word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fuck | fuck | [
"verb",
"noun",
"intj",
"adv",
"particle"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pewǵ-\nProto-Germanic *fukkōną\nOld English *fuccian\nMiddle English *fukken\nEnglish fuck\nFrom Middle English *fukken, probably of Germanic origin: either from Old English *fuccian or Old Norse *fukka, both from Proto-Germanic *fukkōną, from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ- (“to st... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "*fukken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English *fukken"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*fuccian",
... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
thin | thin | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English thinne, thünne, thenne, from Old English þynne, from Proto-West Germanic *þunnī, from Proto-Germanic *þunnuz (“thin”) – compare *þanjaną (“to stretch, spread out”) – from Proto-Indo-European *ténh₂us (“thin”), from *ten- (“to stretch”).\nCognate with German dünn, Dutch dun, West Frisian tin, Ic... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "thinne",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English thinne"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "þynne",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
ground | ground | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.\nProto-Germanic *grunduz\nOld English grund\nMiddle English ground\nEnglish ground\nFrom Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.\n(to ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ground",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ground"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "grund",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
close | close | [
"verb",
"noun",
"adj",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English closen (“to close, enclose”), partly continuing (in altered form) earlier Middle English clusen (“to close”) from Old English clȳsan (“to close, shut”); compare beclose, foreclose, etc.), and partly derived from Middle English clos (“close, shut up, confined, secret”, adjective), from Old Frenc... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "closen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English closen (“to close, enclose”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
know | know | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English knowen, from Old English cnāwan (“to know, perceive, recognise”), from Proto-West Germanic *knāan, from Proto-Germanic *knēaną (“to know”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).\nCognates\nfrom Indo-European: Latin gnoscō, Latin cognoscō (Spanish conocer, French connaître, Romanian cuno... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "knowen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English knowen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "cnāwan",
"t... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
indian | Indian | [
"adj",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Anglo-Norman indien, Middle French indien, corresponding to Ind + -ian or India + -an. Applied to inhabitants of the Americas due to an early misconception that the Americas were the eastern end of Asia / the Indies (hence also the designation of Caribbean islands as the West Indies)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "indien",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Anglo-Norman indien"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
o'clock | o'clock | [
"adv"
] | [
"Shortened form of \"of the clock\", from Middle English of the clokke [from late 14th c.]."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "of the clokke",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English of the clokke"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
gismu | gismu | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Lojban gismu."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "gismu",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Lojban gismu"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
mither | mither | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Late 17th century, of unknown origin;\n* Possibly related to Middle English bemothered (“confused, perplexed”), itself probably related to Old English mēþe (“exhausting, troublesome”), Old Norse móðr (“angry, frustrated”), Middle Dutch moeden (“to tire, exhaust, disturb, trouble”).\n* Possibly allied to Welsh moed... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "moedro",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Welsh moedro (“to worry or bother”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mut... | [
"English",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
create | create | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English createn, from Latin creātus, the perfect passive participle of creō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). In this sense, mostly displaced Old English wyrċan (whence Modern English work) and ġesċieppan (whence Modern English shape)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "createn",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English createn"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "creātus",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
insusurration | insusurration | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin insusurratio, from insusurrare (“to whisper into”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "insusurratio",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin insusurratio"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
efficacy | efficacy | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Old French efficace, from Late Latin efficācia (“efficacy”), from efficāx (“efficacious”); see efficacious."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "efficace",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old French efficace"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "efficācia",
"te... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
toddick | toddick | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Scots [Term?]."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Scots [Term?]"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
baggala | baggala | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Arabic بَغْلَة (baḡla, literally “she-mule”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "بَغْلَة",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Arabic بَغْلَة (baḡla, literally “she-mule”)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
dilettante | dilettante | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Italian dilettante, present participle of dilettare (“to delight”), from Latin dēlectāre (“to delight”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "dilettante",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian dilettante"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "dēlectāre",
"temp... | [
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
kill | kill | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil (“to kill”).\n* Perhaps from unattested Old English *cyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwulljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwuljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, hit, hurt by throwing”).... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "killen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English killen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*cyllan",
"... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Latin",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
