id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
/dev/random_32799248 | Based on the article about '/dev/random', describe the 'macOS, iOS and other Apple OSes' section. | All Apple OSes have moved to Fortuna since at least December 2019, possibly earlier. It is based on SHA-256. Multiple entropy sources such as the secure enclave RNG, boot phase timing jitter, hardware interrupt (timing assumed) are used. RDSEED/RDRAND is used on Intel-based Macs that support it. Seed (entropy) data is ... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799245 | Summarize the 'Linux' part of '/dev/random'. | being the output of a CPU based malicious HRNG Z:Bernstein estimated that an attacker would need to repeat 16 times to compromise DSA and ECDSA. This is possible because Linux reseeds H on an ongoing basis instead of using a single high quality seed. In October 2016, with the release of Linux kernel version 4.8, the k... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799235 | What information does the article about '/dev/random' provide? | In Unix-like operating systems, /dev/random, /dev/urandom and /dev/arandom are special files that serve as pseudorandom number generators. They allow access to environmental noise collected from device drivers and other sources. /dev/random typically blocked if there was less entropy available than requested; more rece... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799251 | Based on the article about '/dev/random', describe the 'EGD as an alternative' section. | second byte tells EGD how many random bytes of output it should return. If EGD does not have enough entropy, it will wait until it has gathered enough before responding. Unlike command 1, the reply starts immediately with the random bytes rather than a length octet, as the total length of returned data will not vary ... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799250 | Explain what '/dev/random' covers in the 'EGD as an alternative' section. | command 0: query the amount of entropy currently available. The EGD daemon returns a 4-byte number in big-endian format representing the number of random bytes that can currently be satisfied without delay. ; command 1: get random bytes, no blocking. The second byte in the request tells EGD how many random bytes of out... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799241 | Reconstruct the content about 'Linux' from the article on '/dev/random'. | bits, are available in /proc/sys/kernel/random/ and can be displayed by the command cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail and cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize respectively. Gutterman, Pinkas, & Reinman in March 2006 published a detailed cryptographic analysis of the Linux random number generator in which they d... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799252 | What information does the article about '/dev/random' provide on 'EGD as an alternative'? | bytes of source data follow in the request. The EGD daemon may mix in the received entropy and will return nothing back. A software program called EGD (entropy gathering daemon) is a common alternative for Unix systems that do not support the /dev/random device. It is a user-space daemon, which provides high-quality c... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799249 | Explain what '/dev/random' covers in the 'Other operating systems' section. | /dev/random and /dev/urandom are also available on Solaris, NetBSD, Tru64 UNIX 5.1B, AIX 5.2 and HP-UX 11i v2. As with FreeBSD, AIX implements its own Yarrow-based design, however AIX uses considerably fewer entropy sources than the standard /dev/random implementation and stops refilling the pool when it thinks it cont... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/random_32799239 | Reconstruct the content about 'Linux' from the article on '/dev/random'. | intent is to serve as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator, delivering output with entropy as large as possible. This is suggested by the authors for use in generating cryptographic keys for high-value or long-term protection. A counterpart to /dev/random is /dev/urandom ("unlimited" /non-blocking r... | [
"/dev/random β OpenBSD\n\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a... |
/dev/zero_4651398 | What information does the article about '/dev/zero' provide? | /dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it. One of the typical uses is to provide a character stream for initializing data storage. | [
"/dev/zero\n\n/dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it. One of the typical uses is to provide a character stream for initializing data storage.",
"/dev/zero β Examples\n\nThe dd Unix utility program reads octet streams f... |
/dev/zero_4651401 | Reconstruct the content about 'Examples' from the article on '/dev/zero'. | The dd Unix utility program reads octet streams from a source to a destination, possibly performing data conversions in the process. Destroying existing data on a file system partition (low-level formatting): Creating a 1 MiB file, called foobar, filled with null characters: Note: The block size value can be given in S... | [
"/dev/zero\n\n/dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it. One of the typical uses is to provide a character stream for initializing data storage.",
"/dev/zero β Examples\n\nThe dd Unix utility program reads octet streams f... |
/dev/zero_4651400 | What information does the article about '/dev/zero' provide on 'History'? | /dev/zero was introduced in 1988 by SunOS-4.0 in order to allow a mappable BSS segment for shared libraries using anonymous memory. HP-UX 8.x introduced the MAP_ANONYMOUS flag for mmap, which maps anonymous memory directly without a need to open /dev/zero. Since the late 1990s, MAP_ANONYMOUS or MAP_ANON are supported b... | [
