to measure total respiratory volume. Strategies for sniffing behavior vary depending upon the animal, with small animals (rats, mice, hamsters) displaying sniffing frequencies ranging from 4 to 12 Hz but larger animals (humans) sniffing at much lower frequencies, usually less than 2 Hz. Subserving sniffing behaviors, evidence for an "olfactomotor" circuit in the brain exists, wherein perception or expectation of an odor can trigger brain respiratory center to allow for the modulation of sniffing frequency and amplitude and thus acquisition of odor information. Sniffing is analogous to other stimulus sampling behaviors, including visual saccades, active touch, and whisker movements in small animals (viz., whisking). Atypical sniffing has been reported in cases of neurological disorders, especially those disorders characterized by impaired motor function and olfactory perception. |
Natural class | In phonology, a natural class is a set of phonemes in a language that share certain distinctive features. A natural class is determined by participation in shared phonological processes, described using the minimum number of features necessary for descriptive adequacy. |
Superinsulator | A superinsulator is a material that at low but finite temperatures does not conduct electricity, i.e. has an infinite resistance so that no electric current passes through it. The phenomenon of superinsulation can be regarded as an exact dual to superconductivity. |
Data integration | Data integration involves combining data residing in different sources and providing users with a unified view of them. This process becomes significant in a variety of situations, which include both commercial (such as when two similar companies need to merge their databases) and scientific (combining research results from different bioinformatics repositories, for example) domains. Data integration appears with increasing frequency as the volume (that is, big data) and the need to share existing data explodes. It has become the focus of extensive theoretical work, and numerous open problems remain unsolved. Data integration encourages collaboration between internal as well as external users. The data being integrated must be received from a heterogeneous database system and transformed to a single coherent data store that provides synchronous data across a network of files for clients. A common use of data integration is in data mining when analyzing and extracting information from existing databases that can be useful for Business information. |
Meyer's law | Meyer's law is an empirical relation between the size of a hardness test indentation and the load required to leave the indentation. The formula was devised by Eugene Meyer of the Materials Testing Laboratory at the Imperial School of Technology, Charlottenburg, Germany, circa 1908. |
Lavinite | Lavinite (Polish: Lawinit) is a mixture of metal particles (usually iron) and sand held together by solidified molten sulfur. Instead of metal particles, magnesite could be used to give a whiter product. The idea was to make a material that looks like marble.It was invented c. 1912 by Willy Henker, who in that year opened the factory "Kunststein-Industrie W. Henker & Co" in Berlin, which was in operation until at least 1936. Henker produced decorative items from lavinite such as vases, candlesticks, lamps, chandeliers and rosettes as well as letters and advertising signs.Lavinite products were usually black, less often white or colored, enameled or covered with "antique" bronze. Initially, the factory offered items in the Art Nouveau style. Later they introduced lines in antique, oriental and Art Deco styles.In 1922, Kunststein-Industrie W. Henker & Co opened a sales office in New York City and lavinite became very popular in the United States. Afterwards, Henker sold the patent for lavinite production to the U.S., France, Austria and Poland. In 1923 the factory "Lavinit. Krupka I Perlicz" opened in Włocławek, Poland, where it operated until 1939. They offered products from Willy Henker's factory catalogue. Over time, the assortment was expanded by items referring to the history of Poland, such as busts of Prince Józef Poniatowski or Adam Mickiewicz. For a short time, lavinite items were also produced by the Wulkanit factory in Grudziądz.Currently, decorative items in lavinite are popular and valued at auctions all around the world. The biggest collection of them, comprising 63 items, is in the Muzeum Ziemi Kujawskiej i Dobrzyńskiej in Włocławek. |
Polysulfide | Polysulfides are a class of chemical compounds derived from anionic chains of sulfur atoms. There are two main classes of polysulfides: inorganic and organic. The inorganic polysulfides have the general formula S2−n. These anions are the conjugate bases of polysulfanes H2Sn. Organic polysulfides generally have the formulae R1SnR2, where R = alkyl or aryl. |
Plasma cleaning | Plasma cleaning is the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma or dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as air and hydrogen/nitrogen are used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages (typically kHz to >MHz) to ionise the low pressure gas (typically around 1/1000 atmospheric pressure), although atmospheric pressure plasmas are now also common. |
Tectin (secretion) | Tectin is an organic substance secreted by certain ciliates. Tectin may form an adhesive stalk, disc or other sticky secretion. Tectin may also form a gelatinous envelope or membrane enclosing some ciliates as a protective capsule or lorica. Tectin is also called pseudochitin. Granules or rods (called protrichocysts) in the pellicle of some ciliates are also thought to be involved in tectin secretion. |