buy | buy | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English byen, from Old English bycġan (“to buy, pay for, acquire, redeem, ransom, procure, get done, sell”), from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan, from Proto-Germanic *bugjaną (“to buy”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūgʰ- (“to bend”), or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to t... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "byen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English byen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bycġan",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
drug | drug | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English drogge (“medicine”), from Middle French drogue, drocque (“tincture, pharmaceutical product”) (c. 1462), from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German droge, as in droge vate (“dry vats, dry barrels”), mistaking droge for the contents, which were usually dried herbs, plants or wares. Droge comes from M... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "drogge",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English drogge (“medicine”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "drogu... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"French",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
after | after | [
"adv",
"prep",
"conj",
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep(o)teros\nProto-Germanic *after\nOld English æfter\nMiddle English after\nEnglish after\nFrom Middle English after, from Old English æfter, from Proto-West Germanic ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "after",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English after"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "æfter",
"temp... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
here | here | [
"adv",
"adj",
"noun",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English her, from Old English hēr (“at this place”), from Proto-West Germanic *hēr, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r, from *hiz + *-r, from Proto-Indo-European *kís, from *ḱe + *ís.\nCognates\nCognate with Saterland Frisian hier, West Frisian hjir, Dutch hier, German Low German hier, German hier, Danish her, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "her",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English her"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hēr",
"template":... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
next | next | [
"adj",
"det",
"adv",
"prep",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English nexte, nexste, nixte, from Old English nīehsta, nīehste, etc., inflected forms of nīehst (“nearest, next”), superlative form of nēah (“nigh”) (the comparative would become near), corresponding to Proto-Germanic *nēhwist (“nearest, closest”); equivalent to nigh + -est.\nCognate with Saterland Fr... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "nexte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English nexte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "nīehsta",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
ao | ao | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Japanese 青(あお) (ao).",
"From atonal romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鰲 /鳌 (Áo) and 敖 (Áo).",
"From atonal romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 敖 (Áo).",
"Borrowed from Cantonese 歐 /欧 (au¹) or Cantonese 區 /区 (au1). Doublet of Au."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Japanese",
"source_code": "ja",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Japanese"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "cmn",
"source_term": "-",
"template": ... | [
"Chinese",
"Japanese"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
defer | defer | [
"verb"
] | [
"Originally a variant of (and hence a doublet of) differ; from Middle English differren (“to postpone”), from Old French differer, from Latin differō. Doublet of differ and dilate. See also infer, collate and confer, delate and defer, relate and refer as well as prelate and prefer among others.",
"From late Middl... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "differren",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English differren (“to postpone”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
plant | plant | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English plante, from Old English plante (“young tree or shrub, herb newly planted”), from Proto-West Germanic *plantu, from Latin planta (“sprout, shoot, cutting”). Broader sense of \"any vegetable life, vegetation generally\" is from Old French plante. Doublet of clan (borrowed through Celtic language... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "plante",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English plante"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*pla... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
absinthe | absinthe | [
"noun"
] | [
"* (wormwood; figuratively bitterness, sorrow): From Middle English absinthe.\n* (liquor): From Modern French absinthe.\nBoth from Middle French absinthe, from Latin absinthium, from Ancient Greek ἀψίνθιον (apsínthion, “wormwood”). Doublet of absinthium."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "absinthe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English absinthe"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "absinthe",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
stylus | stylus | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin stylus (“a stake or pale”). Probably not directly related to Ancient Greek στῦλος (stûlos, “a pillar”). Doublet of style."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "stylus",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin stylus (“a stake or pale”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
catalan | Catalan | [
"noun",
"name",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English Catalane, from French Catalan, from Catalan català."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Catalane",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English Catalane"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Catalan",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
give | give | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Middle English given, from merger of Old English giefan (“to give”) and Old Norse gefa (“to give”), from Proto-Germanic *gebaną (“to give”). Displaced yive, from Middle English yiven, of the same origin, from influence of Old Norse gefa."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "given",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English given"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "giefan",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
donner | donner | [
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Afrikaans donder (“thrash”), from Dutch donder (“thunder”). Doublet of thunder.",
"First attested in the 1823 poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas”. Named from Dutch donder (“thunder”), and perhaps influenced by the German form Donner."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "donder",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Afrikaans donder (“thrash”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "donder",
"t... | [
"Dutch",
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
dare | dare | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English durren, from Old English durran, from Proto-West Germanic *durʀan, from Proto-Germanic *durzaną (“to dare”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰórse (“to dare”), reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”), an *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).\nCognates\nCognate wi... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "durren",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English durren"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "durran",
