id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56e1a30ee3433e1400423056 | Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen? | as a tracer gas for minute leak detection | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food addit... |
56e1a30ee3433e1400423057 | What industries can you find these applications? | automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food addit... |
56e1a30ee3433e1400423058 | How is hydrogen used as a food additive? | allows food package leak testing | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food addit... |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a40 | What isotope is used in nuclear fission? | Deuterium | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium... |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a42 | Where is tritium produced? | nuclear reactors | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium... |
56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a43 | What is tritium used for? | production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium... |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423070 | How is hydrogen used at power stations? | as a coolant in generators | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases."
] |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423071 | Why is it used as a coolant? | favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases."
] |
56e1a41ee3433e1400423072 | What are these properties? | low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases."
] |
56e1a498e3433e1400423076 | Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource? | not | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Eart... |
56e1a498e3433e1400423077 | Where does the sun get its energy from? | nuclear fusion of hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Eart... |
56e1a498e3433e1400423078 | How does hydrogen function when it s burned? | energy carrier | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Eart... |
56e1a588cd28a01900c67a53 | What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel? | elemental | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the con... |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5a | Why is hydrogen employed? | to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3,... |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5b | How is hydrogen used in oxide materials? | a potential electron donor | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3,... |
56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5c | What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor? | ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3,... |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a60 | What enzymes are used to produce H2? | hydrogenases | [
"Hydrogen\n\nH2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Cr... |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a62 | When does hydrogen gas occur? | in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water | [
"Hydrogen\n\nH2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Cr... |
56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a63 | What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called? | hydrogen cycle | [
"Hydrogen\n\nH2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Cr... |
56e1a770e3433e140042307e | What is the decomposition of water into its components called? | Water splitting | [
"Hydrogen\n\nWater splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which ... |
56e1a770e3433e140042307f | Where does water splitting occur? | in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms | [
"Hydrogen\n\nWater splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which ... |
56e1a770e3433e1400423080 | What organisms can form H2 gas? | alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria | [
"Hydrogen\n\nWater splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which ... |
56e1a770e3433e1400423081 | How are these gases formed? | by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast | [
"Hydrogen\n\nWater splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which ... |
56e1a815e3433e1400423086 | What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey? | potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in ... |
56e1a815e3433e1400423088 | What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to? | cracks and explosions | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in ... |
56e1a8b5e3433e140042308e | What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on? | the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio | [
"Hydrogen\n\nEven interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is... |
56e1a8b5e3433e140042308f | How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio? | days or weeks | [
"Hydrogen\n\nEven interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is... |
56e1a8b5e3433e1400423090 | What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on? | container geometry | [
"Hydrogen\n\nEven interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is... |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea | On what date did the Space Race begin? | August 2, 1955 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by ca... |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb | Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date? | October 4, 1957 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by ca... |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec | Who was the first person in space? | Yuri Gagarin | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by ca... |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed | What was the date that the first human reached space? | April 12, 1961 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by ca... |
56e0796b231d4119001ac197 | Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root? | World War II | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with li... |
56e0796b231d4119001ac199 | A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year? | 1932 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with li... |
56e079e87aa994140058e541 | During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? | General Dornberger | [
"Space_Race\n\nDuring the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) ... |
56e079e87aa994140058e542 | What was the first object to enter space? | Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket | [
"Space_Race\n\nDuring the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) ... |
56e079e87aa994140058e543 | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | 1942 and 1943 | [
"Space_Race\n\nDuring the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) ... |
56e07a467aa994140058e549 | What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? | Operation Paperclip | [
"Space_Race\n\nAt war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the U... |
56e07a467aa994140058e54a | The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? | V2 rockets | [
"Space_Race\n\nAt war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the U... |
56e07b187aa994140058e54d | The German rocket center was located in what city? | Peenemünde | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were... |
56e07b187aa994140058e54e | Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany? | Sergei Korolev | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were... |
56e07b187aa994140058e54f | What year was Sergei Korolev arrested? | 1938 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were... |
56e07b187aa994140058e550 | Sergei Korolev died in what year? | 1966 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were... |
56e07b187aa994140058e551 | After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title? | USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were... |
56e07b847aa994140058e559 | What year was the R1 rocket born? | 1948 | [
"Space_Race\n\nAfter almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-sol... |
56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3 | What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914? | Robert H. Goddard | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921;... |
56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4 | Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year? | 1921 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921;... |
56e084b77aa994140058e595 | The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where? | New Mexico | [
"Space_Race\n\nVon Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take ... |
56e084b77aa994140058e596 | Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year? | 1945 | [
"Space_Race\n\nVon Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take ... |
56e084b77aa994140058e597 | The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year? | 1949 | [
"Space_Race\n\nVon Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take ... |
56e084b77aa994140058e598 | The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state? | Huntsville, Alabama | [
