word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
barbados | Barbados | [
"name",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰers-?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂der.\nProto-Indo-European *-tosder.\nProto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂tos\nProto-Italic *farβātos\nLatin barbātus\nPortuguese barbadoder.\nPortuguese barbadosbor.\nEnglish Barbados\nFrom Portuguese barbados (“bearded ones”), from barba (“bear... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "barbado",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese barbados (“bearded ones”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
burkina faso | Burkina Faso | [
"name"
] | [
"From Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”), coined by Thomas Sankara. Roughly translatable as \"fatherland of the upright people\"."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "burkĩna",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Moore burkĩna (“honest”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "faso",
"tem... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
benin | Benin | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Yoruboid *ú-lí\nYoruba ileder.\nYoruba ì-\nYoruba bí\nProto-Edekiri *ɪ́-nʊ̃́\nProto-Edekiri *ɪ́-lʊ̃́\nYoruba inú\nYoruba ibinuder.\nYoruba ile ibinubor.\nItsekiri Ubinubor.\nPortuguese Benimbor.\nEnglish Benin\nFrom Portuguese Benim, from Itsekiri Ubinu. The term is first documented in the la... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Benim",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese Benim"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Ubinu",
"template": ... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
brunei | Brunei | [
"name"
] | [
"From Malay Brunei, probably ultimately from Sanskrit वरुण (váruṇa), which also referred to the island of Borneo (a likely cognate to Brunei)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Brunei",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Malay Brunei"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Sanskrit",
"source_code": "sa",
"source_term": "वरुण",
"template": "der... | [
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
belarus | Belarus | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰel-\nProto-Slavic *bělъ\nOld East Slavic бѣлъ (bělŭ)der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁-der.\nProto-Germanic *rōþruz?\nOld East Norse *rōþs-bor.\nProto-Finnic *rooccibor.\nOld East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ)der.\nOld East Slavic Бѣла Русь (Běla Rusĭ)bor.\nBelarusian Бе́лая Русь (Bjélaj... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Белару́сь",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
vanuatu | Vanuatu | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Bislama Vanuatu."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Vanuatu",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Bislama Vanuatu"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
uzbekistan | Uzbekistan | [
"name"
] | [
"From Russian Узбекистан (Uzbekistan), itself from Classical Persian اُزْبَکِسْتَان (uzbakistān). Ultimately uncertain; possibly from Turkic uz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [Term?] (/bek/, “master”) (for the second element, see Turkish bey). The suffix is known to be from Classical Persian ـِستان (istān, “place of”). By... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Russian",
"source_code": "ru",
"source_term": "Узбекистан",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Russian Узбекистан (Uzbekistan)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "اُزْب... | [
"Other",
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
tuvalu | Tuvalu | [
"name"
] | [
"From Tuvaluan Tuuvalu (literally “eight standing together”) in reference to the eight inhabited islands of Tuvalu, although Tuvalu consists of nine islands. The ninth island, Niulakita, was inhabited in 1949. Compare to Proto-Austronesian *walu (“eight”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Tuuvalu",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Tuvaluan Tuuvalu (literally “eight standing together”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
turkmenistan | Turkmenistan | [
"name"
] | [
"From Turkmen Türkmenistan, from Türkmen (“Turk-like; Turkmen”) + Classical Persian ـستان (-istān, “-stan”). By surface analysis, Turkmen + -istan."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Türkmenistan",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Turkmen Türkmenistan"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ـستان",
"t... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ace | ace | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English as, from Old French as, from Latin as, assis (“unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage”), probably borrowed from Etruscan. Doublet of as."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "as",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English as"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "as",
"template": "der"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
acerbity | acerbity | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French acerbité, from Latin acerbitās (“acerbity; harshness”), from acerbus (“bitter”). See acerb."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "acerbité",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French acerbité"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acerbitās",
"template":... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
acerbate | acerbate | [
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Latin acerbātus, perfect passive participle of acerbō (“make bitter”), from acerbus (“bitter”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acerbātus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin acerbātus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
acetylene | acetylene | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nFrench acétylènebor.\nEnglish acetylene\nBorrowed from French acétylène, coined by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, from acetyl + -ene."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "acétylène",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French acétylène"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
ache | ache | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English aken (verb), and ache (noun), from Old English acan (verb) (from Proto-West Germanic *akan, from Proto-Germanic *akaną (“to ache”)) and æċe (noun) (from Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz).\nCognate with Saterland Frisian eeke, ääke (“to ache, fester”), Low German aken, achen, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "aken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English aken (verb)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "acan",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