"t... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
banana | banana | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from Portuguese banana or Spanish banana, derived from a Niger-Congo language spoken in the Guinea region. Specific derivation is unclear. Possible ancestor or cognate languages include Wolof banaana, Eastern Maninkakan banana, and Vai ꕒꘌꕯ (ɓaana) or ꕒꕌꕯ (ɓaana), possibly from Arabic بَنَان (banān, “finge... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "banana",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Portuguese banana"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "banana"... | [
"Arabic",
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
paralipsis | paralipsis | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Ancient Greek παράλειψις (paráleipsis, “omission”), from παραλείπω (paraleípō, “I pass over”), from παρά (pará, “by, near”) + λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "παράλειψις",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek παράλειψις (paráleipsis, “omission”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
tiger | tiger | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English tygre, in part from Old English tigras (pl.), in part from Anglo-Norman tigre, both from Latin tigris, from Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris), from Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬙𐬌𐬔𐬭𐬌 (tigri, “arrow”), 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra, “pointed”)). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick,... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "tygre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English tygre"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "tigras",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
eleven | eleven | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ís?\nProto-Indo-European *h₁óynos\nProto-Germanic *ainaz\nProto-Germanic *lībaną\nProto-Germanic *-lif\nProto-Germanic *ainalif\nProto-West Germanic *ainalif\nProto-West Germanic *ainalifun\nOld English endleofan\nMiddle English elleven\nEnglish eleven\nFrom Middle English elle... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "elleven",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English elleven"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "endleofan",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
twelve | twelve | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English twelve, from Old English twelf (“twelve”), from Proto-Germanic *twalif, an old compound of *twa- (“two”) and *-lif (“left over”) (i.e., two left over after having already counted to ten), from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, remain”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian tweelf, tweelif, tweelich... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "twelve",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English twelve"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "twelf",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
bomb | bomb | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From French bombe, from Italian bomba, from Latin bombus (“a booming sound”), from Ancient Greek βόμβος (bómbos, “booming, humming, buzzing”), imitative of the sound itself. Doublet of bombe. Compare boom."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "bombe",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French bombe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "bomba",
"template": "der",
... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
henna | henna | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ), the name of the tree used to make the dye, probably from Middle Persian [script needed] (*hannāy-, “to smear, anoint”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "حِنَّاء",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "",... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
catalonia | Catalonia | [
"name"
] | [
"From Catalan Catalunya. Further origins disputed. One theory would make it related to Gotland."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Catalunya",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Catalan Catalunya"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
cayman islands | Cayman Islands | [
"name"
] | [
"From Spanish Caymanes, variant of earlier Spanish Lagartos in reference to the early prevalence of marine and freshwater crocodiles on the islands. Spanish caimán and Portuguese caimão are of uncertain etymology, being variously attributed to Taíno kaimán, Kari'na acayouman, and Kongo."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Caymanes",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish Caymanes"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Lagartos",
"templat... | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
england | England | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *angliz\nOld English Engle\nProto-Indo-European *lendʰ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Germanic *landą\nProto-West Germanic *land\nOld English land\nOld English Engla land\nMiddle English Engelond\nEnglish England\nFrom Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Engelond",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Engelond"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Engla land"... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
bid | BID | [
"adv",
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin bis in diē.",
"From Middle English bidden, from Old English biddan (“to ask, demand”), from Proto-West Germanic *biddjan, from Proto-Germanic *bidjaną (“to ask”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ-. Conflated with Old English bēodan (“to offer, announce”) (see Etymology 2 below).\nCompare West Frisian ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "bis in diē",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin bis in diē"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "bidden",
"template... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
pulpit | pulpit | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English pulpit, from Old French pulpite and Latin pulpitum (“platform”). Doublet of pulpitum and polypus. Piecewise doublet of polypod."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pulpit",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pulpit"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "pulpite",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
church | church | [
"noun",
"verb",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English chirche, from Old English ċiriċe (“church”), from Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, an early borrowing of Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón), neuter form of κυριακός (kuriakós, “belonging to the lord”), from κύριος (kúrios, “ruler, lord”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, spread out, be s... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "chirche",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English chirche"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ċiriċe",
... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
