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question stringlengths 29 100	answers list	ctxs list	nq_annotated_gold dict
where does the saskatchewan river start and end	[ "central Saskatchewan", "the Hudson Bay", "Saskatchewan River Forks, Saskatchewan", "Saskatchewan Glacier, Alberta" ]	[ { "title": "North Saskatchewan River", "text": "The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with another major river to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows eventually into the Hudson Bay....	{ "title": "North Saskatchewan River", "long_answer": "The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with another major river to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows eventually into the Hudson Bay."...
where are the spanish steps located in italy	[ "Rome" ]	[ { "title": "Spanish Steps", "text": "The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top.", "hasanswer": true, ...	{ "title": "Spanish Steps", "long_answer": "The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top.", "chunked_long_answer": "T...
what does the m number mean on a pint glass	[ "imperial fluid ounces", "the manufacturing company or site" ]	[ { "title": "Pint glass", "text": "beer must be sold in Imperial measure (see Pint § Effects of metrication). United Kingdom law requires certain steps be taken to ensure that a pint of beer is indeed a pint. Though this can be achieved using \"metered dispense\" (calibrated pumps), the more common solution ...	{ "title": "Pint glass", "long_answer": "In the United Kingdom, draught beer must be sold in Imperial measure (see Pint § Effects of metrication). United Kingdom law requires certain steps be taken to ensure that a pint of beer is indeed a pint. Though this can be achieved using \"metered dispense\" (calibrated pum...
other than water what else has hydrogen bonds	[ "inorganic molecules such as water" ]	[ { "title": "Hydrogen bond", "text": "Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecular). Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor atoms which constitute the bond, their geometry, and environment, the energy of a hydrogen bond ...	{ "title": "Hydrogen bond", "long_answer": "Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecular). Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor atoms which constitute the bond, their geometry, and environment, the energy of a hydrogen bond c...
when boy meets girl waiting for a star to fall	[ "1988" ]	[ { "title": "Waiting for a Star to Fall", "text": "\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": ...	{ "title": "Waiting for a Star to Fall", "long_answer": "\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 198...
trick taking card game name derived from spanish for man	[ "Skat" ]	[ { "title": "Skat (card game)", "text": "Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]) is a 3-player trick-taking card game devised in early 19th-century Germany. Along with Doppelkopf it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": ...	{ "title": "Skat (card game)", "long_answer": "Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]) is a 3-player trick-taking card game devised in early 19th-century Germany. Along with Doppelkopf it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia.", "chunked_long_answer": "Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]) is a 3-pla...
what percentage of the population is naturally blonde	[ "2%" ]	[ { "title": "Human hair color", "text": "or sandy blond color. Many children born with blond hair develop darker hair as they age, with the majority of natural blonds developing a hair color of a dark blond hue by the time they reach middle age. Pregnancy hormones hasten this process. Natural light blond hai...	{ "title": "Human hair color", "long_answer": "Blond hair can have almost any proportion of pheomelanin and eumelanin, but has only small amounts of both. More pheomelanin creates a more golden or strawberry blond color, and more eumelanin creates an ash or sandy blond color. Many children born with blond hair deve...
who sang first line of we are the world	[ "Lionel Richie", "Kenny Rogers", "James Ingram", "Billy Joel", "Tina Turner", "Stevie Wonder", "Paul Simon" ]	[ { "title": "We Are the World", "text": "been described as \"an appeal to human compassion\". The first lines in the song's repetitive chorus proclaim, \"We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones who make a brighter day, so let's start giving\". \"We Are the World\" opens with Lionel Richie, Ste...	{ "title": "We Are the World", "long_answer": "\"We Are the World\" is sung from a first person viewpoint, allowing the audience to \"internalize\" the message by singing the word we together. It has been described as \"an appeal to human compassion\". The first lines in the song's repetitive chorus proclaim, \"We ...
who formed and first came to the colony of maryland	[ "the English" ]	[ { "title": "History of Maryland", "text": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian/Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 – c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were...	{ "title": "History of Maryland", "long_answer": "The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian/Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 – c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were ...
