id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56e092177aa994140058e5fe | What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up? | link two metal centers | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes."
] |
56e092177aa994140058e5ff | What group is briging ligands most common in? | group 13 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes."
] |
56e09c507aa994140058e64d | When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing? | electrons | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are ... |
56e09c507aa994140058e64e | When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving? | H+ | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are ... |
56e09c507aa994140058e651 | What theory suggests that acids are proton donors? | Bronsted-Lowry | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are ... |
56e09d01231d4119001ac2d3 | What is another term for a bare proton? | H+ | [
"Hydrogen\n\nA bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain at... |
56e0af0c231d4119001ac34d | Where can oxonium ions be found? | in acidic solution with other solvents | [
"Hydrogen\n\nTo avoid the implication of the naked \"solvated proton\" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the \"hydronium ion\" (H\n3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as b... |
56e0af0c231d4119001ac34e | What other term is a solvated protons referred as? | hydronium ion | [
"Hydrogen\n\nTo avoid the implication of the naked \"solvated proton\" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the \"hydronium ion\" (H\n3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as b... |
56e0afa2231d4119001ac354 | What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as? | protonated | [
"Hydrogen\n\nAlthough exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation."
] |
56e0afa2231d4119001ac355 | What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as? | trihydrogen cation | [
"Hydrogen\n\nAlthough exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation."
] |
56e0b0667aa994140058e6a5 | How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have> | 3H | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature."
] |
56e0b0667aa994140058e6a6 | What are the names of these isotopes? | denoted 1H, 2H and 3H | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature."
] |
56e0b0667aa994140058e6a7 | Which isotopes have unstable nuclei? | 4H to 7H | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature."
] |
56e0b2127aa994140058e6ad | Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes? | Hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and... |
56e0b2127aa994140058e6ae | What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes? | deuterium and tritium | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and... |
56e0b2127aa994140058e6af | What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium? | D and T | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and... |
56e0b2127aa994140058e6b0 | What does the symbol P represent? | phosphorus | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and... |
56e0b2127aa994140058e6b1 | What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium? | 2H and 3H | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and... |
56e16a26e3433e1400422ed6 | What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas? | 1671 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". H... |
56e16a26e3433e1400422ed7 | Who discovered Hydrogen gas? | Robert Boyle | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". H... |
56e16a26e3433e1400422ed8 | Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance? | Henry Cavendish | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". H... |
56e16a26e3433e1400422ed9 | In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance? | 1766 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". H... |
56e16a26e3433e1400422eda | What does gas produce when burned? | water | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". H... |
56e16aa1cd28a01900c678c7 | How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments? | reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire | [
"Hydrogen\n\nLavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reacti... |
56e16b59cd28a01900c678dd | Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen? | James Dewar | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, a... |
56e16b59cd28a01900c678de | In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen? | 1898 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, a... |
56e16b59cd28a01900c678df | What year was Deuterium discovered? | 1931 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, a... |
56e16b59cd28a01900c678e0 | Who was the first to discover deuterium? | Harold Urey | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, a... |
56e16b59cd28a01900c678e1 | What year was tritium discovered? | 1934 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, a... |
56e16c1ae3433e1400422efa | Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons? | Jacques Charles | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lif... |
56e16c1ae3433e1400422efb | What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented? | 1783 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lif... |
56e16c1ae3433e1400422efd | what were the hydrogen lifted airships called? | Zeppelins | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lif... |
56e16c1ae3433e1400422efe | In what year did the first zeppelin make flight? | 1900 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lif... |
56e16ce5cd28a01900c67907 | Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing? | the British | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was ... |
56e16ce5cd28a01900c67908 | What year was this done? | 1919 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was ... |
56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790a | What year did the airship get destroyed? | 1937 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was ... |
56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790b | What city was the ship over when it caught fire? | New Jersey | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was ... |
56e170cfcd28a01900c67937 | In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service? | 1937 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today."
] |
56e170cfcd28a01900c67939 | What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located? | Ohio | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today."
] |
56e176a2cd28a01900c6797b | What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used? | 1977 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is als... |
56e176a2cd28a01900c6797e | In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery? | 2009 | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is als... |
56e17de1e3433e1400422f78 | What is the hydrogen atom made up of? | a proton and an electron | [
"Hydrogen\n\nBecause of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydroge... |
56e17de1e3433e1400422f79 | What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of? | atomic structure | [
"Hydrogen\n\nBecause of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydroge... |
56e17de1e3433e1400422f7a | When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed? | 1920s | [
"Hydrogen\n\nBecause of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydroge... |
56e17f00e3433e1400422f86 | Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2? | Maxwell | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOne of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas... |
56e17f00e3433e1400422f87 | What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas? | spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOne of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas... |
56e17f00e3433e1400422f88 | What theory supports this? | quantum theory | [
"Hydrogen\n\nOne of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas... |
56e1934be3433e1400422fd2 | What percent of normal matter is hydrogen? | 75% | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms ... |
56e1934be3433e1400422fd3 | What percent of atoms is hydrogen? | 90% | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms ... |
56e1934be3433e1400422fd4 | What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of? | dark matter and dark energy | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms ... |
56e1934be3433e1400422fd6 | Clouds of H2 form what? | stars | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms ... |
56e1944ae3433e1400422fdc | In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe? | atomic and plasma | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThroughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light fro... |
56e1944ae3433e1400422fdd | Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state? | plasma | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThroughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light fro... |
56e1944ae3433e1400422fdf | in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in? | neutral atomic state | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThroughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light fro... |
56e1944ae3433e1400422fe0 | The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what? | cosmological baryonic density of the Universe | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThroughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light fro... |
56e1954fcd28a01900c679dd | How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface? | third most abundant | [
"Hydrogen\n\nUnder ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the thi... |
56e1954fcd28a01900c679df | what produces hydrogen gas? | bacteria and algae | [
"Hydrogen\n\nUnder ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the thi... |
56e1963acd28a01900c679e5 | What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium? | protonated molecular hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nA molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the envir... |
56e1963acd28a01900c679e7 | What generates protonated molecular hydrogen? | ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays | [
"Hydrogen\n\nA molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the envir... |
56e1963acd28a01900c679e8 | On what planet can you find protonated molecular hydrogen? | Jupiter | [
"Hydrogen\n\nA molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the envir... |
56e1963acd28a01900c679e9 | In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist? | excited form | [
"Hydrogen\n\nA molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the envir... |
56e196cfcd28a01900c679f0 | How does nature produce H2? | expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions | [
"Hydrogen\n\nH\n2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions."