small | small | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English smal, from Old English smæl (“small, narrow, slender”), from Proto-Germanic *smalaz (“small”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal-, *(s)mel- (“small, mean, malicious”). Cognate with Scots smal; sma (“small”); West Frisian smel (“narrow”); Dutch smal (“narrow”); German schmal (“narrow, small”); Lo... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "smal",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English smal"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "smæl",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
minuscule | minuscule | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From French minuscule, from Latin minuscula, feminine of minusculus (“rather less, rather small”), from minus (“less, smaller”) + -culus (diminutive suffix)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "minuscule",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French minuscule"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "minuscula",
"template"... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
nuisance | nuisance | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English noysaunce, from Anglo-Norman nusaunce, nussance and Old French nuisance, from nuisir (“to harm”), from Latin nocēre. Doublet of nocence and nocency."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "noysaunce",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English noysaunce"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "nusaunce",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
supersede | supersede | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French superseder (“postpone, defer”), from Latin supersedēre, from super (“over”) + sedēre (“to sit”). The meaning “to replace” is from 1642, probably by association with unrelated precede – note that c instead of s (from cēdere (“to yield”), not sedēre (“to sit”)). As a result, supercede is a common ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "superseder",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French superseder (“postpone, defer”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
mental | mental | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowing from Middle French mental, from Late Latin mentālis, from mēns (“mind, disposition; heart, soul”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "mental",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French mental"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "mentālis",
"tem... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
tomato | tomato | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Variant of earlier tomate, from Spanish tomate, from Classical Nahuatl tomatl, from Proto-Nahuan *toma-tl. Compare tomatillo."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "tomate",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish tomate"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "tomatl",
"template": "... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
union of soviet socialist republics | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of Russian Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Russian",
"source_code": "ru",
"source_term": "Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "Calque of Russian Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik)"
}
] | [
"Russian"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
cherry | cherry | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English chery, cherie, chirie, from Anglo-Norman cherise (mistaken as a plural) and Old English ċiris, ċirse (“cherry”), from Proto-West Germanic *kirsijā, from Vulgar Latin ceresia, derived from Late Latin ceresium, cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasó... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "chery",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English chery"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "cherise",
"templ... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
japanese | Japanese | [
"adj",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nHokkien 日本 /Ji̍t-púnbor.\nMalay Jepangbor.\nPortuguese Japãobor.\n▲\nMalay Jepangbor.\nDutch Japanbor.\nEnglish Japan\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-iskbor.\nLate Latin -iscus\n▲\nVulgar Latin -iscus\nLatin -ēnsis\nOld French -eisbor.\nMiddle English -ey... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "japonês",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese japonês"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "japonensis",
"te... | [
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
slovene | Slovene | [
"adj",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From German Slowene, from Slovene Slovenec. Related to Slav and Slovak."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Slowene",
"template": "der",
"detail": "German Slowene"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Slovenec",
"template": ... | [
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
rupophobia | rupophobia | [
"noun"
] | [
"Possibly from Ancient Greek ῥύπος (rhúpos, “filth”) + -phobia (See rhypophobia). Alternatively, related to Latin rupes (“cliff, rock”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ῥύπος",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ῥύπος (rhúpos, “filth”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "rupes",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
bench | bench | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English bench, benk, bynk, from Old English benċ (“bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-.\nCognate with Scots benk, bink (“bench”), West Frisian bank (“bench”), Dutch bank (“bench”), German Bank (“bench”), Danish bænk (“bench”),... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "bench",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English bench"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "benċ",
"templ... | [
"English",
"German",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
academician | academician | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAncient Greek Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ία (-ía)\nAncient Greek Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek Ἀκάδ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "académicien",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French académicien"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
beige | beige | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Unadapted borrowing from French (dialectal) beige, from Old French bege (“color of undyed wool or cotton”), from an Alpine language (compare Franco-Provençal bézho, Romansch besch (“dull grey”)), from Vulgar Latin *bysseus (“cottony grey”) (compare French bis, Catalan bis, Italian bigio), from Late Latin byssus (“... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "(dialectal) beige",
"template": "ubor",
"detail": "Unadapted borrowing from French (dialectal) beige"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Hebrew",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
black | black | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *blakaz\nProto-West Germanic *blak\nOld English blæc\nMiddle English blak\nEnglish black\nFrom Middle English blak, black, blake, from Old English blæc (“black, dark\", also \"ink”), from Proto-West Germanic *blak, from Proto-Germanic *blakaz (“burnt”), possibly from Proto-Indo-Europ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "blak",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English blak"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "blæc",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
blue | blue | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English blewe, from Anglo-Norman blew (“blue”), from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (“blue”), from Frankish *blāu (“blue”) (perhaps through a Late Latin blāvus, blāvius (“blue”) attested from Isidore of Seville), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue, dark blue”), from Proto-Indo-Eu... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "blewe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English blewe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "blew",