achieve | achieve | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English achieven, acheven, from Anglo-Norman achever, Old French achever, achiever et al., apparently from Late Latin *accapāre, from ad (“to”) + caput (“head”) + -ō (verbal suffix), or alternatively a construction based on Old French chief (“head”). Compare Catalan, Occitan, Portuguese and Spanish aca... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "achieven",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English achieven"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "achever",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
achilles | Achilles | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin Achillēs, from Ancient Greek Ἀχιλλεύς (Akhilleús)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Achillēs",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin Achillēs"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Ἀχιλλεύς",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
acidification | acidification | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French acidification, equivalent to acid + -ification."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "acidification",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French acidification"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
acidify | acidify | [
"verb"
] | [
"From acid + -ify, from Latin acidus (“sour, acid”); compare French acidifier."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acidus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin acidus (“sour, acid”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
poison | poison | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English poysoun, poyson, pusoun, from Old French poison, poisun, from Latin pōtiōnem (“drink, a draught, a poisonous draught, a potion”), from pōtō (“to drink”). See also potion and potable (from the same root). Mostly displaced native Old English ātor. See more at atter."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "poysoun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English poysoun"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "poison",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
quotation | quotation | [
"noun"
] | [
"The obsolete sense of “quota”, from Medieval Latin quotātiō, from Latin quotāre, is attested from the 15th century. The sense “fragment of verbal expression”, attested from the 17th century, may come from this source, or else from the verb quote + -ation."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "quotātiō",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Medieval Latin quotātiō"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "quotō",
"tem... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
general | general | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb",
"adv"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os\nProto-Italic *genos\nLatin genus\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -alis\nLatin generālisbor.\nAnglo-Norman generalbor.\nMiddle French generalbor.\n▲\nLatin generālisder.\nMiddle English ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "general",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English general"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "general",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
choir | choir | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English quer, quere, from Old French quer, from Latin chorus, from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós, “company of dancers or singers”). Modern spelling influenced by chorus and French chœur. Doublet of quire, chorus, and hora.",
"From Mongolian Чойр (Čojr)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "quer",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English quer"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "quer",
"template":... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
shuttle | shuttle | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From a merger of two words:\n* Middle English shutel, shotel, schetel, schettell, schyttyl, scutel (“bar; bolt”), from Old English sċyttel, sċutel (“bar; bolt”), equivalent to shut + -le\n* Middle English shutel, schetil, shotil, shetel, schootyll, shutyll, schytle, scytyl (“missile; projectile; spear”), from Old ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "shutel",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English shutel"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sċyttel",
"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
phoenix | phoenix | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Old English and Old French fenix, from Medieval Latin phenix, from Latin phoenīx, from Ancient Greek φοῖνιξ (phoînix), from Egyptian b-n:nw*w-G31 (boinu, “grey heron”). Doublet of Bennu. The grey heron was venerated at Heliopolis and associated in Egypt with the cyclical renewal of life because the bird rises... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "fenix",
"template": "der",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
map | map | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Shortening or back-formation of Middle English mappemounde, mapemounde (“world map”), from Old French mapamonde, from Medieval Latin mappa mundī, compound of Latin mappa (“napkin, cloth”) and mundus (“world”). See mop for more on the first component. Doublet of mop, nape, and nappe."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mappemounde",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English mappemounde"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "mapamonde"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ad | ad | [
"prep"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin ad (“to, on”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "ad",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin ad (“to, on”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
index | index | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”); see indicate."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "index",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
afghan | Afghan | [
"noun",
"name",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from Classical Persian افغان (afġān, “Afghan”), from Bactrian αβαγανο (abagano), first attested in the fourth century CE, most likely a compound of *apāka- (“distant, faraway”), from Proto-Iranian *Hápa, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápa (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó + *-āna (“ethnic group”), from... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "افغان",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Classical Persian افغان (afġān, “Afghan”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