Suction cup | A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.Suction cups are peripheral traits of some animals such as octopuses and squids, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes. |
Defatting (medical) | Defatting is the chemical dissolving of dermal lipids, from the skin, on contact with defatting agents. This can result in water loss from the affected area and cause the whitening and drying of the skin which may result in cracking, secondary infection and chemical irritant contact dermatitis. |
Forensic facial reconstruction | Forensic facial reconstruction (or forensic facial approximation) is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy. It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology. Despite this controversy, facial reconstruction has proved successful frequently enough that research and methodological developments continue to be advanced. |
AR-A000002 | AR-A000002 is a drug which is one of the first compounds developed to act as a selective antagonist for the serotonin receptor 5-HT1B, with approximately 10x selectivity for 5-HT1B over the closely related 5-HT1D receptor. It has been shown to produce sustained increases in levels of serotonin in the brain, and has anxiolytic effects in animal studies. |
1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole | 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses racemization that can otherwise occur during the reaction.HOAt has a melting point between 213 and 216 degrees Celsius. As a liquid, it is transparent and without any color. |
Human tooth sharpening | Human tooth sharpening is the practice of manually sharpening the teeth, usually the front incisors. Filed teeth are customary in various cultures. Many remojadas figurines found in part of Mexico have filed teeth and it is believed to have been common practice in their culture. The Zappo Zap people of the Democratic Republic of Congo are believed to have filed their teeth. |
Placental infarction | A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die.
Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term. Large placental infarcts are associated with vascular abnormalities, e.g. hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, as seen in hypertension. Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death. |
What Is This Thing Called Science? | What Is This Thing Called Science? (1976) is a best-selling textbook by Alan Chalmers. |
Right border of heart | The right border of the heart (right margin of heart) is a long border on the surface of the heart, and is formed by the right atrium.
The atrial portion is rounded and almost vertical; it is situated behind the third, fourth, and fifth right costal cartilages about 1.25 cm. from the margin of the sternum.
The ventricular portion, thin and sharp, is named the acute margin; it is nearly horizontal, and extends from the sternal end of the sixth right coastal cartilage to the apex of the heart. |
Simulation (journal) | Simulation is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the field of computer Science. The editor-in-chief is Gabriel Wainer (Carleton University). The journal was established in 1963 and is published by SAGE Publications in association with the Society for Modeling and Simulation International. |
Aces and eights (blackjack) | Splitting aces and eights is part of blackjack basic strategy. Rules vary across gambling establishments regarding resplitting, doubling, multiple card draws, and the payout for blackjack, and there are conditional strategic responses that depend upon the number of decks used, the frequency of shuffling and dealer's cards. However, regardless of the various situations, the common strategic wisdom in the blackjack community is to "Always split aces and eights" when dealt either pair as initial cards. This is generally the first rule of any splitting strategy. |
Juicer | A juicer, also known as a juice extractor, is a tool used to extract juice from fruits, herbs, leafy greens and other types of vegetables in a process called juicing. It crushes, grinds, and/or squeezes the juice out of the pulp.Some types of juicers can also function as a food processor. Most of the twin gear and horizontal masticating juicers have attachments for crushing herbs and spices, extruding pasta, noodles or bread sticks, making baby food and nut butter, grinding coffee, making nut milk, etc. |
Service-orientation design principles | Service-orientation design principles are proposed principles for developing the solution logic of services within service-oriented architectures (SOA). |
Pseudoprotease | Pseudoproteases are catalytically-deficient pseudoenzyme variants of proteases that are represented across the kingdoms of life. |
Bivariate analysis | Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative (statistical) analysis. It involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them.Bivariate analysis can be helpful in testing simple hypotheses of association. Bivariate analysis can help determine to what extent it becomes easier to know and predict a value for one variable (possibly a dependent variable) if we know the value of the other variable (possibly the independent variable) (see also correlation and simple linear regression).Bivariate analysis can be contrasted with univariate analysis in which only one variable is analysed. Like univariate analysis, bivariate analysis can be descriptive or inferential. It is the analysis of the relationship between the two variables. Bivariate analysis is a simple (two variable) special case of multivariate analysis (where multiple relations between multiple variables are examined simultaneously). |