"template... | [
"English",
"French",
"German",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
gold | gold | [
"noun",
"symbol",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰĺ̥h₃-to-mder.\nProto-Germanic *gulþą\nProto-West Germanic *golþ\nOld English gold\nMiddle English gold\nEnglish gold\nFrom Middle English gold, from Old English gold (“gold”), from Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą (“gold”), f... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "gold",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English gold"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*golþ",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
green | green | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *grōniz\nProto-West Germanic *-ī\nProto-West Germanic *grōnī\nOld English grēne\nMiddle English grene\nEnglish green\nFrom Middle English grene, from Old English grēne, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”). More a... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "grene",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English grene"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "grēne",
"temp... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Irish",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
grey | grey | [
"adj",
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English grey, from Old English grēġ (Anglian). The spelling grey reflects the Anglian vowel development, whereas the variant gray stems from the West Saxon form grǣġ (through Middle English gray). Further derived from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz (compare Dutch grauw, German grau, Old Norse grár), from Proto... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "grey",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English grey"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "grēġ",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
magenta | magenta | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from French magenta, from Italian Magenta, in commemoration of the Franco-Italian victory at the Battle of Magenta in 1859. An aniline dye in this colour had been invented the same year by French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin and was named in honour of the battle. The town's name derives from Latin Ca... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "magenta",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French magenta"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "Magenta",
... | [
"French",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
mauve | mauve | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from French mauve (“mallow”), from Latin malva, which has a purple colour. Doublet of mallow. Coined in 1856 by the chemist William Henry Perkin, when he accidentally created the first aniline dye."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "mauve",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French mauve (“mallow”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "malva",
"template"... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
pink | pink | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj",
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Middle Dutch pincke. Compare French pinque.",
"Probably ultimately imitative, or from Dutch pingelen (“to do fine needlework”) or Low German [Term?]; compare Low German pinken (“hit, peck”) and Pinke (“big needle”).",
"Borrowed from Dutch pinken.",
"* As an English surname, from Old English pin... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle Dutch"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "pingelen",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
purple | purple | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English purple, purpel, from Old English purpul (“purple”, adjective), taken from Old English purpure (“purple colour”, noun), from Latin purpura (“purple dye, shellfish”), from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra, “purple-fish”), perhaps of Semitic origin. Doublet of purpura and purpure.\nThe sense of \"i... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "purple",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English purple"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "purpul",
"t... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
silver | silver | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nsubstratebor.?\nProto-Germanic *silubrą\nProto-West Germanic *silubr\nOld English seolfor\nMiddle English silver\nEnglish silver\nInherited from Middle English silver, selver, sulver, from Old English seolfor, from Proto-West Germanic *silubr, from Proto-Germanic *silubrą (“silver”), of uncertain o... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "silver,selver,sulver",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English silver, selver, sulver"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"borrowed",
"calqued",
"inherited"
] |
violet | violet | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLatin viola\nOld French -ette\nOld French violettebor.\nMiddle English violet\nEnglish violet\nInherited from Middle English violet, vyolet, vyolette, from Old French violette, from Latin viola (“violet”) + -ette. Cognate with Lithuanian violetinė (“purple, violet”) and Spanish violeta (“purple, vi... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "violet",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English violet"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "violette",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
white | white | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English whit, hwit, from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweydós, a byform of *ḱweytós (“bright; shine”).\nCognates\n* West Frisian wyt\n*Dutch wit\n* German weiß\n* German weiss\n* Norwegian Bokmål hvit\n* Norwegian Nyn... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "whit",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English whit"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hwīt",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Irish",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
yellow | yellow | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English yelwe, yelou, from Old English ġeolwe, oblique form of Old English ġeolu, from Proto-West Germanic *gelu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“gleam, yellow”).\nCognate with Scots yella (“yellow”), North Frisian gööl, güül (“yellow”), Saterland Frisi... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yelow",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yelwe, yelou"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġeolwe",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
citrus | citrus | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin citrus (“a citron tree, thuja”), probably via Etruscan from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros); compare Middle English citurtre, cytyr tre. Thus a possible doublet of cedar."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "citrus",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin citrus (“a citron tree, thuja”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