who has played in the most masters tournaments	[ "Gary Player" ]	[ { "title": "Masters Tournament", "text": "Gary Player holds the record for most appearances, with 52. Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made, with 23 between 1959 and 1982 (Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery). He shares this record with Fre...	{ "title": "Masters Tournament", "long_answer": "Gary Player holds the record for most appearances, with 52. Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made, with 23 between 1959 and 1982 (Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery). He shares this record with Fred ...
how much venom can a king cobra produce	[ "420 mg", "up to 7 ml", "200 to 500 mg" ]	[ { "title": "King cobra", "text": "This species is capable of delivering a fatal bite and the victim may receive a large quantity of venom with a dose of 200 to 500 mg up to 7 ml. Engelmann and Obst (1981) list the average venom yield at 420 mg (dry weight). Accordingly, large quantities of antivenom may b...	{ "title": "King cobra", "long_answer": "This species is capable of delivering a fatal bite and the victim may receive a large quantity of venom with a dose of 200 to 500 mg up to 7 ml. Engelmann and Obst (1981) list the average venom yield at 420 mg (dry weight). Accordingly, large quantities of antivenom may be ...
last team to win fa cup outside top flight	[ "Arsenal", "West Ham United" ]	[ { "title": "FA Cup", "text": "Since the creation of the Football League in 1888, the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division, and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908)...	{ "title": "FA Cup", "long_answer": "Since the creation of the Football League in 1888, the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division, and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908);...
where did you go to drink during prohibition	[ "Speakeasies" ]	[ { "title": "Prohibition in the United States", "text": "Prohibition also had an effect on the music industry in the United States, specifically with jazz. Speakeasies became very popular, and the Great Depression's migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music, from New Orleans going north through Ch...	{ "title": "Prohibition in the United States", "long_answer": "Prohibition also had an effect on the music industry in the United States, specifically with jazz. Speakeasies became very popular, and the Great Depression's migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music, from New Orleans going north through Chi...
who won the wwe championship elimination chamber 2018	[ "Roman Reigns" ]	[ { "title": "Elimination Chamber (2018)", "text": "Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMa...	{ "title": "Elimination Chamber (2018)", "long_answer": "Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMan...
where does safe haven take place in the book	[ "Southport, North Carolina" ]	[ { "title": "Safe Haven (novel)", "text": "Erin flees her abusive alcoholic husband, Kevin, takes on a different identity and changes her name to Katie. She arrives in Southport, North Carolina. Finding work at a seafood restaurant, she becomes friends with her neighbor, Jo, and gets to know the town's gene...	{ "title": "Safe Haven (novel)", "long_answer": "Erin flees her abusive alcoholic husband, Kevin, takes on a different identity and changes her name to Katie. She arrives in Southport, North Carolina. Finding work at a seafood restaurant, she becomes friends with her neighbor, Jo, and gets to know the town's genera...
who came up with the term baby boomer	[ "The Washington Post" ]	[ { "title": "Baby boomers", "text": "was described as a \"boom\" by various newspaper reporters, including Sylvia F. Porter in a column for the May 4, 1951, edition of the New York Post, based on the increase in the population of the U.S. of 2,357,000 in 1950. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the ...	{ "title": "Baby boomers", "long_answer": "The phrase baby boom refers to a noticeable increase in the birth rate. The post-war population increase was described as a \"boom\" by various newspaper reporters, including Sylvia F. Porter in a column for the May 4, 1951, edition of the New York Post, based on the incre...
who was elected president of the united states in 1928	[ "Herbert Hoover" ]	[ { "title": "United States presidential election, 1928", "text": "The United States presidential election of 1928 was the 36th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928. Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee, Governor Al Smith of New York. ...	{ "title": "United States presidential election, 1928", "long_answer": "The United States presidential election of 1928 was the 36th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928. Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee, Governor Al Smith of New York. H...
dogs name in the grinch who stole christmas	[ "Max" ]	[ { "title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!", "text": "The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His onl...	{ "title": "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!", "long_answer": "The Grinch is a bitter, grouchy, cave-dwelling creature with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep high mountain just north of the town of Whoville, home of the merry and warm-hearted Whos. His only...
who discovered gold in the sierra nevada of california	[ "James W. Marshall" ]	[ { "title": "California Gold Rush", "text": "The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden i...	{ "title": "California Gold Rush", "long_answer": "The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden inf...