Convection (heat transfer) | Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. |
Seiberg–Witten map | The Seiberg–Witten map is a map used in gauge theory and string theory introduced by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten which relates non-commutative degrees of freedom of a gauge theory to their commutative counterparts. It was argued by Seiberg and Witten that certain non-commutative gauge theories are equivalent to commutative ones and that there exists a map from a commutative gauge field to a non-commutative one, which is compatible with the gauge structure of each. |
Fashion Square | Fashion Square or Fashion Square Mall may refer to any of the following shopping malls in the United States: Fashion Square Mall in Saginaw, Michigan Charlottesville Fashion Square in Charlottesville, Virginia Orlando Fashion Square in Orlando, Florida Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale, Arizona Westfield Fashion Square, formerly Sherman Oaks Fashion Square, in Sherman Oaks, California |
DDX52 | Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX52 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX52 gene. |
Optical properties of carbon nanotubes | The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are highly relevant for materials science. The way those materials interact with electromagnetic radiation is unique in many respects, as evidenced by their peculiar absorption, photoluminescence (fluorescence), and Raman spectra. |
Speibecken | A Speibecken or Kotzbecken is a basin for people to vomit into. These sinks are installed in some bars, restaurants and student fraternities in German-speaking countries as well as in bars in Vietnam.The Speibecken is often a large ceramic bowl installed at waist height with handles for the user to hold onto and a shower head to flush the unit. They are encountered more often in men's facilities than in women's. In Germany and Austria they have become associated with the heavy drinking traditions of student fraternities. They have also been provided at supervised injection sites for drug users. |
Blading (professional wrestling) | In professional wrestling, blading is the practice of intentionally cutting oneself to provoke bleeding. It is also known as "juicing", "gigging", or "getting color". Similarly, a blade is an object used for blading, and a bladejob is a specific act of blading. The act is usually done a good length into the match, as the blood will mix with the flowing sweat on a wrestler's brow to make it look like much more blood is flowing from the wound than there actually is. The preferred area for blading is usually the forehead, as scalp wounds bleed profusely and heal easily. Legitimate, unplanned bleeding which occurs outside the storyline is called "juicing the hard way". |
Mercury pollution in Canada | Mercury is a poisonous element found in various forms in Canada. It can be emitted in the atmosphere naturally and anthropogenically, the main cause of mercury emission in the environment. Mercury pollution has become a sensitive issue in Canada for the past few decades and many steps have been taken for prevention at local, national, and international levels. It has been found to have various negative health and environmental effects. Methylmercury is the most toxic form of mercury which is easily accessible as well as digestible by living organisms and it is this form of mercury causing serious harm to human and wildlife health.Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows poisoned many people from the Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation during the 1960s and 1970s in one of the worst cases of environmental poisoning in Canadian history. The effects of this poisoning are ongoing. |
Nontheism | Nontheism or non-theism is a range of both religious and non-religious attitudes characterized by the absence of espoused belief in the existence of a God or gods. Nontheism has generally been used to describe apathy or silence towards the subject of gods and differs from atheism, or active disbelief in any gods. It has been used as an umbrella term for summarizing various distinct and even mutually exclusive positions, such as agnosticism, ignosticism, ietsism, skepticism, pantheism, pandeism, transtheism, atheism (strong or positive, implicit or explicit), and apatheism. It is in use in the fields of Christian apologetics and general liberal theology. |
Reproductive biology | Reproductive biology includes both sexual and asexual reproduction.Reproductive biology includes a wide number of fields: Reproductive systems Endocrinology Sexual development (Puberty) Sexual maturity Reproduction Fertility |
Final value theorem | In mathematical analysis, the final value theorem (FVT) is one of several similar theorems used to relate frequency domain expressions to the time domain behavior as time approaches infinity. |
Vinyl tributyltin | Vinyl tributyltin is an organotin compound with the formula Bu3SnCH=CH2 (Bu = butyl). It is a white, air-stable solid. It is used as a source of vinyl anion equivalent in Stille coupling reactions. As a source of vinyltin reagents, early work used vinyl trimethyltin, but trimethyltin compounds are avoided nowadays owing to their toxicity. |
Cable guide | A cable guide is a fitting or part of a bicycle frame which guides a piece of bare inner bowden cable around a corner. Most multi-speed bicycles have cable guides to get the derailleur cables past the bottom bracket.