... | [
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
wales | Wales | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Wales, from Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”), from Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Wales",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Wales"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Wealas",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tokelau | Tokelau | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Tokelauan Tokelau, from Tokelauan tokelau (“north wind”), from Proto-Polynesian *tokelau (“northwesterly”). Compare Māori tokerau (“north”); Rapa Nui tokerau (“wind”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Tokelau",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Tokelauan Tokelau"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "tokela... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
east timor | East Timor | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of Portuguese Timor-Leste."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Timor-Leste",
"template": "cal",
"detail": "Calque of Portuguese Timor-Leste"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
tajikistan | Tajikistan | [
"name"
] | [
"From Classical Persian تَاجِیکِسْتَان (tājīkistān) (from which Tajik Тоҷикистон (Tojikiston)). By surface analysis, Tajik + -istan."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "تَاجِیکِسْتَان",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Classical Persian تَاجِیکِسْتَان (tājīkistān)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
turks and caicos islands | Turks and Caicos Islands | [
"name"
] | [
"Turks from the Turk's cap cactus (Melocactus) that grows in the region + Caicos from Lucayan Taíno caya hico, meaning 'string of islands'."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "caya hico",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Taíno caya hico"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
suriname | Suriname | [
"name"
] | [
"From English Surinam, from the name of the Surinen people, likely Lokono."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Lokono"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
somalia | Somalia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Somali Soomaaliya, equivalent to Somali + -ia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Soomaaliya",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Somali Soomaaliya"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
sierra leone | Sierra Leone | [
"name"
] | [
"From Italian sierra (“mountain range”) + leone (“lion”) (via Venetian), itself from Portuguese Serra Leoa (“lioness mountains”), as the area was described to the rest of Europe by Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto; in reference to the Lion Mountains (named by Pedro de Sintra in 1462)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "sierra",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian sierra (“mountain range”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Serra L... | [
"Italian",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
sri lanka | Sri Lanka | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā) / ශ්රී ලංකාව (śrī laṁkāwa), from Sanskrit श्री लङ्का (śrī laṅkā, literally “holy Lanka”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ශ්රී ලංකා",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Sanskrit",
"source_code": "sa",
"sourc... | [
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
storm | storm | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English storm (“disturbed state of the atmosphere; heavy precipitation; battle, conflict; attack”) [and other forms], from Old English storm (“tempest, storm; attack; storm of arrows; disquiet, disturbance, tumult, uproar; onrush, rush”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *sturm (“storm”), fro... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "storm",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English storm (“disturbed state of the atmosphere; heavy precipitation; battle, conflict; attack”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_la... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
russia | Russia | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁-der.\nProto-Germanic *rōþruz?\nOld East Norse *rōþs-bor.\nProto-Finnic *rooccibor.\nOld East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ)bor.\nNew Latin Russiabor.\nEnglish Russia\nFrom Medieval Latin Russia, from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ) (whence Arabic رُوس (rūs) and Byzantine Greek Ῥῶς (Rhôs... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Russia",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Medieval Latin Russia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Русь",
"templ... | [
"Latin",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
palau | Palau | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Palauan Belau (“Palau”), traditionally derived from aidebelau (“indirect replies”) in reference to the island's creation story, or from beluu (“village”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua (“inhabited land, territory”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Belau",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Palauan Belau (“Palau”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*b... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
niue | Niue | [
"name"
] | [
"From Niuean Niuē (“behold the coconut palm”), from niu (“coconut”) + ē (“o (vocative particle)”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Niuē",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Niuean Niuē (“behold the coconut palm”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
martinique | Martinique | [
"name"
] | [
"Named by Christopher Columbus after Saint Martin of Tours. The name is sometimes suggested to be a modification of a native Ta-Arawak (Taino or Kalinago) name Madinina (“island of flowers”) or Matinino (“island of women”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ta-Arawak"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
lesotho | Lesotho | [
"name"
] | [
"From Sotho Lesotho (“Land of the Basotho (Sotho people)”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Lesotho",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Sotho Lesotho (“Land of the Basotho (Sotho people)”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstan | [
"name"
] | [