"/dev/zero\n\n/dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it. One of the typical uses is to provide a character stream for initializing data storage.",
"/dev/zero β Examples\n\nThe dd Unix utility program reads octet streams f... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141185 | Describe the 'History' section of the article about '/e/ (operating system)'. | /e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the "eelloo" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smartphone models in September 2018. As of Nove... | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141187 | What does the article about '/e/ (operating system)' say regarding 'Reception'? | read online." Steven Vaughan-Nichols reviewed a refurbished Samsung phone with pre-installed /e/ paralleling Android 8.1, and found it to be "quite stable," but said "applications can be a pain" and "installing /e/ is a monster of a job." In November 2020, Tim Anderson of The Register said installation of /e/ is "not f... | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141183 | Summarize the 'Software' part of '/e/ (operating system)'. | /e/ is based on LineageOS, a fork of the CyanogenMod and Android operating systems. /e/ uses MicroG as a free and open-source replacement for Google Play Services, and Mozilla Location Service for geolocation. | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141182 | Reconstruct the content from the article about '/e/ (operating system)'. | /e/ (formerly Eelo) is a free and open-source Android-based mobile operating system and associated online services. The operating system is a fork of LineageOS and Android. The custom firmware is developed by the /e/ Foundation, which was founded by French entrepreneur GaΓ«l Duval. /e/ is presented as privacy software t... | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141186 | Summarize the 'Reception' part of '/e/ (operating system)'. | The Free Software Foundation declined to endorse /e/ because it "contains nonfree libraries". Ross Rubin of Fast Company described /e/'s strategy as a "Google-like approach" of maximizing user adoption, in contrast to hardware manufacturer and software developer Purism's "Apple-like approach" of vertical integration. J... | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/e/_(operating_system)_141188 | From the article on '/e/ (operating system)', restate the 'Reception' content. | a different launcher from F-Droid, which took "about 3 hours." Fingerprint sensing did not work reliably initially or after a sensor replacement. /e/ support was friendly, competent and quick responding. "Despite all the negative points" they "can recommend both device and operating system." According to Thomas Claburn... | [
"/e/ (operating system) β History\n\n/e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services. Eelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V. Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smar... |
/pol/_5618527 | Explain what '/pol/' covers in the 'Overview' section. | using a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a "troll flag", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The "Nazi" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about 57 times more common. Common... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618539 | Based on the article about '/pol/', describe the 'Analysis' section. | in spreading alternative news to mainstream social networks." Adjusted for Internet-using population per country, users were most commonly from Canada, Australia, the United States, Ireland and Croatia. Users from other countries in Europe were also found to be common. Following the announcement of a COVID-19 lockdown ... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618528 | Describe the 'Overview' section of the article about '/pol/'. | on other websites have existed. These include Kohlchan, 8chan (later 8kun), 16chan, Shitchan, and Endchan, with some less popular "/pol/" themed boards accessible through the Tor network on sites such as 9chan and Neinchan. As of July 2021, over 140,000 posts are made on /pol/ every day. This is the most of any board o... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618534 | Explain what '/pol/' covers in the 'Notable events' section. | Daily Dot stated that "trolls, bigots, and trans-exclusionary radical feminists" were "reframing their harassment of transgender people" through this trend. The trend spread to other platforms as well, including Twitter, and 4chan users were eager to "red pill" those in the Generation Z age group, create division among... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618537 | What does the article about '/pol/' say regarding 'Alleged moderator racism'? | In 2020, several past and current moderators spoke to Vice Media's Motherboard about what they perceived as racist intent behind /pol/ and 4chan as a whole. They described how the manager of 4chan's volunteer "janitors", a moderator known as RapeApe, wishes to generate right-wing discussion on /pol/ and has dissuaded j... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618532 | Explain what '/pol/' covers in the 'Notable events' section. | was operated by "Ivan Sidorenko, a reporter with ties to Russia". On June 6, 2016, the board's users similarly located an ISIS training camp near Mosul, Iraq. The users coordinated on Telegram as well as on 4chan. Users of /pol/ engaged in coordinated attacks on LaBeouf, RΓΆnkkΓΆ & Turner's HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US, a 2017 per... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618526 | Describe the 'Overview' section of the article about '/pol/'. | Much of the content on /pol/ relies heavily on memes to further spread ideas. One of the most popular memes found on the board during the period surrounding the 2016 US presidential election was that of Pepe the Frog, which has been deemed a hate symbol in some contexts by the Anti-Defamation League due to its use in u... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618529 | Summarize the 'History' part of '/pol/'. | Prior to the creation of /pol/, there were two boards intended for discussing news that had been added and removed from the site. The first of these was /n/, which was added on 8 April 2006. Thus, it replaced /n/'s previous topic of animals and nature. (The topic of animals and nature itself was moved to the /an/ board... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618533 | Based on the article about '/pol/', describe the 'Notable events' section. | became used unironically by white supremacists. In 2019, 4chan and 8chan were temporarily blocked by Australian internet service providers for containing videos of the Christchurch mosque shootings. Before the shootings, the shooter posted on 8chan's /pol/ board. In late February and early March 2021, users on /pol/ bo... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618540 | From the article on '/pol/', restate the 'Analysis' content. | June 2020 and published in Perspectives on Terrorism in February 2021 analyzed the popularity and content present on different /pol/ boards. To analyze board content, they examined which word sets were most common per board. They found that schisms were characteristic of this subculture, with splinter communities being... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618538 | Explain what '/pol/' covers in the 'Analysis' section. | According to a 2017 longitudinal study, using a dataset of over 8million posts, /pol/ is a diverse ecosystem with users well-distributed around the world. The percentage of posts containing hate speech ranges from 4.15% (e.g., in Indonesia, Arab countries) to 30% (e.g., China, Bahamas, Cyprus). Elevated use of hate spe... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618535 | Explain what '/pol/' covers in the 'Reception and influence' section. | /pol/ has been characterised as predominantly racist and sexist, with many of its posts taking explicitly alt-right and neo-Nazi points of view. In particular, the board is infamous for the prevalence of antisemitic threads and memes. The most common anti-Semitic meme on /pol/ is the Happy Merchant. Southern Poverty La... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/pol/_5618531 | What does the article about '/pol/' say regarding 'Notable events'? | in the "top stories" section falsely identifying him as the shooter. A spokesperson for Google said that the thread had appeared because search queries and news about the man were rare, allowing for the thread to appear in results, but that the thread did not appear in broader searches about the Las Vegas shooting. On ... | [
"/pol/ β Overview\n\nusing a proxy server) may be displayed. Alternatively, users may select a \"troll flag\", corresponding to various political identifiers, but these are not common per amount of posts β The \"Nazi\" troll flag was the most commonly used, while posts with an American geographic location are about... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686426 | Explain what '/Γ¦/ raising' covers in the 'New Orleans' section. | Labov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open syllable constraint is still retai... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686419 | Reconstruct the content about 'Phonemic raising systems' from the article on '/Γ¦/ raising'. | In a North American short-a phonemic split system (or, simply, a short-a split), the terms "raising" and "tensing" can be used interchangeably. Phonemic tensing occurs in the dialects of New York City and the Mid-Atlantic States (centering on the cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore). It is similar in its word patterns... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686425 | Summarize the 'Older Cincinnati' part of '/Γ¦/ raising'. | Labov finds the remnants of the New York split system present in the now-declining traditional dialect of Cincinnati, with similar variations to Northern New Jersey and Albany. Like in Albany, the open-syllable constraint is completely absent. However, the function word and is reported as being lax. Labov further repor... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686428 | From the article on '/Γ¦/ raising', restate the 'Before nasals' content. | Most American and many Canadian English speakers, at the very least, display an that is raised (tensed) and diphthongized before the front nasals and, such as in camp, man, ram, pan, ran, clamber, Sammy, which are otherwise lower and laxer. However, they fail to split the "short a" into two contrasting phonemes, which... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686429 | Summarize the 'Before nasals' part of '/Γ¦/ raising'. | and parts of Canada, but it is most prominent, the difference between the two allophones of being the greatest and speakers with the nasal system being most concentrated, in eastern New England, including in Boston. More widespread among speakers of the Western United States, Canada, and the southern Midwest is a "cont... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686416 | Describe the content of the article about '/Γ¦/ raising'. | In the sociolinguistics of the English language, raising or short-a raising is a phenomenon by which the "short a" vowel, the vowel (found in such words as ash, bath, man, lamp, pal, rag, sack, trap, etc.), is pronounced with a raising of the tongue. In most American and many Canadian English accents, raising is speci... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686424 | From the article on '/Γ¦/ raising', restate the 'Albany' content. | Like in Northern New Jersey, Labov finds that the New York split system has also diffused in Albany with some alterations. Although the function is lost in Northern New Jersey, Labov reports that the function constraint is weakened only in Albany. Thus, can, an, and has may be tensed while have and had may be lax. Also... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686432 | From the article on '/Γ¦/ raising', restate the 'General raising' content. | In accents that have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift, mostly those of the Inland Northern United States, the phoneme is raised and diphthongized in all possible environments: a "general raising" system. The Inland North dialect is spoken in such areas as Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, Rochester, and Sy... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686418 | Based on the article about '/Γ¦/ raising', describe the 'Distinction between phonemic and non-phonemic /Γ¦/ raising' section. | change the meanings of words or phrases. For instance, in traditional Philadelphia English, the surname Manning must be pronounced with a lax vowel as. If it is pronounced tensely as, it may be perceived by a Philadelphian as an entirely different word: the verb manning (as in "He was manning the vehicle"). Therefore, ... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686422 | Based on the article about '/Γ¦/ raising', describe the 'New York City' section. | an entirely separate phoneme from as a result of a phonemic split. The distribution between /Γ¦/ and /ΙΙ/ is largely predictable. In New York, tensing occurs in closed syllables before, , , , , , and voiced stops. In open syllables, /Γ¦/ tends to stay lax, regardless of the following consonant. (Contrasting that with th... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686433 | From the article on '/Γ¦/ raising', restate the 'Australian English' content. | In Australian English, and the backing diphthong (which corresponds to in General American and RP) may be raised to before nasal consonants. In the case of, the raised allophone approaches the vowel but is typically somewhat longer, similar to the vowel. In the case of, it is only the first element that is variabl... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686417 | What information does the article about '/Γ¦/ raising' provide on 'Distinction between phonemic and non-phonemic /Γ¦/ raising'? | Short-a (or ) tensing has two possible forms: either non-phonemic ("continuous") or phonemic ("split"). In General American, for example, the word man can be pronounced on a continuum from the lax-vowel to the tense-vowel, but the latter pronunciation is much more common. However, both vowel qualities are considered po... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686430 | Reconstruct the content about 'Before nasals' from the article on '/Γ¦/ raising'. | other consonants, allophones of occupy a continuum of varying degrees of height and tenseness between both extremes, with a variety of phonetic and phonological factors interacting (sometimes differently in different dialects) to determine the height and tenseness of any particular example of. The pattern most charact... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686423 | Explain what '/Γ¦/ raising' covers in the 'Northern New Jersey' section. | In Northern New Jersey, Labov finds the New York City system, but with some variability. East of the Hackensack River, by Hoboken, Elizabeth, and Jersey City, Labov finds the split with no more variation than in the city itself. Between the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, Labov finds speakers typically lack the function... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686420 | Explain what '/Γ¦/ raising' covers in the 'Phonemic raising systems' section. | in the same syllable and before nasals in certain environments, and both phenomena involve replacement of the short lax vowel with a longer and tenser vowel. However, the "broad a" is lower and backer than, and the result of tensing is higher and fronter. It is also related to the badβlad split of some Southern Britis... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
/Γ¦/_raising_9686421 | From the article on '/Γ¦/ raising', restate the 'New York City' content. | 1) Function words with simple codas are usually lax ; can (simple coda) vs. can't (complex coda) has ; 1) Learned words (often including loanwords) are usually lax ; alas and carafe with ; 1) Abbreviated words or personal names are usually lax ; Cass, Babs, and math with ; 1) When a vowel-initial word-level suffix is a... | [
"/Γ¦/ raising β New Orleans\n\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open ... |
