Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56dfc460231d4119001abdc3	What is peering?	multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, inc...
56dfc460231d4119001abdc4	What does peering allow?	routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, inc...
56dfc460231d4119001abdc5	Why is peering used?	data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, inc...
56dfc460231d4119001abdc6	What are IXs?	Internet exchange points	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, inc...
56dfc460231d4119001abdc7	Where do multiple ISPs connect?	peering points or Internet exchange points	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, inc...
56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd8	Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?	A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nNetwork hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]" ]
56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd9	What sort of route does data follow?	the most efficient route	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nNetwork hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]" ]
56dfc592231d4119001abddd	What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?	intelligence agencies	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nInternet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs ar...
56dfc592231d4119001abdde	What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?	PRISM	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nInternet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs ar...
56dfc592231d4119001abddf	What does PRISM do?	provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nInternet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs ar...
56dfc592231d4119001abde0	What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies?	a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nInternet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs ar...
56dfc592231d4119001abde1	What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do?	allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time	[ "Internet_service_provider\n\nInternet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs ar...
56e01244231d4119001abf16	Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?	fumetti	[ "Comics\n\nComics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, o...
56e01244231d4119001abf17	In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?	speech balloons	[ "Comics\n\nComics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, o...
56e01244231d4119001abf18	What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?	online webcomics	[ "Comics\n\nComics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, o...
56e01244231d4119001abf19	The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?	narrative pacing	[ "Comics\n\nComics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, o...
56e01379231d4119001abf20	When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?	1830s	[ "Comics\n\nThe history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history ...
56e01379231d4119001abf22	Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?	Superman	[ "Comics\n\nThe history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history ...
56e01379231d4119001abf23	What is Japanese cartooning known as?	manga	[ "Comics\n\nThe history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history ...
56e014a37aa994140058e2c3	French comics are also known as what?	bandes dessinées	[ "Comics\n\nThe English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has becom...
56e014a37aa994140058e2c4	When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?	when it refers to the medium	[ "Comics\n\nThe English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has becom...
56e014a37aa994140058e2c5	The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?	recurring characters	[ "Comics\n\nThe English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has becom...
56e014a37aa994140058e2c6	Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?	images and text	[ "Comics\n\nThe English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has becom...
56e014a37aa994140058e2c7	What are Japanese comics called?	manga	[ "Comics\n\nThe English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has becom...
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd	Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?	Rodolphe Töpffer	[ "Comics\n\nThe European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though m...
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce	Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?	Richard F. Outcault	[ "Comics\n\nThe European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though m...
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf	When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?	1890s	[ "Comics\n\nThe European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though m...
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0	What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?	satirical	[ "Comics\n\nThe European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though m...
56e01bf5231d4119001abf29	In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?	Lascaux cave paintings	[ "Comics\n\nOutside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Prota...
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a	What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?	The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel	[ "Comics\n\nOutside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Prota...
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b	In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?	hieroglyphs	[ "Comics\n\nOutside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Prota...
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c	In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?	Trajan's Column	[ "Comics\n\nOutside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Prota...
56e01d2f231d4119001abf33	What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?	The Glasgow Looking Glass	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;...
56e01d2f231d4119001abf34	When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?	1825	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;...
56e01d2f231d4119001abf35	In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?	Punch	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;...
56e01d2f231d4119001abf36	Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?	Ally Sloper	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;...
56e01d2f231d4119001abf37	When did Ally Sloper first appear?	1884	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;...
56e02060231d4119001abf3e	Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?	New York World	[ "Comics\n\nAmerican comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and o...
56e02060231d4119001abf3f	Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?	Outcault's The Yellow Kid	[ "Comics\n\nAmerican comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and o...
56e020e2231d4119001abf47	What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?	Mutt and Jeff	[ "Comics\n\nShorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and dra...
56e020e2231d4119001abf49	When did Mutt and Jeff appear?	1907	[ "Comics\n\nShorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and dra...
56e020e2231d4119001abf4a	When did comic books make an appearance?	1930s	[ "Comics\n\nShorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and dra...
56e020e2231d4119001abf4b	Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?	Action Comics	[ "Comics\n\nShorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and dra...
56e02191231d4119001abf52	Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?	crime and horror	[ "Comics\n\nThe popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) w...
56e02191231d4119001abf53	Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?	Comics Code Authority	[ "Comics\n\nThe popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) w...
56e02191231d4119001abf54	When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?	1960s	[ "Comics\n\nThe popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) w...
56e02191231d4119001abf55	When did the alternative comics movement begin?	1980s	[ "Comics\n\nThe popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) w...
56e02a437aa994140058e2dd	Serialization of comics became less popular when?	1980s	[ "Comics\n\nFrom the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-ist...
56e02a437aa994140058e2de	How were comics published when serialization became less common?	as albums	[ "Comics\n\nFrom the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-ist...
56e02a437aa994140058e2df	Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?	L'Association	[ "Comics\n\nFrom the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-ist...
56e02a437aa994140058e2e1	Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?	print market	[ "Comics\n\nFrom the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-ist...
56e02acd231d4119001abf6d	What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?	toba-e and kibyōshi picture books	[ "Comics\n\nJapanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th cen...