"From Kyrgyz Кыргызстан (Kırgızstan), from кыргыз (kırgız, “Kyrgyz”) + -стан (-stan, “-stan”). Equivalent to Kyrgyz + -stan. More at Kyrgyz."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Кыргызстан",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Kyrgyz Кыргызстан (Kırgızstan)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán). Analyzable as Kazakh + -stan."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Russian",
"source_code": "ru",
"source_term": "Казахста́н",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán)"
}
] | [
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
genome | genome | [
"noun"
] | [
"From earlier genom, from German Genom, coined by German botanist Hans Winkler in 1920 as a blend of Gen (“gene”) + Chromosom (“chromosome”). By surface analysis, gen(e) + -ome, or a blend of gen(e) + (chromos)ome. Spelling altered to reflect the surface analysis."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Genom",
"template": "der",
"detail": "German Genom"
}
] | [
"German"
] | [
"derived"
] |
gag | gag | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"The noun is from Early Modern English gagge; the verb is from Middle English gaggen. Possibly imitative or perhaps related to or influenced by Old Norse gag-háls (\"with head thrown backwards\"; > Norwegian dialectal gaga (“bent backwards”)). The intransitive sense \"to retch\" is from 1707. The noun is from the 1... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "gaggen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English gaggen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "gaghals",
"... | [
"English",
"Old Norse"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
money | money | [
"noun",
"adj",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLatin Monēta\nLatin monēta\nOld French moneie\nOld French monoie\nAnglo-Norman muneiebor.\nMiddle English moneye\nEnglish money\nFrom Middle English moneye, moneie, money, borrowed from Anglo-Norman muneie (“money”), from Latin monēta (“money, a place for coining money, coin, mint”), from the name ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "moneye",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English moneye"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "muneie",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Irish",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
ask | ask | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eys-\nProto-Indo-European *-sḱéti\nProto-Indo-European *h₂isḱéti\nProto-Germanic *iskaną\nProto-Germanic *aiskaz\nProto-West Germanic *aisk\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "asken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English asken"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "āscian",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
night | night | [
"noun",
"intj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English nighte, night, nyght, niȝt, naht, from Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht (“night”), from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots nicht (“night”), Yola neeght, nieght, nyeght (“night”), North Frisian naacht, Nacht,... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "nighte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English nighte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "niht",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
army | army | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂er-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmosder.\nLatin arma\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nLatin armō\n▲\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Ind... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "armee",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English armee"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "armee",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
win | win | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English winnen, from Old English winnan (“to labour, swink, toil,”) (compare Old English ġewinnan (“conquer, obtain, gain; endure, bear, suffer; be ill”)), from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to swink, labour, win, gain, fight”), from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "winnen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English winnen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "winnan",
"t... | [
"English",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
drink | drink | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English drinken, from Old English drincan (“to drink, swallow up, engulf”), from Proto-West Germanic *drinkan, from Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to drink”), of uncertain origin; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw into one's mouth, sip, gulp”), nasalised variant of *dʰreǵ- (“to draw, gli... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "drinken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English drinken"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "drincan",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
cow | cow | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʷṓws\nProto-Germanic *kōz\nProto-West Germanic *kō\nOld English cū\nMiddle English cow\nEnglish cow\nInherited from Middle English cow, cou, from Old English cū (“cow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kō, from Proto-Germanic *kōz (“cow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”).\nC... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "cow",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English cow"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "cū",
"template": ... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
jupiter | Jupiter | [
"name",
"noun",
"intj"
] | [
"From Latin Iūpiter (“father Jove”), from Proto-Italic *djous patēr (literally “sky father”) (cognate with Ancient Greek Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter, “father Zeus”)), from *djous (“day, sky”) + *patēr (“father”), from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (literally “the bright one”), from *dyew- (“to be bright, day sky”), and *ph₂t... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Iuppiter",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Iūpiter (“father Jove”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*djous patēr... | [
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
reminiscent | reminiscent | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin reminīscēns, present participle of reminīscor (“remember”), from re- (“again”) + min-, base of me-min-isse (“to remember, think over”), akin to mens (“mind”); see mental, mind, etc."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "reminīscēns",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin reminīscēns"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
