word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
namibia | Namibia | [
"name"
] | [
"From Namib (from Khoekhoe namib) + -ia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "namib",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Khoekhoe namib"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
niger | Niger | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Commonly linked by folk etymology to Latin niger (“black”), which likely influenced the modern spelling.\nSome sources give the term to Tuareg roots, deriving it from a claimed gher n-gheren or egereou n-igereouen (“river of rivers”). Compare Tarifit iɣzar-n-iɣezran.\nOlder sources derive Niger, via a series of mi... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Tuareg"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Nigris",
"template": "der",
"detai... | [
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
nicaragua | Nicaragua | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Nicaragua, from Nicarao (“a native name”) + agua (“Spanish for water”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Nicaragua",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Nicaragua"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
mi | mi | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Glover's solmization, from Middle English mi (“third degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales”), Italian mi in the solmization of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin mīra (“miracles; the miraculous”) in the lyrics of the scale-ascending hymn Ut queant laxis by Paulus Deacon."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mi",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English mi (“third degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"s... | [
"English",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
translation | translation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English translacioun (“transfer, translation”), from Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō, from trānslāt-, the supine stem of trānsferō (“to transfer, transport, transform, translate”). Equivalent to translate + -ion. Displaced native Old English wending."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "translacioun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English translacioun (“transfer, translation”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
love | love | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English love, luve, from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō, from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“love, care, desire”).\nThe close of a letter sense is presumably a truncation of With love or the like.\nThe verb is from Middle English loven, luvien, from Old Engli... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "love",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English love"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "lufu",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
mardo | mardo | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Nyunga mardu."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "mardu",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Nyunga mardu"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
proprietary | proprietary | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From French propriétaire, from Latin proprietārius. By surface analysis, propriety + -ary. Compare with the Latin proprietas (“property”) and proprius (“ownership”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "propriétaire",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French propriétaire"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "proprietārius",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
french | French | [
"name",
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *frankô\nProto-West Germanic *Frankō\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-isk\nProto-West Germanic *Frankisk\nOld English Frencisċder.\nMiddle English Frensch\nEnglish French\nInherited from Middle English Frenche, Frensch, Frensc, Frenshe, Fren... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Frenche",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Frenche"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Frenċisċ",
... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
standard | standard | [
"adj",
"noun",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English standard, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Frankish *standahard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand + -ard. An alternative etymology derives the second element from Frankish *oʀd (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old French ordé (“pointed”), O... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "standard",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English standard"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "estandart",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"calqued",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
feature | feature | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English feture, from Anglo-Norman feture, from Old French faiture, from Latin factūra, from Latin factus, from Latin faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place, set”). Doublet of facture."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "feture",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English feture"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "feture",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
nepal | Nepal | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Nepali नेपाल (nepāl)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "नेपाल",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Nepali नेपाल (nepāl)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
nauru | Nauru | [
"name"
] | [
"From German Nauru, from Nauruan Naoero.\nThe exact origin of the name is uncertain. The German anthropologist Paul Hambruch suggested that it derives from the Nauruan phrase a-nuau-a-ororo (anáoero, “I go to the seashore”), although this was later disputed by the German Catholic missionary Alois Kayser."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Nauru",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "German Nauru"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Naoero",
"template": "der"... | [
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
oman | Oman | [
"name"
] | [
"From Arabic عُمَان (ʕumān)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "عُمَان",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Arabic عُمَان (ʕumān)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
panama | Panama | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Panamá, of unknown origin. Possibly from a Chibchan language such as Kuna, or another indigenous language of the region (such as Cueva, which is barely attested and is now extinct)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Panamá",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Panamá"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"te... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
peru | Peru | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Perú, possibly from the personal name Birú, or from the Quechua pelu (“river”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Perú",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Perú"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "pelu",
"tem... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