"Space_Race\n\nVon Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take ... |
56e084b77aa994140058e599 | What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama? | 1950 | [
"Space_Race\n\nVon Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take ... |
56e08587231d4119001ac24f | What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb? | 1949 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet U... |
56e08587231d4119001ac250 | What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War? | the hydrogen bomb | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet U... |
56e08587231d4119001ac251 | ICBMs is an abbreviation for what? | intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet U... |
56e08587231d4119001ac252 | The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force? | Strategic Air Command | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet U... |
56e08587231d4119001ac253 | During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US? | 1950s | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet U... |
56e08680231d4119001ac26b | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | 27 million | [
"Space_Race\n\nFor its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. T... |
56e08680231d4119001ac26c | The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year? | 1941 | [
"Space_Race\n\nFor its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. T... |
56e08680231d4119001ac26d | Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb? | 1949 | [
"Space_Race\n\nFor its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. T... |
56e08680231d4119001ac26e | In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs? | 1947 | [
"Space_Race\n\nFor its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. T... |
56e08680231d4119001ac26f | What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union? | air force | [
"Space_Race\n\nFor its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. T... |
56e087477aa994140058e5b8 | Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket? | Korolev | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a ne... |
56e087477aa994140058e5b9 | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | German G-4 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a ne... |
56e087477aa994140058e5ba | When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully? | August 21, 1957 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a ne... |
56e087477aa994140058e5bb | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | R-7 Semyorka rocket | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a ne... |
56e087e6231d4119001ac275 | The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year? | 1945 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially su... |
56e087e6231d4119001ac276 | What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force? | MX-774 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially su... |
56e087e6231d4119001ac277 | The MX-774 was tested in what year? | 1947 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially su... |
56e087e6231d4119001ac278 | The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where? | Cape Canaveral | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially su... |
56e087e6231d4119001ac279 | The Atlas-A first launched on what date? | June 11, 1957 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially su... |
56e088c6231d4119001ac280 | Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary? | James C. Hagerty | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artifi... |
56e088c6231d4119001ac281 | The starting date for the Space Race was which date? | August 30, 1955 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artifi... |
56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5 | A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date? | September 20, 1956 | [
"Space_Race\n\nInitially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propagand... |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363 | The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what? | Vanguard | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape C... |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364 | Project Vanguard launch failed on what date? | December 6, 195 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape C... |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state? | Florida | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape C... |
56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366 | in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched? | Jupiter-C rocket | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape C... |
56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b | The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date? | January 31, 1958 | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It... |
56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d | The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements? | cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It... |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1 | Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958? | Lyndon B. Johnson | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing th... |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2 | The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year? | 1958 | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing th... |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3 | What was NASA called before it became NASA? | National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing th... |
56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4 | The first US satellite was launched on what date? | April 2, 1958 | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing th... |
56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab | The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when? | July 1, 1960 | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature,... |
56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac | Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center? | von Braun | [
"Space_Race\n\nOn October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature,... |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7af | How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching? | 4 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also ... |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0 | The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year? | 1959 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also ... |
56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2 | Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon? | Luna 3 | [
"Space_Race\n\nIn 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also ... |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9 | The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization? | NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26,... |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba | The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what? | Ranger 4 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26,... |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb | The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one? | Block III Ranger 7 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26,... |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc | The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date? | July 31, 1964 | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26,... |
56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd | What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program? | Luna | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26,... |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3 | Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961? | the USSR | [
"Space_Race\n\nBy 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft th... |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4 | The first ship to carry a human through space was called what? | Vostok 1 | [
"Space_Race\n\nBy 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft th... |
56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5 | How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft? | 108 minutes | [
"Space_Race\n\nBy 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft th... |
56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a | April 12, in the USSR, is what special day? | Cosmonautics Day | [
"Space_Race\n\nGagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is c... |
56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b | What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations? | 2011 | [
"Space_Race\n\nGagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is c... |
56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5 | Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization? | US Air Force | [
"Space_Race\n\nThe US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate... |
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