koomkie | koomkie | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Bengali কুমকি (kumki), from Classical Persian کمک (kumak)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "কুমকি",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Bengali কুমকি (kumki)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "کمک"... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
spilikin | spilikin | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Old Dutch spelleken (“a small pin”). Compare English spill."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "odt",
"source_term": "spelleken",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old Dutch spelleken (“a small pin”)"
}
] | [
"Dutch"
] | [
"derived"
] |
congo | Congo | [
"name"
] | [
"After Kongo, from Kongo nkongo (“hunter”). Compare Kongo dikongo (“spear”), Zulu umkhonto, Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀kóndó."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "nkongo",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Kongo nkongo (“hunter”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ivory coast | Ivory Coast | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of French Côte d'Ivoire."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Côte d'Ivoire",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "Calque of French Côte d'Ivoire"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
costa rica | Costa Rica | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Costa Rica (“rich coast”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Costa Rica",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Costa Rica (“rich coast”)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
croatia | Croatia | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *xъrvatъder.\nAncient Greek Χρωβάτος (Khrōbátos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ία (-ía)\nAncient Greek Χρωβατία (Khrōbatía)bor.\nMedieval Latin Croātiabor.\nEnglish Croatia\nBorrowed from Medieval ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Croātia",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin Croātia"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
dominica | Dominica | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin Dominica (“Lord's Day [Island], Sunday [Island]”) due to being sighted by Columbus on a Sunday."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Dominica",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin Dominica (“Lord's Day [Island], Sunday [Island]”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
eritrea | Eritrea | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Italian (l')Eritrea, first used in Italian as an ellipsis of la Colonia eritrea (“Italian Eritrea”, literally “the Erythraean colony”), from eritrea, feminine of eritreo (“Erythraean (of or relating to the Erythraean Sea)”), from Latin erythraeus (“reddish”), from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “re... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "Eritrea",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Italian (l')Eritrea"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "erythrae... | [
"Greek",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
fiji | Fiji | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Tongan Fisi (historically pronounced with a palatal affricate, IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ˈfit͡ʃi]), itself borrowed from Fijian Viti, from Proto‐Central Pacific *viti ‘east, sunrise’. The English spelling ‘Fiji’ was popularized by Captain James Cook’s phonetic transcription of the 18th‐century Tongan pronunciation.... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Fisi",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Tongan Fisi"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Viti",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
georgia | Georgia | [
"name"
] | [
"A borrowing from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, itself a borrowing from Classical Persian گرج (gurj) (with influence from (sānctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”), alluding to the saint's popularity in the country), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”). The term's further history is unknown; i... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Geōrgia",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Medieval Latin Geōrgia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "گرج",
"temp... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
guadeloupe | Guadeloupe | [
"name"
] | [
"From French Guadeloupe, from Spanish Santa María de Guadalupe (The Virgin Mary named after the Spanish town of Guadalupe in Extremadura). Doublet of Guadalupe."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Guadeloupe",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French Guadeloupe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Santa María de Guadal... | [
"French",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
jordan | Jordan | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”). Doublet of Yarden.\nThe area in Hong Kong is named after Jordan station, which is named after Jordan Road, which in turn is named after Sir John Jordan.",
"From Middle English jordan, from Latin... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Iordanēs",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Iordanēs"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Ἰορδάνης",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
puerto rico | Puerto Rico | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Puerto Rico (literally “Rich Port”). In US English, the name is commonly pronounced and was formerly spelled Porto Rico; many other Spanish Puerto placenames were formerly also anglicized to Porto."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Puerto Rico",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Puerto Rico (literally “Rich Port”)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
myanmar | Myanmar | [
"name",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed, initially into British English, from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma), the formal Burmese name of the main ethnic group in Myanmar; ဗမာ (ba.ma), from which Burma is derived, is the informal name. Both Burmese terms are also adjectives meaning \"Burmese\" (related to Myanmar/Burma, its, people, language, etc). Lik... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "မြန်မာ",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