portugal | Portugal | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Portuguese Portugal, from Latin Portucale < Portus Cale (former name of what is now the city of Vila Nova de Gaia), from portus + Callus, which is disputed:\n* From the name of the Gallaeci, a Celtic tribe of Iberia.\n* From Latin calidus (“warm”).\n* From Ancient Greek Καλλίς (Kallís, “Beautiful”), ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Portugal",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese Portugal"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Portucale",
"temp... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
romania | Romania | [
"name"
] | [
"From Romanian român (“Romanian”) (in turn from Latin romanus (“Roman”)) + -ia. Doublet of Romagna.",
"From Latin Rōmānia, from Byzantine Greek Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía), itself from Latin rōmānus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "român",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Romanian român (“Romanian”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "romanus",
"te... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
rwanda | Rwanda | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nRwanda-Rundi -anda\nRwanda-Rundi u Rwāndabor.\nEnglish Rwanda\nFrom Rwanda-Rundi u Rwanda from the archaic verb -anda (“to expand”). Compare Zulu anda (“to multiply”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "u Rwanda",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Rwanda-Rundi u Rwanda"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
sudan | Sudan | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Derived from Arabic سُودَان (sūdān, “black people”), plural of أَسْوَد (ʔaswad).",
"Borrowed from Korean 수단(水團) (sudan)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "سُودَان",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Arabic سُودَان (sūdān, “black people”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "수단... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
singapore | Singapore | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Singapura",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Malay Singapura"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Sanskrit",
"source_code": "sa",
"source_term": "सिंहपुर",
"templat... | [
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"derived"
] |
slovenia | Slovenia | [
"name"
] | [
"Slovene (from German, from Slovene) + -ia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "German"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": ... | [
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
slovakia | Slovakia | [
"name"
] | [
"First attested to in German in 1586, itself apparently derived from Slovak Slováky, equivalent to English Slovak + -ia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Slovák",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Slovak Slováky"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
san marino | San Marino | [
"name"
] | [
"From Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "San Marino",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”)"
}
] | [
"Italian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
senegal | Senegal | [
"name"
] | [
"Probably from a Portuguese transliteration of the name of the Zenaga (possibly from Arabic زنجي (“Zanj, Negro”), from Persian زَنگ (“Land of the Blacks”) Etymology 3. Or a combination of the supreme deity in Serer religion (Rog Sene) and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "زنجي",
"template": "der",
"de... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
el salvador | El Salvador | [
"name"
] | [
"Unadapted borrowing from Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Saviour”). Named in honor of Jesus Christ."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "El Salvador",
"template": "ubor",
"detail": "Unadapted borrowing from Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Saviour”)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
syria | Syria | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Sirie, from Latin Sȳria, from Ancient Greek Σῠρῐ́ᾱ (Sŭrĭ́ā), apheretic form of Ἀσσυρία (Assuría, “Assyria”), from Akkadian 𒀾𒋗𒊏𒅀 (Aššūrāyu), from 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”).\nThe land corresponding to modern Syria was originally called Aram by its ancient inhabitants, the Arameans. After the Assy... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Sirie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Sirie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Sȳria",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
chad | Chad | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Chadde, from Old English Ċeadda, of obscure meaning; name of a seventh-century Anglo-Saxon saint, revived in the 20th century.\nThe sense of “alpha male” originates from an apparent stereotype that men with such a name tend to bear that temperament, first attested in c. late 1990s in Chicago, I... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Chadde",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Chadde"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Ċeadda",
"t... | [
"English",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
togo | Togo | [
"name",
"verb"
] | [
"From Togoville, from Ewe to (“to pound”) + go (“shore”).",
"After Japanese admiral Tōgō Heihachirō.",
"From Middle English togon, from Old English tōgān (“to go apart”), from Proto-Germanic *tōgāną (“to go apart”), equivalent to to- + go. Cognate with German zergehen. Compare Old English tōgangan (“to go away,... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "to",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ewe to (“to pound”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Japanese",
"source_code": "ja",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der"... | [
"English",
"Japanese",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tonga | Tonga | [
"name"
] | [
"From Tongan Tonga, from Samoan toga (“southern”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Tonga",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Tongan Tonga"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "toga",
"template": "der",... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ukraine | Ukraine | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Polish Ukraina or Russian Украи́на (Ukraína), from Old East Slavic оукраина (ukraina), which is most commonly taken to have meant \"borderland, marches\" in this context, though for about a century now Ukrainian scholars have articulated an alternative theory that it meant \"region, country, the land... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Polish",
"source_code": "pl",
"source_term": "Ukraina",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Polish Ukraina"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Russian",
"source_code": "ru",
"source_term": "Украи́на",
... | [
"Other",
"Polish",
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
uganda | Uganda | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLuganda Bugandader.\nSwahili Ugandader.\nEnglish Uganda\nFrom Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”), possibly from Proto-Bantu *ngàndá (“family”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Uganda",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_t... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
uruguay | Uruguay | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Uruguay, of disputed origin."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Uruguay",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish Uruguay"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
venezuela | Venezuela | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Venezuela, from Italian Veneziola, diminutive of Venezia (“Venice”), after the stilt houses reminiscent of Venetian architecture."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Venezuela",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Venezuela"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "Venezi... | [