who wrote lyrics for phantom of the opera	[ "Charles Hart", "Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe", "Richard Stilgoe" ]	[ { "title": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "text": "The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe. Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical's book together. Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston L...	{ "title": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "long_answer": "The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe. Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical's book together. Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Ler...
what culture region is germany a part of	[ "Central Germany" ]	[ { "title": "Central Germany (cultural area)", "text": "Central Germany (German: Mitteldeutschland) is an economic and cultural region in Germany. Its exact borders depend on context, but it is often defined as being a region within the federal states of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, or a smaller par...	{ "title": "Central Germany (cultural area)", "long_answer": "Central Germany (German: Mitteldeutschland) is an economic and cultural region in Germany. Its exact borders depend on context, but it is often defined as being a region within the federal states of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, or a smaller part ...
mount and blade with fire and sword time period	[ "1648-51" ]	[ { "title": "Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword", "text": "Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword is a stand-alone expansion for the action role-playing video game Mount & Blade. The game is developed by Sich Studio and TaleWorlds and was published by Paradox Interactive in Europe. The game and its storyline is loos...	{ "title": "Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword", "long_answer": "Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword is a stand-alone expansion for the action role-playing video game Mount & Blade. The game is developed by Sich Studio and TaleWorlds and was published by Paradox Interactive in Europe. The game and its storyline is loose...
who pays medical bills in great britain where does the money come from to pay these bills	[ "general taxation", "taxes" ]	[ { "title": "Single-payer healthcare", "text": "Wales each have their own systems of private and publicly funded healthcare, generally referred to as the National Health Service (NHS). With largely private providers, this also fits into the 'Beveridge Model' of health care systems, sometimes considered to be...	{ "title": "Single-payer healthcare", "long_answer": "As in Scandinavia, healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, meaning England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each have their own systems of private and publicly funded healthcare, generally referred to as the National Health Service (NHS). Wit...
who plays poppy in the beat goes on	[ "Amanda Leighton" ]	[ { "title": "Trolls: The Beat Goes On!", "text": "romantic comedy film Trolls. The series premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2018 exclusively in the United States, Canada, Latin America, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, the Nordics, Benelux, and France. Amanda Leighton, Skylar Astin, Kari Wa...	{ "title": "Trolls: The Beat Goes On!", "long_answer": "Trolls: The Beat Goes On! is a 2018 American animated television series produced by DreamWorks Animation that is based on the 3D computer-animated musical romantic comedy film Trolls. The series premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2018 exclusively in the Unite...
do you have to have a gun permit to shoot at a range	[ "Typically, no" ]	[ { "title": "Shooting ranges in the United States", "text": "Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must b...	{ "title": "Shooting ranges in the United States", "long_answer": "Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be...
how many episodes is season 4 of the flash	[ "23 episodes", "19", "23" ]	[ { "title": "The Flash (season 4)", "text": "The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22, 2018.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Flas...	{ "title": "The Flash (season 4)", "long_answer": "The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22, 2018.", "chunked_long_answer": "The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22, 2018.", "...
where was the 2015 rugby union world cup held	[ "England", "Wales" ]	[ { "title": "2015 Rugby World Cup", "text": "The 2015 Rugby World Cup was the eighth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial rugby union world championship. The tournament was hosted by England from 18 September to 31 October. Of the 20 countries competing in the World Cup in 2011, there was only one change: Urugu...	{ "title": "2015 Rugby World Cup", "long_answer": "The 2015 Rugby World Cup was the eighth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial rugby union world championship. The tournament was hosted by England from 18 September to 31 October. Of the 20 countries competing in the World Cup in 2011, there was only one change: Uruguay...
in 1945 which party came into power in england	[ "Labour Party", "Conservative", "Labour" ]	[ { "title": "United Kingdom general election, 1945", "text": "The result was an unexpected landslide victory for Clement Attlee's Labour Party, over Winston Churchill's Conservatives. It was the first time the Conservatives had lost the popular vote since the 1906 election; they would not win it again until ...	{ "title": "United Kingdom general election, 1945", "long_answer": "The result was an unexpected landslide victory for Clement Attlee's Labour Party, over Winston Churchill's Conservatives. It was the first time the Conservatives had lost the popular vote since the 1906 election; they would not win it again until 1...