] |
56e196cfcd28a01900c679f1 | How do labs produce H2? | by-product of other reactions | [
"Hydrogen\n\nH\n2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions."
] |
56e197a3cd28a01900c67a00 | What is an easy way to produce hydrogen? | electrolysis of water | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. ... |
56e197a3cd28a01900c67a02 | Where does the gaseous oxygen form at? | anode | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. ... |
56e197a3cd28a01900c67a03 | Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at? | cathode | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThe electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. ... |
56e19878cd28a01900c67a14 | When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get? | hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nAn alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy,... |
56e19878cd28a01900c67a15 | What else can it produce? | alumina | [
"Hydrogen\n\nAn alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy,... |
56e19878cd28a01900c67a16 | What can be reused after the formation? | the expensive gallium | [
"Hydrogen\n\nAn alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy,... |
56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1c | The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what? | hydrocarbons | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (wa... |
56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1e | What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane? | 1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (wa... |
56e19ab0e3433e1400423000 | At what pressure does PSA work best in? | high pressures | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThis reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is kno... |
56e19ab0e3433e1400423001 | What is synthesis gas used for? | production of methanol | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThis reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is kno... |
56e19ab0e3433e1400423002 | Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas? | Hydrocarbons | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThis reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is kno... |
56e19b21e3433e140042300a | How can it be recovered through steam? | use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction | [
"Hydrogen\n\nConsequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H\n2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:"
] |
56e19ba6e3433e1400423011 | When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce? | ammonia | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product."
] |
56e19ba6e3433e1400423012 | How is hydrogen produced as a co product? | Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product."
] |
56e19c6ee3433e1400423021 | What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for? | produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThere are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in... |
56e19c6ee3433e1400423022 | What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from? | solar energy and water | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThere are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in... |
56e19c6ee3433e1400423023 | What countries are testing this? | France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA | [
"Hydrogen\n\nThere are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in... |
56e19cebe3433e1400423028 | What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized? | anaerobic | [
"Hydrogen\n\nUnder anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:"
] |
56e19cebe3433e1400423029 | What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to? | formation of ferrous hydroxide | [
"Hydrogen\n\nUnder anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:"
] |
56e19cebe3433e140042302a | What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide? | green rust | [
"Hydrogen\n\nUnder anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:"
] |
56e19d84e3433e140042302e | Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized? | anaerobic | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:"
] |
56e19d84e3433e140042302f | What does this process form? | magnetite and molecular hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:"
] |
56e19d84e3433e1400423030 | What reaction describes this process? | Schikorr reaction | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:"
] |
56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a22 | How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen? | serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O\n2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H\n2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of ... |
56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a23 | Where do you find silicate? | crystal lattice of the fayalite | [
"Hydrogen\n\nIn the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O\n2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H\n2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of ... |
56e19edbe3433e140042303e | What is the most common gas found in power tranformers? | hydrogen | [
"Hydrogen\n\nFrom all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle."
] |
56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a26 | Where are large quantities of H2 needed? | petroleum and chemical industries | [
"Hydrogen\n\nLarge quantities of H\n2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H\n2 is for the processing (\"upgrading\") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H\n2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, an... |
56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a28 | What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant? | hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking | [
"Hydrogen\n\nLarge quantities of H\n2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H\n2 is for the processing (\"upgrading\") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H\n2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, an... |
56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a36 | Where is hydrogen highly soluble? | rare earth and transition metals | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage thr... |
56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a37 | Where can you find soluble hydrogen? | nanocrystalline and amorphous metals | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage thr... |
56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a38 | What influences hydrogens solubility in metals? | local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage thr... |
56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a39 | When are these useful? | when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage thr... |
56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a3a | When is it damaging? | gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks | [
"Hydrogen\n\nHydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage thr... |
56e1a28ee3433e140042304c | Where else is H2 applied? | in physics and engineering | [
"Hydrogen\n\nApart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any g... |
56e1a28ee3433e140042304e | How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations? | as the rotor coolant | [
"Hydrogen\n\nApart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any g... |
56e1a28ee3433e140042304f | Why is it used as the rotor coolant? | it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas | [
"Hydrogen\n\nApart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any g... |
56e1a28ee3433e1400423050 | What research uses liquid H2? | cryogenic | [
"Hydrogen\n\nApart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any g... |
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