"Italian",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
vietnam | Vietnam | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Vietnamese Việt Nam. Extended senses come from the Vietnam War."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Việt Nam",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Vietnamese Việt Nam"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
yemen | Yemen | [
"name"
] | [
"From Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman), from Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right; right hand”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "اَلْيَمَن",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*yamīn-",
... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Bantu *mbá\nShona imbá\nProto-Bantu *ìbʊ̀è\nShona ibwe\nShona dzimba-dze-mabweder.\nEnglish Zimbabwe\nFrom Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“houses of stones”) (see imba (“house”), ibwe (“stone”)), in reference to Great Zimbabwe."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "dzimba-dze-mabwe",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“houses of stones”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
skillful | skillful | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English skilful, skylfull, scelvol, equivalent to skill + -ful."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "skilful",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English skilful"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"derived"
] |
skill | skill | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English skill, skille (also schil, schile), from Old Norse skil (“a distinction, discernment, knowledge”), from Proto-Germanic *skilją (“separation, limit”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cut”). Cognate with Danish skel (“a separation, boundary, divide”), Swedish skäl (“reason”), Dutch... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "skill",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English skill"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "skil",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
mortar | mortar | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English morter, from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium. Doublet of mortarium."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "morter",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English morter"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "mortier",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
current | current | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English curraunt, borrowed from Old French curant (French courant), present participle of courre (“to run”), from Latin currere (“to run”) (present participle currens). Doublet of courant."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "curraunt",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English curraunt"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "corant",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
industrial | industrial | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From French industriel. By surface analysis, industry + -al."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "industriel",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French industriel"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
pollution | pollution | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English pollucioun, pollucion (“desecration, impurity”), from Anglo-Norman pollutiun, Middle French pollution, pollucion, and their source, post-classical Latin pollūtiō (“defilement, desecration; nocturnal emission”) (4th century), from the participial stem of polluō (“to soil, defile, contaminate”), ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pollucioun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pollucioun"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "pollutiun"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
automatic | automatic | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ewder.?\nProto-Indo-European *sóder.?\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ewder.\nAncient Greek αὖ (aû)\nAncient Greek τόν (tón)?\nAncient Greek αὐτός (autós)\nAncient Greek αὐτο- (auto-)\nProto-Indo-European *men-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *mn̥tós\nProto-Hellenic *... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "automaticus",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from New Latin automaticus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-cla",
"source_term... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
pollute | pollute | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English polluten, borrowed from Latin pollūtum, from pollūtus (“no longer virgin\", \"unchaste”), perfect passive participle of polluō (“soil\", \"defile\", \"dishonor”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "polluten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English polluten"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "pollūtum",
"... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
interlingua | Interlingua | [
"name"
] | [
"Coined possibly independently multiple times in multiple languages, but modern use derives from the Interlingua word. The word itself comes from Latin inter (“between”) + lingua (“language”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Interlingua"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "inter",
"template": "der",
"... | [
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
spanish | Spanish | [
"adj",
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Spainish, Spanish, equivalent to Spain + -ish."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Spainish",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English Spainish"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"derived"
] |
board | board | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"A wooden board\nBoard (duplicate bridge)\nFrom Middle English boord, boorde, bord, bourd, burd, from Old English bord, from Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą (“board, plank; edge; table”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers- (“tip, top”) + *-dʰh₁eti or *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”) + *-dʰh₁eti.... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "boord",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English boord"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bord",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
amigo | amigo | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish amigo (“friend”), from Latin amīcus (“friend”), derived from amāre (“to love”). Compare French ami, Italian amico, Portuguese amigo and Romanian amic. Doublet of amicus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "amigo",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish amigo (“friend”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "amīcu... | [
"Latin",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abettor | abettor | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abettour, from Anglo-Norman abettour, from Old French abeter + -our (“-or”). See abet."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abettour",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abettour"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "abettour",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
portuguese | Portuguese | [