Older derailleur bicycles used either brazed-on or clamp-on guides just above the bottom bracket, but newer bicycles have a guide under the bottom bracket. |
Ring main unit | In an electrical power distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-type distribution network. It includes in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main conductors, and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution transformer. The metal enclosed unit connects to the transformer either through a bus throat of standardized dimensions, or else through cables and is usually installed outdoors. Ring main cables enter and leave the cabinet. This type of switchgear is used for medium-voltage power distribution, from 7200 volts to about 36000 volts. |
Offshore aquaculture | Offshore aquaculture, also known as open water aquaculture or open ocean aquaculture, is an emerging approach to mariculture (seawater aquafarming) where fish farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters some distance away from the coast, where the cultivated fish stocks are exposed to more naturalistic living conditions with stronger ocean currents and more diverse nutrient flow. Existing "offshore" developments fall mainly into the category of exposed areas rather than fully offshore. As maritime classification society DNV GL has stated, development and knowledge-building are needed in several fields for the available deeper water opportunities to be realized.One of the concerns with inshore aquaculture, which operate on more sheltered (and thus calmer) shallow waters, is that the discarded nutrients from unconsumed feeds and feces can accumulate on the farm's seafloor and damage the benthic ecosystem, and sometimes contribute to algal blooms. According to proponents of offshore aquaculture, the wastes from aquafarms that have been moved offshore tend to be swept away and diluted into the open ocean. Moving aquaculture offshore also provides more ecological space where production yields can expand to meet the increasing market demands for fish. Offshore facilities also avoid many of the conflicts with other marine resource users in the more crowded inshore waters, though there can still be user conflicts offshore. |
Posterior Analytics | The Posterior Analytics (Greek: Ἀναλυτικὰ Ὕστερα; Latin: Analytica Posteriora) is a text from Aristotle's Organon that deals with demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge. The demonstration is distinguished as a syllogism productive of scientific knowledge, while the definition marked as the statement of a thing's nature, ... a statement of the meaning of the name, or of an equivalent nominal formula. |
Cafedrine | Cafedrine (INN), also known as norephedrinoethyltheophylline, is a chemical linkage of norephedrine and theophylline and is a cardiac stimulant used to increase blood pressure in people with hypotension. |
Dronpa | Dronpa is a reversibly switchable photoactivatable fluorescent protein that is 2.5 times as bright as EGFP. Dronpa gets switched off by strong illumination with 488 nm (blue) light and this can be reversed by weak 405 nm UV light. A single dronpa molecule can be switched on and off over 100 times. It has an excitation peak at 503 nm and an emission peak at 518 nm. |
Roll-out shelf | A roll-out shelf, also known as a glide-out shelf, pull-out shelf, sliding shelf, or slide-out shelf is a shelf that can be moved forward in order to more easily reach the contents stored in the back of a cupboard or cabinet without having to bend over. They may also save space, as they can be installed closer together than fixed shelves.Patents for roll-out shelves exist at least as early as the 1800s. |
Axes of Subordination | In social psychology, the two axes of subordination is a racial position model that categorizes the four most common racial groups in the United States (Whites, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos) into four different quadrants. The model was first proposed by Linda X. Zou and Sapna Cheryan in the year 2017, and suggests that U.S. racial groups are categorized based on two dimensions: perceived inferiority and perceived cultural foreignness. Support for the model comes from both a target and perceivers perspective in which Whites are seen as superior and American, African Americans as inferior and American, Asian Americans as superior and foreign, and Latinos as inferior and foreign. |
Vertical loop | The generic roller coaster vertical loop, where a section of track causes the riders to complete a 360 degree turn, is the most basic of roller coaster inversions. At the top of the loop, riders are completely inverted. |
Vector Map | The Vector Map (VMAP), also called Vector Smart Map, is a vector-based collection of geographic information system (GIS) data about Earth at various levels of detail. Level 0 (low resolution) coverage is global and entirely in the public domain. Level 1 (global coverage at medium resolution) is only partly in the public domain.