0_24854089 | Reconstruct the content about 'Physics' from the article on '0'. | The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest possible value (negative... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854063 | Describe the 'Ancient Near East' section of the article about '0'. | Ancient Egyptian numerals were of base 10. They used hieroglyphs for the digits and were not positional. By 1770 BC, the Egyptians had a symbol for zero in accounting texts. The symbol nfr, meaning beautiful, was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids, and distances were measured relativ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854068 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'Classical antiquity'? | while the combination meant a zero angle. Minutes of immersion was also a continuous function 1β12 31β²20β³ βd(24βd) (a triangular pulse with convex sides), where d was the digit function and 31β²20β³ was the sum of the radii of the Sun's and Moon's discs. Ptolemy's symbol was a placeholder as well as a number used by two ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854080 | What does the article about '0' say regarding 'Transmission to Europe'? | have displayed with exact proof, in order that those further seeking this knowledge, with its pre-eminent method, might be instructed, and further, in order that the Latin people might not be discovered to be without it, as they have been up to now. If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary,... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854076 | Based on the article about '0', describe the 'Transmission to Islamic culture' section. | The Arabic-language inheritance of science was largely Greek, followed by Hindu influences. In 773, at Al-Mansur's behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others. In AD 813, astronomical tables were prepared by a Persian mathematician, MuαΈ₯ammad ibn MΕ«sΔ al-KhwΔrizmΔ«,... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854067 | Based on the article about '0', describe the 'Classical antiquity' section. | zero was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the Old World. Ptolemy used it many times in his Almagest (VI.8) for the magnitude of solar and lunar eclipses. It represented the value of both digits and minutes of immersion at first and last contact. Digits varied continuously from 0 to ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854086 | Reconstruct the content about 'Other branches of mathematics' from the article on '0'. | In set theory, 0 is the cardinality of the empty set: if one does not have any apples, then one has 0 apples. In fact, in certain axiomatic developments of mathematics from set theory, 0 is defined to be the empty set. When this is done, the empty set is the von Neumann cardinal assignment for a set with no elements, w... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854060 | Reconstruct the content from the article about '0'. | 0 (zero) is a number, and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854078 | Describe the 'Transmission to Europe' section of the article about '0'. | took charge; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience, had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days. There, following my introduction, as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art, to the nine digits of the Hindu... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854077 | Summarize the 'Transmission to Europe' part of '0'. | The HinduβArabic numeral system (base 10) reached Western Europe in the 11th century, via Al-Andalus, through Spanish Muslims, the Moors, together with knowledge of classical astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe; Gerbert of Aurillac is credited with reintroducing the lost teachings into Catholic Europe. For thi... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854090 | Summarize the 'Chemistry' part of '0'. | Zero has been proposed as the atomic number of the theoretical element tetraneutron. It has been shown that a cluster of four neutrons may be stable enough to be considered an atom in its own right. This would create an element with no protons and no charge on its nucleus. As early as 1926, Andreas von Antropoff coined... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854087 | Reconstruct the content about 'Other branches of mathematics' from the article on '0'. | as a well-ordered set. ; In propositional logic, 0 may be used to denote the truth value false. ; In abstract algebra, 0 is commonly used to denote a zero element, which is a neutral element for addition (if defined on the structure under consideration) and an absorbing element for multiplication (if defined). ; In lat... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854069 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'Classical antiquity'? | a Ge'ez word for "none" (English translation is "0" elsewhere) alongside Ge'ez numerals (based on Greek numerals), which was translated from an equivalent table published by the Church of Alexandria in Medieval Greek. This use was repeated in AD525 in an equivalent table, that was translated via the Latin nulla or "non... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854091 | Summarize the 'Computer science' part of '0'. | The most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one, and this is the practice in early classic computer programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL. However, in the late 1950s LISP introduced zero-based numbering for arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible basing for arr... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854096 | Summarize the 'Other fields' part of '0'. | In comparative zoology and cognitive science, recognition that some animals display awareness of the concept of zero leads to the conclusion that the capability for numerical abstraction arose early in the evolution of species. ; In telephony, pressing 0 is often used for dialling out of a company network or to a diffe... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854093 | Explain what '0' covers in the 'Computer science' section. | a condition either true or false, but it can be undetermined. Any computation including a null value delivers a null result. A null pointer is a pointer in a computer program that does not point to any object or function. In C, the integer constant 0 is converted into the null pointer at compile time when it appears in... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854073 | Describe the 'India' section of the article about '0'. | Bakhshali manuscript, a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants. In 2017, three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries: from AD 224β383, AD 680β779, and AD 885β993, making it South Asia's oldest recorded use of the zero symbol. It is not known how the bi... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854064 | What does the article about '0' say regarding 'Pre-Columbian Americas'? | The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar developed in south-central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a placeholder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Many different glyphs, including this partial quatrefoilββwere used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the earliest of ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854072 | Reconstruct the content about 'India' from the article on '0'. | Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC ), a Sanskrit prosody scholar, used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code. Pingala used the Sanskrit word ΕΕ«nya explicitly to refer to zero. The concept of zero as a written digit in the... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854075 | Summarize the 'Epigraphy' part of '0'. | There are numerous copper plate inscriptions, with the same small o in them, some of them possibly dated to the 6th century, but their date or authenticity may be open to doubt. A stone tablet found in the ruins of a temple near Sambor on the Mekong, KratiΓ© Province, Cambodia, includes the inscription of "605" in Khmer... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854092 | Explain what '0' covers in the 'Computer science' section. | array element's location to be calculated by adding the index directly to address of the array, whereas 1-based languages precalculate the array's base address to be the position one element before the first. There can be confusion between 0- and 1-based indexing, for example Java's JDBC indexes parameters from 1 altho... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854083 | From the article on '0', restate the 'Elementary algebra' content. | Addition: x + 0 = 0 + x = x. That is, 0 is an identity element (or neutral element) with respect to addition. ; Subtraction: x β 0 = x and 0 β x = βx. ; Multiplication: x Β· 0 = 0 Β· x = 0. ; Division: 0βx = 0, for nonzero x. But xβ0 is undefined, because 0 has no multiplicative inverse (no real number multiplied by 0 pr... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854061 | Based on the article about '0', describe the 'Etymology' section. | The word zero came into the English language via French zΓ©ro from the Italian zero, a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via αΉ£afira or αΉ£ifr. In pre-Islamic time the word αΉ£ifr (Arabic Ψ΅ΩΨ±) had the meaning "empty". Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate ΕΕ«nya (ΰ€Άΰ₯ΰ€¨ΰ₯ΰ€―) from India. Th... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854082 | Summarize the 'Mathematics' part of '0'. | 0 is the integer immediately preceding 1. Zero is an even number because it is divisible by 2 with no remainder. 0 is neither positive nor negative, or both positive and negative. Many definitions include 0 as a natural number, in which case it is the only natural number that is not positive. Zero is a number which qua... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854074 | From the article on '0', restate the 'India' content. | is also used to refer to zero. The Aryabhatiya (c. 500), states sthΔnΔt sthΔnaαΉ daΕaguαΉaαΉ syΔt "from place to place each is ten times the preceding." Rules governing the use of zero appeared in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century), which states the sum of zero with itself as zero, and incorrectly division... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854084 | Describe the 'Elementary algebra' section of the article about '0'. | may or may not be considered a natural number, but it is an integer, and hence a rational number and a real number (as well as an algebraic number and a complex number). The number 0 is neither positive nor negative, and is usually displayed as the central number in a number line. It is neither a prime number nor a com... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854062 | Summarize the 'Modern usage' part of '0'. | Depending on the context, there may be different words used for the number zero, or the concept of zero. For the simple notion of lacking, the words "nothing" and "none" are often used. Sometimes, the word "nought" or "naught" is used. It is often called "oh" in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero in... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854085 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'Elementary algebra'? | for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex number x, unless otherwise stated. The expression 0β0, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of the form f(x)βg(x) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the fraction, is a ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854079 | Summarize the 'Transmission to Europe' part of '0'. | my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation. But all this even, and the algorism, as well as the art of Pythagoras, I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the Hindus (Modus Indorum). Therefore, embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus, and taking stricter pains in it... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854065 | Reconstruct the content about 'Pre-Columbian Americas' from the article on '0'. | within the Olmec heartland, although the Olmec civilization ended by the 4th century BC, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates. Although zero became an integral part of Maya numerals, with a different, empty tortoise-like "shell shape" used for many depictions of the "zero" numeral, it is assumed... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854098 | Reconstruct the content about 'Symbols and representations' from the article on '0'. | The modern numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse. Traditionally, many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower, elliptical digit 0. Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0. The... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854094 | What does the article about '0' say regarding 'Computer science'? | the same number, i.e., there is no "positive zero" or "negative zero" distinct from zero. However, in some computer hardware signed number representations, zero has two distinct representations, a positive one grouped with the positive numbers and a negative one grouped with the negatives; this kind of dual representat... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854088 | Summarize the 'Related mathematical terms' part of '0'. | A zero of a function f is a point x in the domain of the function such that . When there are finitely many zeros these are called the roots of the function. This is related to zeros of a holomorphic function. ; The zero function (or zero map) on a domain D is the constant function with 0 as its only possible output val... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854099 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'Year label'? | In the BC calendar era, the year 1 BC is the first year before AD 1; there is not a year zero. By contrast, in astronomical year numbering, the year 1 BC is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered β1, and so forth. | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854070 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'China'? | The SΕ«nzΔ SuΓ njΔ«ng, of unknown date but estimated to be dated from the 1st to 5th centuries AD, and Japanese records dated from the 18th century, describe how the c. 4th century BC Chinese counting rods system enabled one to perform decimal calculations. As noted in Xiahou Yang's Suanjing (425β468 AD) that states that ... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854066 | Based on the article about '0', describe the 'Classical antiquity' section. | The ancient Greeks had no symbol for zero (ΞΌΞ·Ξ΄ΞΞ½), and did not use a digit placeholder for it. They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, "How can nothing be something?", leading to philosophical and, by the medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854097 | What does the article about '0' say regarding 'Other fields'? | In Formula One, if the reigning World Champion no longer competes in Formula One in the year following their victory in the title race, 0 is given to one of the drivers of the team that the reigning champion won the title with. This happened in 1993 and 1994, with Damon Hill driving car 0, due to the reigning World Cha... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_24854071 | What information does the article about '0' provide on 'China'? | number, with an empty space denoting zero." The counting rod system is considered a positional notation system. In AD 690, Empress WΗ promulgated Zetian characters, one of which was "γ"; originally meaning 'star', it subsequently came to represent zero. Zero was not treated as a number at that time, but as a "vacant po... | [
"0 β Physics\n\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest poss... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287015 | Explain what '0 + 2 = 1' covers in the 'Nomeansno' section. | Andy Kerr (" ") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287012 | Describe the 'Background and recording' section of the article about '0 + 2 = 1'. | the opening song "Now." All eight of the outtakes were eventually released. Two tracks, covers of The Subhumans's "Oh Canaduh" and D.O.A.'s "New Age," were issued as a 7-inch record on Allied Recordings later that year. Another, a cover of the track "Forward to Death," was included on the Dead Kennedys tribute album Vi... | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287013 | From the article on '0 + 2 = 1', restate the 'Release' content. | The album was issued on CD, LP, and cassette by Alternative Tentacles in 1991. To support it, the band toured extensively in North America and Europe. Guitarist Andy Kerr left the band after the tour to emigrate to the Netherlands, and the band returned to its original two-piece formation of brothers Rob and John Wrigh... | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287011 | Summarize the 'Background and recording' part of '0 + 2 = 1'. | By 1991, the members of Nomeansno had quit their day jobs and focused on their band, which was developing an increasingly large audience in Europe and North America. They had finished supporting their most widely acclaimed record, Wrong, the promotional tour for which yielded the live album Live + Cuddly. They recorded... | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287017 | Explain what '0 + 2 = 1' covers in the 'Production and artwork' section. | David Bruce β artwork ; Brian (Who) Else β engineering ; Cecil English β producer, engineering ; George Horn β mastering | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_27287014 | What does the article about '0 + 2 = 1' say regarding 'Reception'? | The album was received fairly well by critics. Writing for Ox Fanzine, Joachim Hiller argued that the record helped to solidify the band's "godlike status" through "complex rhythms, harrowing chants, and unorthodox guitar work." In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Adam Bregman assessed the album as "among their ... | [