"adj",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Portuguese português. By surface analysis, Portugal + -ese."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "português",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese português"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
absence | absence | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin abder.\nLatin ab-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Italic *som~*ezom\nLatin sum\nLatin absum\nLatin absēns\n... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "absence",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English absence"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "absence",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
absolute | absolute | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absolut, from Middle French absolut, from Latin absolūtus (“unconditional; unfettered; completed”), perfect passive participle of absolvō (“loosen, set free, complete”), from ab (“away”) + solvo (“to loose”). Influenced in part by Old French absolu. Compare absolve."... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "absolut",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English absolut"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "absolut",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
absorption | absorption | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Italic *ap\nLatin abder.\nLatin ab-\nProto-Indo-European *srebʰ-\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éyeti\nProto-Indo-European *srobʰéyeti\nProto-Italic *sorβeō\nLatin sorbeō\nLatin absorbeō\nProto... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "absorptiō",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin absorptiō (“a sucking in”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
absorbent | absorbent | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin absorbēns, present active participle of absorbeō (“absorb”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "absorbēns",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin absorbēns"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abstention | abstention | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in 1521. Borrowed from French abstention, from Late Latin abstēntiō from Latin abstinēō (“withhold, to abstain”)"
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "abstention",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French abstention"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "abstēntiō",
"te... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abstergent | abstergent | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From French, from Latin abstergens, present participle of abstergeo (“wiping off”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abstergens",
"template": "der",
"det... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abstinence | abstinence | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abstinence, from Old French abstinence, from Latin abstinentia, from abstinēns, present participle of abstineō (“to withhold”). Equivalent to abstain + -ence."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abstinence",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abstinence"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "abstinence... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abstract | abstract | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English abstract, borrowed from Latin abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrahō (“draw away”), formed from abs- (“away”) + trahō (“to pull, draw”). The verbal sense is first attested in 1542."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abstract",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abstract"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abstractus",
... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
absorb | absorb | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle French absorber, from Old French assorbir, from Latin absorbeō (“swallow up”), from ab- (“from”) + sorbeō (“suck in, swallow”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *srebʰ- (“to sip”). Compare French absorber."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "absorber",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French absorber"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "assorbir",
"te... | [
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abstraction | abstraction | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abstraccyone; either from Middle French abstraction or from Medieval Latin abstrāctiō (“separation”), from Latin abstrahō (“draw away”). Equivalent to abstract + -ion."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abstraccyone",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abstraccyone"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "abstra... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
absurd | absurd | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in 1557. From Middle French absurde, from Latin absurdus (“incongruous, dissonant, out of tune”), from ab (“away from, out”) + surdus (“silent, deaf, dull-sounding”). Compare surd."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "absurde",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French absurde"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "absurdus",
"templ... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abuse | abuse | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English abusen, then from either Old French abus (“improper use”), or from Latin abūsus (“misused, using up”), perfect active participle of abūtor (“make improper use of, consume, abuse”), from ab (“away”) + ūtor (“to use”). Equivalent to ab- + use.",
"From Middle English abusen, from Middle French a... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abusen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abusen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "abus",
"templa... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abundance | abundance | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abundaunce, habaundance, from Old French habundance, abondance, from Latin abundantia (“fullness, plenty”), from abundō (“to overflow”). Equivalent to abound + -ance. Displaced Old English geniht (“abundance, plenty”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abundaunce",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abundaunce"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "habundance... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abundant | abundant | [
"adj"
] | [
"First attested about 1380. From Middle English abundaunt, habundaunt, aboundant, from Anglo-Norman abundant, from Old French abondant, from Latin abundāns, present participle of abundō (“to overflow, to abound”). Compare abound."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abundaunt",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abundaunt"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "abundant",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abutment | abutment | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in 1644; engineering sense first attested in 1793. From Old French aboutement. Equivalent to abut + -ment."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "aboutement",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old French aboutement"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abyss | abyss | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abissus, from Late Latin abyssus (“a bottomless gulf”), from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος (ábussos, “bottomless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + βυσσός (bussós, “deep place”), from βυθός (buthós, “deep place”). Displaced native Old English neowolnes."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abissus",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abissus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "abyssus",
... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abysm | abysm | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abime, from Old French abisme from Late Latin *abyssimus, a superlative of abyssus (“bottomless pit”), from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος (ábussos). Cognate to French abîme. See also abyss."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abime",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abime"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "abisme",
"templa... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
academic | academic | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAncient Greek Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ία (-ía)\nAncient Greek Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek Ἀκάδ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "acadēmicus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Medieval Latin acadēmicus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "académique",... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
academy | academy | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAncient Greek Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ία (-ía)\nAncient Greek Ἀκαδήμεια (Akadḗmeia)der.\nClassical Latin acadēmī̆ader.\nMiddle English Achademia\nEnglish academy\nFrom Middle English A... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Achademia,achademy,Achademye,achadomye",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Achademia, achademy, Achademye, achadomye"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin"... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
acanthus | acanthus | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin acanthus, from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos, “thorn”), from ἀκή (akḗ, “point”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acanthus",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin acanthus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἄκανθος",
"template": "d... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
accelerate | accelerate | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *kel-der.\nLatin celer\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin celerō\nLatin accelerō\nLatin acc... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accelerātus",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Latin accelerātus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
acceleration | acceleration | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *kel-der.\nLatin celer\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin celerō\nLatin accelerō\nProto-Ind... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "accélération",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French accélération"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accelerātiō",
"t... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
accomplish | accomplish | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English accomplisshen, acomplissen, from Old French acompliss-, extended stem of acomplir (Modern French accomplir), from Vulgar Latin *(ac)complīre, from Latin complēre (“fill up/out, complete”, whence English complete).\nFirst attested in the late 14th century."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accomplisshen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accomplisshen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accent | accent | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English accent, from Medieval Latin accentus and Old French accent, acent, both from Latin accentus, past participle of accinō (“sing to, sing along”), from ad- + canō (“to sing”). The word accent had been borrowed into Old English already, but was lost and reborrowed in Middle English.",
"... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accent",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accent"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "accentus",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accentuate | accentuate | [
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *keh₂n-der.\nProto-Italic *kanō\nLatin canō\nLatin accinō\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Italic *-tus\nLatin -tus\n▲\nAncient Greek προσῳδῐ́ᾱ (prosōidĭ́ā)calq.\nLatin accentus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "accentuātus",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "borrowed from Medieval Latin accentuātus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_ter... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
access | access | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English accesse, acces, borrowed from Middle French acces (“attack, onslaught”) or from its source Latin accessus, perfect passive participle of accēdō (“approach; accede”), from ad (“to, toward, at”) + cēdō (“move, yield”). Doublet of accessus. First attested in the early 14th century. The sense \"ent... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accesse",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accesse"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "acces",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
acclaim | acclaim | [
"verb"
] | [
"* First attested in the early 14th century.\n* (to applaud): First attested in the 1630s.\n* Borrowed from Latin acclāmō (“raise a cry at; applaud”), formed from ad- + clāmō (“cry out, shout”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acclāmō",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin acclāmō (“raise a cry at; applaud”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
accomplice | accomplice | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in 1550. From a complice, from Middle English complice, from Old French complice (“confederate”), from Latin complicāre (“fold together”). The article a became part of the word, through the influence of the word accomplish."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "complice",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English complice"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "complice",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
accompany | accompany | [
"verb"
] | [
"* First attested in early 15th century.\nFrom Middle English accompanien, from Old French acompagner (“to associate with”), from compaing (“companion”), nominative singular of compaignon (“companion”). See company."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accompanien",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accompanien"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acompagn... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accompaniment | accompaniment | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French accompagnement; equivalent to accompany + -ment. First attested in 1744."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "accompagnement",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French accompagnement"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
accession | accession | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Ultimately from Latin accessiō(n), from accēdō (English accede). Cognate to French accession. First attested in 1646."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accessiō",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin accessiō(n)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