There are ongoing discussions about making most of the information available in the public domain. |
String section | The string section is composed of bowed instruments belonging to the violin family. It normally consists of first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses. It is the most numerous group in the standard orchestra. In discussions of the instrumentation of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a string orchestra. Smaller string sections are sometimes used in jazz, pop, and rock music and in the pit orchestras of musical theatre. |
O-succinylbenzoate—CoA ligase | o-Succinylbenzoate—CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.26), encoded from the menE gene in Escherichia coli, catalyzes the fifth reaction in the synthesis of menaquinone (vitamin K2). This pathway is called 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate biosynthesis I. Vitamin K is a quinone that serves as an electron transporter during anaerobic respiration. This process of anaerobic respiration allows the bacteria to generate the energy required to survive. |
UIMA | UIMA ( yoo-EE-mə), short for Unstructured Information Management Architecture, is an OASIS standard for content analytics, originally developed at IBM. It provides a component software architecture for the development, discovery, composition, and deployment of multi-modal analytics for the analysis of unstructured information and integration with search technologies. |
ArX | ArX is a distributed version control system. ArX began as a fork of GNU arch, and is licensed under the GPL. Since the fork, ArX has been extensively rewritten in C++, with many new features. The project maintainer is Walter Landry. |
Hyperbaric nursing | Hyperbaric nursing is a nursing specialty involved in the care of patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology offers certification in hyperbaric nursing as a Certified Hyperbaric Registered Nurse (CHRN). The professional nursing organization for hyperbaric nursing is the Baromedical Nurses Association.Hyperbaric nurses are responsible for administering hyperbaric oxygen therapy to patients and supervising them throughout the treatment. These nurses must work under a supervising physician trained in hyperbarics who is available during the treatment in case of emergency. Hyperbaric nurses either join the patient inside the multiplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber or operate the machine from outside of the monoplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber, monitoring for adverse reactions to the treatment. Patients can experience adverse reactions to the hyperbaric oxygen therapy such as oxygen toxicity, hypoglycemia, anxiety, otic barotrauma, or pneumothorax. The nurse must know how to handle each adverse event appropriately. The most common adverse effect is otic barotrauma, trauma to the inner ear due to pressure not being released on descent. Since hyperbaric oxygen therapy is usually administered daily for a set number of treatments, adverse effects must be prevented in order for the patient to receive all prescribed treatments. The hyperbaric nurse will collaborate with the patient's physician to determine if hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the right treatment. The nurse must know all approved indications that warrant hyperbaric oxygen therapy treatments, along with contraindications to the treatment. |
Engine-generator | An engine–generator is the combination of an electrical generator and an engine (prime mover) mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. This combination is also called an engine–generator set or a gen-set. In many contexts, the engine is taken for granted and the combined unit is simply called a generator. An engine–generator may be a fixed installation, part of a vehicle, or made small enough to be portable. |
Kyrle disease | Kyrle disease is identified as a form of an acquired perforating disease. Other major perforating diseases are elastosis perforans serpiginosa and reactive perforating collagenosis. Recently, however, there is a controversy on categorizing Kyrle disease with perforating dermatosis or a subtype of acquired perforating collagenosis.Kyrle disease was first described by Josef Kyrle in 1916 when a diabetic woman presented generalized hyperkeratotic nodules. The disease is distinguished by large papules with central keratin plug on the skin, usually on the legs of the patient and is often in conjunction with liver, kidney or diabetic disorders. It can affect both females and males with a 6:1 ratio. The papules usually show up on the patient with an average age of 30 years. Kyrle disease is a rare disease unless there is a high count of patients with chronic kidney failure. The disease seems to be more prevalent in African Americans, which can be correlated to the high incidence of diabetes mellitus and kidney failure in the population. |