fourth | fourth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English fourthe, an alteration (due to four) of ferthe, from Old English fēorþa, fēowerþa, from Proto-West Germanic *feurþō, from Proto-Germanic *fedurþô, equivalent to four + -th (ordinal suffix).\nCognates\nCompare West Frisian fjirde, Saterland Frisian fjädde, fjoode, Dutch vierde, German ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fourthe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fourthe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fēorþa",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
third | third | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"PIE word\n *tréyes\nFrom Middle English thirde, thridde, from Old English þridda, from Proto-Germanic *þridjô, from Pre-Germanic *tretyós, a remodeling of Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "thirde",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English thirde"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "þridda",
"t... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
fifth | fifth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"PIE word\n *pénkʷe\nFrom Middle English fifthe, fifte, fift, from Old English fīfta (“fifth”), from Proto-Germanic *fimftô (“fifth”) or *femftô, equivalent to five + -th (ordinal suffix). Cognate with Scots fift, fyft (“fifth”), North Frisian fyfde (“fifth”), West Frisian fyfde (“fifth”), Dutch vijfde (“fifth”), L... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fifthe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fifthe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fīfta",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
ontology | ontology | [
"noun"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from New Latin ontologia (1606, Ogdoas Scholastica, by Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus)), from Ancient Greek ὤν, ὄντος (ṓn, óntos, “being”), present participle of εἰμί (eimí, “being, existing, essence”) + λόγος (lógos, “account”). By surface analysis, onto- + -logy.\nFirst known English use 1663: Archel... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "ontologia",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from New Latin ontologia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_te... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
metaphysics | metaphysics | [
"noun"
] | [
"1560s; plural of metaphysic, from Middle English methaphesik, methaphisik, methaphisique, metaphesyk, methafisik, metaphesyk, methephysyk, from Old French metafisique, methaphisique and Medieval Latin metaphysica, methephisica, from Byzantine Greek μεταφυσικά (metaphusiká), from the title of the collection by Aris... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "methaphesik",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English methaphesik"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "metafisiqu... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
trumpet | trumpet | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English trumpet, trumpette, trompette (“trumpet”), from Old French trompette (“trumpet”), diminutive of trompe (“horn, trump, trumpet”), from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba (“trumpet”), ultimately imitative.\nCognate with Old High German trumpa, trumba (“horn, trumpet”), Middle Dutch tromme (“drum”), Middle... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "trumpet",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English trumpet"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "trompette",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tuba | tuba | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed in the 19th century from French tuba (“tuba”), German Tuba (“tuba”), originally Baß-Tuba (literally “bass tuba”), or Italian tuba (“tuba”), from Latin tuba (“tube, trumpet, military trumpet”). The Latin term is of obscure ultimate origin, but is possibly connected to tībia (“shinbone, reed-pipe”); see the... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "tuba",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French tuba (“tuba”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Tuba",
"template": "... | [
"French",
"German",
"Italian",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
clapper | clapper | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French clapier."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "clapier",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French clapier"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
cane | cane | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English cane, canne, from Old French cane (“sugar cane”), from Latin canna (“reed”), from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na). Doublet of canna and kaneh. Related to channel and canal."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "cane",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English cane"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "cane",
"template":... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tempo | tempo | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Italian tempo, from Latin tempus (“time”). Doublet of tense.\n(truck or cargo van): A genericized trademark, originally associated with the manufacturer Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werke GmbH."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "tempo",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian tempo"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "tempus",
"template": "der",... | [
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
sixth | sixth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From earlier sixt, from Middle English sixte, from Old English siexta, from Proto-Germanic *sehstô. By surface analysis, six + -th (ordinal suffix)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "sixte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English sixte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "siexta",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
seventh | seventh | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English seventhe, sefte, from Old English seofoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *sebundō, from Proto-Germanic *sebundô. The -n-, lost in northern Proto-West Germanic, was later reinserted by analogy with seven, equivalent to seven + -th."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "seventhe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English seventhe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "seofoþa",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
secondo | secondo | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Italian secondo."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "secondo",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian secondo"
}
] | [
"Italian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
eighth | eighth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw\nProto-Indo-European *oḱtowós\nProto-Germanic *ahtudô\nProto-West Germanic *ahtudō\nOld English eahtoþa\nMiddle English eightethe\nEnglish eighth\nInherited from Middle English eightethe, from Old English eahtoþa, from Proto-Germanic *ahtudô; equivalent to eight + -th (or... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "eightethe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English eightethe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "eahtoþa",... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
ninth | ninth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English nynthe, nynte, from Old English niġoþa, from Proto-Germanic *newundô; the -n- was reinserted by analogy with nine. Equivalent to nine + -th (ordinal suffix)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "nynthe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English nynthe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "niġoþa",
"t... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