burma | Burma | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed, initially into British English, from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma); see Myanmar for more. The r in Burma was not originally pronounced (and is not present in the Burmese term), the -ur- (alternatively also -ir-, though the spelling Birma is obsolete in English) is a device used ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ဗမာ",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
baby | baby | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰā-\nProto-Germanic *bō-redup.\nProto-Germanic *babô\nProto-West Germanic *babō\nOld English *baba\nMiddle English babe\nOld English -iġ\nMiddle English -y\nMiddle English baby\nEnglish baby\nFrom Middle English baby, babie (“baby”), a diminutive form of babe (“babe, baby”), e... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "baby",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English baby"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ബേബി",
"template... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
jan mayen | Jan Mayen | [
"name"
] | [
"From Norwegian Jan Mayen, from Dutch Jan Mayen. Named after Dutch explorer Jan Jacobszoon May van Schellinkhout."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Jan Mayen",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Norwegian Jan Mayen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "Jan Mayen",
"tem... | [
"Dutch",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
svalbard | Svalbard | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n probably through Norwegian. From svalr (“cool”) + barð (“edge, brim”), thus roughly meaning “cold shore”, probably alluding to the treeless landscape mostly covered with grass.\nThe name was first attested in annales referring to year 1194, but it’s uncertain whether it referred ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "Svalbarð",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n"
}
] | [
"Old Norse"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
yes | yes | [
"particle",
"intj",
"noun",
"verb",
"det"
] | [
"From Middle English yes, from Old English ġīese (“by all means, of course, yes”), derived from the same root as yea. Compare Faroese júsá (“yes, indeed, certainly”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yes",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yes"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġīese",
"template... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
saint lucia | Saint Lucia | [
"name"
] | [
"Named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse. Legend says that the French sailors were shipwrecked on the island on the feast of Saint Lucy (13 December) of 1502."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
new caledonia | New Caledonia | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of French Nouvelle-Calédonie."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Nouvelle-Calédonie",
"template": "clq",
"detail": "Calque of French Nouvelle-Calédonie"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
wallis and futuna | Wallis and Futuna | [
"name"
] | [
"From the names of the territory's two largest islands, Wallis and Futuna. Wallis is named after Captain Samuel Wallis while Futuna is borrowed from East Futuna."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "borrowed from East Futuna"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
samoa | Samoa | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Samoan Sāmoa. See there for more."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Sāmoa",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Samoan Sāmoa"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
skirmish | skirmish | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English skirmish (as a verb), from Old French escarmouche (“skirmish”), from Italian scaramuccia, earlier schermugio. Doublet of escarmouche, Scaramouche, and Scaramucci."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "skirmish",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English skirmish"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "escarmouche",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Italian"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
stand | stand | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English stonden, standen (verb) and stand, stond (noun, from the verb), from Old English standan (“to stand, occupy a place”), from Proto-West Germanic *standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną (“to stand”), from Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´, an innovative extended n-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *steh... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "stonden",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English stonden"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "standan",
... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
mayotte | Mayotte | [
"name"
] | [
"From French Mayotte, from Arabic مَيِّت (mayyit, “dead”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Mayotte",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French Mayotte"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "مَيِّت",
"template": "de... | [
"Arabic",
"French"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
montserrat | Montserrat | [
"name"
] | [
"From Catalan Montserrat. The island was named after the Virgin of Montserrat."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Montserrat",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Catalan Montserrat"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
guam | Guam | [
"name"
] | [
"From Spanish, from Chamorro Guåhan, meaning \"a place that has\" or \"a place of resources\"."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Guåhan",
"template": "der",
"d... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
grenada | Grenada | [
"name"
] | [
"From anglicization/latinization of French Grenade upon the island's cession to the United Kingdom under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Years' War, from Spanish Granada and Los Granadillos on Spanish maps from at least the 1520s, from Granada in Spain, from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa), origi... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Grenade",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French Grenade"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Granada",
"template": "d... | [
"Arabic",
"French",
"Spanish"
] | [
"derived"
] |
faroe islands | Faroe Islands | [
"name"
] | [
"From Old Norse Færeyjar (“Faroe Islands”, literally “Sheep Islands”), a compound of fær (“sheep”) and eyjar (“islands”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "Færeyjar",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old Norse Færeyjar (“Faroe Islands”, literally “Sheep Islands”)"
}