Ludwig's angina | Ludwig's angina (lat.: Angina ludovici) is a type of severe cellulitis involving the floor of the mouth and is often caused by bacterial sources. Early in the infection, the floor of the mouth raises due to swelling, leading to difficulty swallowing saliva. As a result, patients may present with drooling and difficulty speaking. As the condition worsens, the airway may be compromised and hardening of the spaces on both sides of the tongue may develop. Overall, this condition has a rapid onset over a few hours. |
Push Proxy Gateway | A Push Proxy Gateway is a component of WAP Gateways that pushes URL notifications to mobile handsets. Notifications typically include MMS, email, IM, ringtone downloads, and new device firmware notifications. Most notifications will have an audible alert to the user of the device. The notification will typically be a text string with a URL link. Note that only a notification is pushed to the device; the device must do something with the notification in order to download or view the content associated with it. |
1904 Boston Beaneaters season | The 1904 Boston Beaneaters season was the 34th season of the Braves franchise. |
Delayed-maturation theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder | The delayed-maturation theory of obsessive–compulsive disorder suggests that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) can be caused by delayed maturation of the frontal striatal circuitry or parts of the brain that make up the frontal cortex, striatum, or integrating circuits. Some researchers suspect that variations in the volume of specific brain structures can be observed in children that have OCD (Lambert, K.G; Kinsley, C.H., 2011). It has not been determined if delayed-maturation of this frontal circuitry contributes to the development of OCD or if OCD is the ailment that inhibits normal growth of structures in the frontal striatal, frontal cortex, or striatum. However, the use of neuroimaging has equipped researchers with evidence of some brain structures that are consistently less adequate and less matured in patients diagnosed with OCD in comparison to brains without OCD. More specifically, structures such as the caudate nucleus, volumes of gray matter, white matter, and the cingulate have been identified as being less developed in people with OCD in comparison to individuals that do not have OCD (Lambert, K.G.; Kinsley, C.H.). However, the cortex volume of the operculum (brain) is larger and OCD patients are also reported to have larger temporal lobe volumes; which has been identified in some women patients with OCD (Jenike, M.; Breiter, H.; at el, 1996). Further research is needed to determine the effect of these structural size differences on the onset and degree of OCD and the maturation of specific brain structures. |
Firefly Gathering | The Firefly Gathering is an annual "earthskills" or "primitive skills" gathering in Western North Carolina where people learn nature connection and survival skills like building a fire, identifying edible or poisonous plants, hide tanning, wooden bowl carving, archery and bow making, as well as permaculture and homesteading skills. Firefly Gathering is the largest gathering of its type in the United States.Firefly Gathering is produced by a 501c3 nonprofit called Firefly Gathering Inc. which also organizes year around earthskills classes. |
Cover art | Cover art is a type of artwork presented as an illustration or photograph on the outside of a published product such as a book (often on a dust jacket), magazine, newspaper (tabloid), comic book, video game (box art), music album (album art), CD, videotape, DVD, or podcast.The art has a primarily commercial function, for instance to promote the product it is displayed on, but can also have an aesthetic function, and may be artistically connected to the product, such as with art by the creator of the product. |
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