"0 + 2 = 1 β Nomeansno\n\nAndy Kerr (\" \") β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar",
"0 + 2 = 1 β Additional musicians\n\nMark Critchley β horns (track 2) ; Lissa Beurge β backup vocals (... |
0_+_2_=_1_Β½_19653825 | Based on the article about '0 + 2 = 1 Β½', describe the 'Background and release' section. | In July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the "Oh Canaduh" 7-inch EP on Allied Recordings, and one on... | [
"0 + 2 = 1 Β½ β Background and release\n\nIn July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the \"Oh Canad... |
0_+_2_=_1_Β½_19653824 | What information does the article about '0 + 2 = 1 Β½' provide? | 0 + 2 = 1 Β½ is a compilation album by Vancouver punk band Nomeansno. Recorded in 1991 and released as a digital album in 2010, it includes five outtakes and four demo tracks recorded for 0 + 2 = 1, Nomeansno's fifth full-length record and final album to feature Nomeansno's longtime guitarist Andy Kerr. | [
"0 + 2 = 1 Β½ β Background and release\n\nIn July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the \"Oh Canad... |
0_+_2_=_1_Β½_19653827 | From the article on '0 + 2 = 1 Β½', restate the 'Personnel' content. | Andy Kerr β guitar, bass, vocals ; John Wright (Mr. Right) β vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering ; Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) β vocals, bass, guitar David Bruce β artwork ; Brian (Who) Else β engineering ; Cecil English β producer, engineering Nomeansno Production and design | [
"0 + 2 = 1 Β½ β Background and release\n\nIn July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the \"Oh Canad... |
0_A.D._(video_game)_1789370 | From the article on '0 A.D. (video game)', restate the 'Reception' content. | In 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org "Open Source Game of the Year for 2013". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downloaded from SourceForge.net over 1.3 million... | [
"0 A.D. (video game) β Reception\n\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downlo... |
0_A.D._(video_game)_1789369 | What information does the article about '0 A.D. (video game)' provide on 'Development'? | for 0 A.D. under the GNU GPLv2 (or later) license, and made the artwork available under the CC BY-SA license. There were around ten to fifteen people working on 0 A.D. around 23 March 2010; but since development started, over 100 people have contributed to the project. On 5 September 2013, an Indiegogo crowdfunding cam... | [
"0 A.D. (video game) β Reception\n\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downlo... |
0_A.D._(video_game)_1789367 | What does the article about '0 A.D. (video game)' say regarding 'Gameplay'? | 0 A.D. features the traditional real-time strategy gameplay components of building a base, developing an economy, training an army, engaging in combat, and researching new technologies. The game includes multiple units and buildings specific to each civilization as well as both land and naval units. During the game, th... | [
"0 A.D. (video game) β Reception\n\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downlo... |
0_A.D._(video_game)_1789368 | Based on the article about '0 A.D. (video game)', describe the 'Development' section. | 0 A.D. originally began in 2001 as a comprehensive total conversion mod concept for Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings. The development team later decided that making the project as a mod was too limiting to their creative freedom, and elected to move their art and ideas to an in-house engine, making it a standalone g... | [
"0 A.D. (video game) β Reception\n\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downlo... |
0_A.D._(video_game)_1789366 | What information does the article about '0 A.D. (video game)' provide? | 0 A.D. is a free and open-source real-time strategy video game under development by Wildfire Games. It is a historical war and economy game focusing on the years between 500 BC and 1 BC, with the years between 1 AD and 500 AD planned to be developed in the future. The game is cross-platform, playable on Windows, macOS,... | [
"0 A.D. (video game) β Reception\n\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downlo... |
0_Day_Attack_on_Earth_12257089 | Summarize the 'Downloadable content' part of '0 Day Attack on Earth'. | On January 13, 2010, the London Map Pack was released. It contains new London-based maps, new enemies and a higher difficulty setting. New maps can be played in the co-op mode but not in the Capture The Flag or Control Point modes. On February 3, 2010, it was followed up by the Night Missions Map Pack, where the New Yo... | [
"0 Day Attack on Earth β Downloadable content\n\nOn January 13, 2010, the London Map Pack was released. It contains new London-based maps, new enemies and a higher difficulty setting. New maps can be played in the co-op mode but not in the Capture The Flag or Control Point modes. On February 3, 2010, it was followe... |
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