accessory | accessory | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nMedieval Latin ad-\nProto-Italic *kezdō\nMedieval Latin cēdō\nMedieval Latin accēdō\nProto-Indo-European *-tōr\nProto-Italic *-tōr\nMedieval Latin -tor\nMedieval Latin accessor\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "accessōrius",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Medieval Latin accessōrius"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accessor",... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
eo | eo | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Korean 어 (eo)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "어",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Korean 어 (eo)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
affix | affix | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin affixus, perfect passive participle of affigere (from ad- + figere). By surface analysis, af- + fix."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "affixus",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin affixus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
greek | Greek | [
"adj",
"name",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Inherited from Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”), variant of Crēcas, from Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō, from Latin Graecus of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from the toponym Γραῖα (Graîa) or from other Paleo-Balkanic forms from a tribal name Graii.\nGreek in any case has the cognate Γραικός (Graikós), the mythologica... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Grēcas",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
lapidation | lapidation | [
"noun"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Latin lapidātiō."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "lapidātiō",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Latin lapidātiō"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
accost | accost | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French accoster, acoster, from Old French acoster (“to stand beside”) (whence Medieval Latin accostare), from Old French a- + coste (“side, flank”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "accoster",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French accoster"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acoster",
"te... | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
accountant | accountant | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English, from Middle French acuntant. Equivalent to account + -ant. First attested in the mid 15th century."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "acuntant",
"template": "de... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accredit | accredit | [
"verb"
] | [
"* First attested in the 1610s.\n* From French accréditer, from à (“to”) + to credit, from crédit (“credit”).\n* See credit."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "accréditer",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French accréditer"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
accretion | accretion | [
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *h₂éd\nLearned borrowing from Latin accrētiō (“increase, increment”) + English -ion (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results). Accrētiō is derived from accrēscō (“to grow, increase”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results); and accrēscō ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accrētiō",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Latin accrētiō (“increase, increment”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Indo-European",
"source_... | [
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
accrue | accrue | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in mid 15th century. From Middle English acrewen, borrowed from Old French acreüe, past participle of accreistre (“to increase”), from Latin accrēsco (“increase”), from ad (“in addition”) + crēscō (“to grow”). Compare accrete."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "acrewen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English acrewen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acreue",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accumulate | accumulate | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁mósder.?\nLatin cumulus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLati... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accumylaten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accumylaten"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accumulāt... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
accumulation | accumulation | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁mósder.?\nLatin cumulus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLati... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "acumulacyon",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English acumulacyon"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "accumula... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accumulator | accumulator | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁mósder.?\nLatin cumulus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLati... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accumulātor",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin accumulātor"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
accusation | accusation | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in the late 14th century. Inherited from Middle English accusacion, borrowed from Old French acusacion (French: accusation), from Latin accūsātiō (“accusation, indictment”), from accūsō (“blame, accuse”). Doublet of accusatio. More at accuse. Equivalent to accuse + -ation."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accusacion",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accusacion"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acusacion"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accusative | accusative | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Italic *kaussā\nOld Latin caussa\nLatin causa\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin accūsō\nProto-Indo-Europ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accusative",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accusative"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "accusatif"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accuse | accuse | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Italic *kaussā\nOld Latin caussa\nLatin causa\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin accūsārelbor.\nOld Frenc... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "acusen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English acusen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acuser",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
accustom | accustom | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"The verb is from Middle English accustomen, from Old French acoustumer, acustumer (Modern French accoutumer) corresponding to a (“to, toward”) + custom. More at custom, costume.\nThe noun is from Middle English acustom."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "accustomen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English accustomen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "acoustumer... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
anguilla | Anguilla | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin anguilla (“eel”), from an uncertain Romance language original. The name of the island refers to its elongated shape."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "anguilla",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin anguilla (“eel”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
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