where does porter fly out of in toronto	[ "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport" ]	[ { "title": "Porter Airlines", "text": "Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between T...	{ "title": "Porter Airlines", "long_answer": "Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Tor...
how many votes to approve supreme court justice	[ "A simple majority vote", "A simple majority" ]	[ { "title": "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States", "text": "Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requi...	{ "title": "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States", "long_answer": "Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the require...
how many senators are there in the us senate	[ "100", "100 members" ]	[ { "title": "Current members of the United States Senate", "text": "The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states. Below is a list of the current U.S. Senators, sitting in the 115th United States Congress.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "s...	{ "title": "Current members of the United States Senate", "long_answer": "The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states. Below is a list of the current U.S. Senators, sitting in the 115th United States Congress.", "chunked_long_answer": "The United States Senate consists of 100 ...
phase change from gas to solid is called	[ "Deposition", "desublimation" ]	[ { "title": "Deposition (phase transition)", "text": "Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.", "hasanswer": true...	{ "title": "Deposition (phase transition)", "long_answer": "Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.", "chunked_long_answer...
what is the longest english word in the dictionary	[ "Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine", "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis", "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" ]	[ { "title": "Longest word in English", "text": "The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is...	{ "title": "Longest word in English", "long_answer": "The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is ...
who has the most all star mvp awards	[ "Bob Pettit", "Kobe Bryant" ]	[ { "title": "NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award", "text": "Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times. Oscar Robertson, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, and LeBron James have each won the award three times, while Bob Cousy, Julius Erving, Isiah Tho...	{ "title": "NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award", "long_answer": "Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times. Oscar Robertson, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, and LeBron James have each won the award three times, while Bob Cousy, Julius Erving, Isiah Thoma...
what percentage of the earth's surface is water	[ "78%", "roughly 78%" ]	[ { "title": "Water distribution on Earth", "text": "Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect ...	{ "title": "Water distribution on Earth", "long_answer": "Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect b...
what is the definition of ph in water	[ "potential of hydrogen" ]	[ { "title": "pH", "text": "In chemistry, pH (/piːˈ(h)eɪtʃ/) (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions....	{ "title": "pH", "long_answer": "In chemistry, pH (/piːˈ(h)eɪtʃ/) (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. M...
where do the neutrons come from in nuclear fission	[ "Startup neutron source" ]	[ { "title": "Startup neutron source", "text": "Startup neutron source is a neutron source used for stable and reliable initiation of nuclear chain reaction in nuclear reactors, when they are loaded with fresh nuclear fuel, whose neutron flux from spontaneous fission is insufficient for a reliable startup, or...	{ "title": "Startup neutron source", "long_answer": "Startup neutron source is a neutron source used for stable and reliable initiation of nuclear chain reaction in nuclear reactors, when they are loaded with fresh nuclear fuel, whose neutron flux from spontaneous fission is insufficient for a reliable startup, or ...
who sang the theme song to that 70s show	[ "Big Star", "Todd Griffin", "Cheap Trick" ]	[ { "title": "That '70s Show", "text": "Big Star's original version of the song was not used on the show. Instead, a cover version sung by Todd Griffin was used as the theme song for the show's first season. Beginning in the second season, the theme song was performed by the band Cheap Trick. Unlike previous ...	{ "title": "That '70s Show", "long_answer": "Big Star's original version of the song was not used on the show. Instead, a cover version sung by Todd Griffin was used as the theme song for the show's first season. Beginning in the second season, the theme song was performed by the band Cheap Trick. Unlike previous v...
when was zero first used in mathematical operations	[ "By 1770 BC", "7th century" ]	[ { "title": "0", "text": "The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. In some instances, ...	{ "title": "0", "long_answer": "The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. In some instances, hi...
what was one reason south carolina gave for its decision to secede from the union	[ "to preserve slavery" ]	[ { "title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War", "text": "Alfred P. Aldrich, a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell, stated that declaring secession would be necessary if a Republican candidate were to win the 1860 U.S. presidential election, stating that it was the only way for the state to pres...	{ "title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War", "long_answer": "Alfred P. Aldrich, a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell, stated that declaring secession would be necessary if a Republican candidate were to win the 1860 U.S. presidential election, stating that it was the only way for the state to prese...