tenth | tenth | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English tenth, tenthe. Old English had tēoþa (origin of Modern English tithe), but the force of analogy to the cardinal number \"ten\" caused Middle English speakers to recreate the regular ordinal and re-insert the nasal consonant. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tehundô. Equivalent to ten (numeral) +... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "tenth",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English tenth, tenthe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
duel | duel | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Medieval Latin duellum (“fight between two men, duel”), itself from Old Latin duellum (“war, fight”), which survived in Classical Latin as a rare byform of bellum and was later reinterpreted as “duel” by unetymological association with duo (“two”).\nMay have entered English through Middle French duel."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "duellum",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Medieval Latin duellum (“fight between two men, duel”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
... | [
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
italian | Italian | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Italian, from Medieval Latin Italiānus, from Latin Italia (“Italy”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Italian",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Italian"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Italiānus",
... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
musical | musical | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English musical, from Old French [Term?], from Medieval Latin mūsicālis, from Latin mūsica (“music”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives); equivalent to music + -al."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "musical",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English musical"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "",
"template... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
football | football | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English fotbal, footbal, equivalent to foot + ball, because the ball was primarily manipulated with the feet in early versions of the game (though some modern varieties involve more handling than kicking). The name for the briefcase is a play on “dropkick”, the code name of an early version of the nucl... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fotbal",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fotbal"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
yourself | yourself | [
"pron"
] | [
"From Middle English yourself, equivalent to your + -self."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yourself",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yourself"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
yours | yours | [
"pron"
] | [
"From Middle English youres, ȝoures, attested since the 1300s. Equivalent to your + -s (compare -'s); formed by analogy to his. Displaced yourn in standard speech."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "youres",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English youres"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
your | your | [
"det"
] | [
"From Middle English your, youre, ȝour, ȝoure, from Old English ēower, īower (“your”, plural), from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian jou (“your”), Dutch jouw (“your”), German Low German jo, jos (“your”), German euer (“your”, plural), Danish jeres (“your”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "your",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English your"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ēower",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
young | young | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English yong, yonge, from Old English ġeong, from Proto-West Germanic *jung, from Proto-Germanic *jungaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en- (“young”).\nCognates\nCognate with Alemannic German jung, jungu, junhs, jungà, jòng (“young”), Bavarian junk (“young”), Central Franc... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yong",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yong"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġeong",
"templa... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
you | you | [
"pron",
"det",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English you, yow, ȝow (object case of ye), from Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē), from Proto-West Germanic *iwwi (“you”, dative case of *jiʀ), from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz), the Western form of Proto-Germanic *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-Europ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "you",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English you"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ēow",
"template":... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
yet | yet | [
"adv",
"conj",
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English yet, yit, from Old English ġīet, gȳta, from Proto-West Germanic *jūta, from Proto-Germanic *juta (compare West Frisian jit, jitte (“yet”), Dutch ooit (“ever”), German jetzt (“now”)), compound of (1) *ju (“already”, adverb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-, accusative of *h₂óyu (“long... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yet",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yet"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġīet",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
wrought | wrought | [
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"The past participle of Middle English werken (“to work”), from Old English wyrċan (past tense worhte, past participle (ġe)worht; cf. also the metathetic variant (ġe)wroht), from Proto-West Germanic *wurkijan, from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną (“to work”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to work”). Doublet of worked... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "werken",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English werken (“to work”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "wyrċa... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
wrong | wrong | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English wrong, from Old English wrang (“wrong, twisted, uneven”), from Old Norse rangr, vrangr (“crooked, wrong”), from Proto-Germanic *wrangaz (“crooked, twisted, turned awry”), from Proto-Indo-European *werḱ-, *wrengʰ- (“to twist, weave, tie together”), from *wer- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Scot... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "wrong",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English wrong"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "wrang#Etymology_2... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
heinous | heinous | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English hainous, from Old French haïneus (compare French haineux) from haïr (“to hate”), hadir (“to hate”) (compare Old French en-hadir (“to become filled with hate”)), from Frankish *hattjan (“to hate”) (compare Middle English hetien). More at hate.\nThe fluctuation between pronunciations with /eɪ/ an... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "hainous",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English hainous"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "haineus",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
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