56e02acd231d4119001abf6e	What is ukiyo-e an example of?	woodblock prints	[ "Comics\n\nJapanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th cen...
56e02b8d231d4119001abf75	When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?	1890s	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well ...
56e02b8d231d4119001abf76	Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?	Western expatriates	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well ...
56e02b8d231d4119001abf77	When did Jiji Manga debut?	1900	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well ...
56e02b8d231d4119001abf78	Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?	Rakuten Kitazawa	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well ...
56e02b8d231d4119001abf79	When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?	1930s	[ "Comics\n\nIllustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well ...
56e02d07231d4119001abf7f	What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?	Sazae-san	[ "Comics\n\nThe modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds...
56e02d07231d4119001abf81	Where were comic strip stories first serialized?	magazines	[ "Comics\n\nThe modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds...
56e02d07231d4119001abf82	What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?	after World War II	[ "Comics\n\nThe modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds...
56e02db6231d4119001abf8f	Where do comics usually appear?	newspapers	[ "Comics\n\nComic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sund...
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a	Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?	magazines	[ "Comics\n\nSpecialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly i...
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b	How often are European serialized comics in magazines?	monthly or weekly	[ "Comics\n\nSpecialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly i...
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c	How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?	weekly	[ "Comics\n\nSpecialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly i...
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d	How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?	hundreds of pages	[ "Comics\n\nSpecialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly i...
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d	What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?	graphic novels	[ "Comics\n\nBook-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"—a term...
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f	What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?	tankōbon	[ "Comics\n\nBook-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"—a term...
56e02f3b7aa994140058e310	What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?	fiction	[ "Comics\n\nBook-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"—a term...
56e02f3b7aa994140058e311	What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?	graphic novels	[ "Comics\n\nBook-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"—a term...
56e02fd17aa994140058e323	Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?	Europe	[ "Comics\n\nGag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and ima...
56e02fd17aa994140058e324	When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?	1843	[ "Comics\n\nGag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and ima...
56e02fd17aa994140058e325	In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?	Punch	[ "Comics\n\nGag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and ima...
56e03088231d4119001abfa3	What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?	lowbrow reputation	[ "Comics\n\nComics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur...
56e03088231d4119001abfa4	Who thought pop culture was a risk?	cultural elites	[ "Comics\n\nComics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur...
56e03088231d4119001abfa6	What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?	Comics	[ "Comics\n\nComics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur...
56e03125231d4119001abfab	What is a comic that is as long as a book called?	graphic novel	[ "Comics\n\nThe graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century grap...
56e03125231d4119001abfac	Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?	Will Eisner	[ "Comics\n\nThe graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century grap...
56e03125231d4119001abfad	What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?	1980s	[ "Comics\n\nThe graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century grap...
56e03125231d4119001abfae	In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?	webcomics	[ "Comics\n\nThe graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century grap...
56e03125231d4119001abfaf	The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?	Maus	[ "Comics\n\nThe graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century grap...
56e031847aa994140058e33f	Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?	Rodolphe Töpffer	[ "Comics\n\nThe francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Fra...
56e031847aa994140058e340	What century had comics in wide production?	19th	[ "Comics\n\nThe francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Fra...
56e031847aa994140058e341	What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?	Zig et Puce	[ "Comics\n\nThe francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Fra...
56e031847aa994140058e342	What comics began to dominate in Europe?	Franco-Belgian	[ "Comics\n\nThe francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Fra...
56e031847aa994140058e343	When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized?	1929	[ "Comics\n\nThe francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Fra...
56e031db231d4119001abfb7	In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?	literacy	[ "Comics\n\nFollowing the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bea...
56e031db231d4119001abfb8	What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?	comics	[ "Comics\n\nFollowing the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bea...
56e031db231d4119001abfb9	Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?	literature	[ "Comics\n\nFollowing the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bea...
56e032247aa994140058e34b	Comics for adults began to be called what?	Ninth Art	[ "Comics\n\nIn the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Go...
56e032247aa994140058e34c	What year did Pilote begin?	1959	[ "Comics\n\nIn the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Go...
56e032247aa994140058e34d	What became a best-seller comic in the French language?	Adventures of Asterix	[ "Comics\n\nIn the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Go...
56e032687aa994140058e353	Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?	editorial interference	[ "Comics\n\nFrustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstre...
56e032687aa994140058e354	When was L'Écho des savanes begun?	1972	[ "Comics\n\nFrustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstre...
56e032687aa994140058e356	Métal hurlant was of what genre?	science fiction	[ "Comics\n\nFrustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstre...
56e032687aa994140058e357	What format did adult comics begin to be published in?	prestige	[ "Comics\n\nFrustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstre...
56e033fc7aa994140058e35d	Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?	Nihon Manga-Shi	[ "Comics\n\nHistorical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese...
56e033fc7aa994140058e35e	When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?	1924	[ "Comics\n\nHistorical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese...
56e033fc7aa994140058e35f	What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?	Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics	[ "Comics\n\nHistorical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese...
56e033fc7aa994140058e360	Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?	Frederik L. Schodt	[ "Comics\n\nHistorical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese...

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