] | [
"Old Norse"
] | [
"derived"
] |
it | it | [
"pron",
"det",
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English it, hit ( > dialectal English hit (“it”)), from Old English hit (“it”), from Proto-West Germanic *hit, from Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; here”).\nCognates\nCognate with Yola it, t', yt (“it”), North Frisian at, et, 't (“it”), Saterland Frisian et ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "it",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English it"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hit",
"template": "... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pronunciation | pronunciation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English pronunciacioun, from Middle French prononciation, pronunciation, from Latin prōnūntiātiō, noun of action from perfect passive participle prōnūntiātus, from verb prōnūntiāre (“proclaim”), from prō- (“for”) + nūntiāre (“announce”). Doublet of pronuntiatio."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pronunciacioun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pronunciacioun"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "pr... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
derivative | derivative | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“to derive”). Related to derive; by surface analysis, derive + -ative."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "dérivatif",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French dérivatif"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "dērīvātus",
"t... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abominable snowman | abominable snowman | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in 1921. Calque of Tibetan མི་སྡུག་གངས་མི (mi sdug gangs mi), from མི་སྡུག (mi sdug, “repulsive, unlovely, ugly, hideous”) and གངས་མི (gangs mi, “snowman”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "མི་སྡུག་གངས་མི",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "Calque of Tibetan མི་སྡུག་གངས་མི (mi sdug gangs mi)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
yeti | yeti | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Tibetan གཡའ་དྲེད (g.ya' dred, “wildman, yeti”), compound of གཡའ (g.ya', “dirt, rust, slate”) and དྲེད (dred, “bear”). Attested since 1937."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "གཡའ་དྲེད",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Tibetan གཡའ་དྲེད (g.ya' dred, “wildman, yeti”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
sasquatch | sasquatch | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Halkomelem sásq’ets (“hairy man”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "sásq’ets",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Halkomelem sásq’ets (“hairy man”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
yowie | yowie | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Gamilaraay yuwi (“dream spirit”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "yuwi",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Gamilaraay yuwi (“dream spirit”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
yiddish | Yiddish | [
"adj",
"name"
] | [
"From Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish), from Middle High German jüdisch (in reference to the language, more fully jüdischdiutsch (literally “Jewish-German”)). By surface analysis, Yid + -ish."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ייִדיש",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "gmh",
"source_term": "jüdisch",
"te... | [
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
macedonia | Macedonia | [
"name"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), from μακεδονία (makedonía, “highland”), from μακεδνός (makednós, “high, tall”). Doublet of macedoine."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Μακεδονία",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
vatican city | Vatican City | [
"name"
] | [
"A calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna (“Vatican City”), referring to the Vatican hill, whose further etymology is unknown."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "Città del Vaticano",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "calque of Italian Città del Vaticano"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_t... | [
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"calqued",
"derived"
] |
taiwan | Taiwan | [
"name"
] | [
"The specific form \"Taiwan\" in English emerged from the Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹ romanization of Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān), and also perhaps the romaji of Japanese 臺灣(たいわん) (taiwan), both of which are ultimately from Literary Chinese 臺灣, from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, and other forms, a placename initially... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "cmn-wadegiles",
"source_term": "Tʻai²-wan¹",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Wade–Giles Tʻai²-wan¹"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "cmn",
"source_term": "-",... | [
"Chinese",
"Japanese",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
president | president | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Old French president, from Latin praesidēns (“presiding over; president, leader”) (accusative: praesidentem). The Latin word is the substantivized present active participle of the verb praesideō (“preside over”). The verb is composed from prae (“before”) and sedeō (“sit”). The original meaning of the verb is ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "president",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old French president"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "praesidēns",
"tem... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
presidente | presidente | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish presidente (“president”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "presidente",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish presidente (“president”)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
security | security | [
"noun"
] | [
"From secure + -ity, from Middle English securite, from Middle French securité (modern sécurité), from Latin sēcūritās, from Latin sēcūrus (“safe, secure”), from sē- (“without”) + cūra (“care”); see cure. Similar to Latin sine cūrā (“without care, carefree”), which led to English sinecure. Doublet of surety."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "securite",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English securite"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "securité",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
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