id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54 | Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing? | disciples | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAs evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as env... |
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be | Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism? | Ming government | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949).... |
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf | What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? | 1402–1424 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949).... |
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0 | Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet? | the Yongle Emperor | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949).... |
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6 | What years did the Qing dynasty rule? | 1644–1912 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Ts... |
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7 | what year was the history of Ming produced? | 1739 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Ts... |
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8 | What did the Ming dynasty create? | É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Ts... |
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9 | How many Qianhu offices were there? | seventeen Qianhu offices | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Ts... |
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca | where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established? | western Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Ts... |
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0 | How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court? | three | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According t... |
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2 | Who established the Tibetan law code? | Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According t... |
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3 | Who was the Phagmodru ruler? | Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According t... |
56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8 | who was a professor of the University of Washington? | Turrell V. Wylie | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. O... |
56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9 | Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan? | Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. O... |
56ccde7862d2951400fa64da | Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming? | Morris Rossabi | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. O... |
56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de | Who supported van Praag's beliefs? | historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Ti... |
56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df | Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa? | Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Ti... |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2 | Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet? | Wang and Nyima | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They... |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3 | What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing? | 1371 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They... |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5 | What did the lamas called themselves? | princes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They... |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6 | What edicts did the Ming issue? | imperial edicts | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They... |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ec | Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet? | Journalist and author Thomas Laird | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nJournalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize tha... |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ed | who colonized India and New Zealand? | the British | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nJournalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize tha... |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ee | Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present? | the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nJournalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize tha... |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2 | How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty? | A Mongol dynasty of China | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of t... |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3 | How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty? | the line of Mongol rulers in China | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of t... |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4 | What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as? | a non-Chinese polity | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of t... |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5 | Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan? | Rossabi | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of t... |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6 | When did the yuan dynasty start and end? | 1271 to 1368 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of t... |
56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd | When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign? | 1311–1320 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nNevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, th... |
56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff | During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? | a licensed border market | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nNevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, th... |
56ccf53362d2951400fa6500 | Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority? | the Mongols and other ethnicities | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nNevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, th... |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6506 | Who abolished the policy council? | the Ming | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Counc... |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6507 | What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as? | the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Counc... |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6509 | Who governed most areas of Tibet? | Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Counc... |
56cd480b62d2951400fa650e | Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located? | Beijing | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them low... |
56cd480b62d2951400fa650f | Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute? | Chen Qingying | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them low... |
56cd480b62d2951400fa6510 | How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of? | 1,000 households | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them low... |
56cd480b62d2951400fa6511 | How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of? | 10,000 households | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them low... |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516 | What was the name of the Tibetologist? | John Powers | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chin... |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517 | Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to? | ruling lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chin... |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518 | When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? | subordinates | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chin... |
56cd556f62d2951400fa651c | What was the western regions composed of? | the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of t... |
56cd556f62d2951400fa651d | Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? | foreign officials | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of t... |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6520 | What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ? | Education Minister | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properl... |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6521 | What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen? | Degsi | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properl... |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6522 | What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court? | Phagmodrupa Dynasty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properl... |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6523 | What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts? | Wang and Nyima | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properl... |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6524 | Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east? | The Tai Situpa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properl... |
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532 | Who divided Central Tibet into districts? | Changchub Gyaltsen | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \... |
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533 | Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet? | Van Praag | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \... |
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535 | What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at? | the University of Washington | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \... |
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536 | What did Lok-Ham Chan claim Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove? | all traces of Mongol suzerainty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHowever, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \... |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c | Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to? | Sagya Gyaincain | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, ... |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d | Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler? | the Ming officer of Hezhou | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, ... |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e | Who was the second Phagmodru ruler? | Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, ... |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f | Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control? | the Ming officer of Hezhou | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, ... |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550 | Where were the envoys sent? | to the Ming court | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nAccording to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, ... |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6556 | Who lost their power over Tibet? | the Phagmodrupa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet."
] |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6557 | What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet? | 1434 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet."
] |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6558 | What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet? | 1642 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet."
] |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6559 | What did the other families fail to establish? | hegemonies | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet."
] |
56cd62e262d2951400fa655e | The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools? | the Karmapa Kargyu | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the ... |
56cd62e262d2951400fa655f | Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations? | Mongol | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the ... |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6560 | Who was the founder of the Gelug school? | Je Tsongkhapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the ... |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6561 | Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute? | the Ming Yongle Emperor | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the ... |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6562 | Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation? | Tsongkhapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the ... |
56cd64e762d2951400fa6569 | When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court? | 1407 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nA. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by th... |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656a | When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa? | 1413 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nA. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by th... |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656b | Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing? | his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nA. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by th... |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656c | When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing? | 1414 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nA. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by th... |
56cd669562d2951400fa6572 | Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet? | Dawa Norbu | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true... |
56cd682162d2951400fa658c | Who did the Ming appoint titles to? | eastern Tibetan princes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an ... |
56cd682162d2951400fa658d | What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet? | an army | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an ... |
56cd682162d2951400fa658e | What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess? | Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an ... |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c | What was the name of the eunuch? | Yang Sanbao | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nShih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neig... |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d | Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao? | Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nShih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neig... |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e | When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | 1413 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nShih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neig... |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f | Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | the allegiance of various Tibetan princes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nShih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neig... |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0 | Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts? | to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nShih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neig... |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6 | Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with? | the Ming court | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nEven though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Em... |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7 | Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming? | 1430s | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nEven though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Em... |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8 | What was the Gelug not mentioned in? | the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nEven though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Em... |
56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac | Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to? | various lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet be... |
56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad | Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by? | the Phagmodru myriarchy | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet be... |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2 | Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet? | Melvyn C. Goldstein | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHelmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein ... |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3 | What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end? | 1435–1565 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHelmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein ... |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4 | Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority? | Melvyn C. Goldstein | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHelmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein ... |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5 | What years did the Tsangpa start and end? | 1565–1642 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHelmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein ... |
56cd727662d2951400fa65ba | What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end? | 1398–1402 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10... |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bb | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10... |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bc | Who was Yongle Emperor's father? | the Hongwu Emperor | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10... |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bd | When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court? | March 10, 1403 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10... |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc | Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet? | Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until ... |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | to seek out the Karmapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until ... |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce | When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing? | 1407 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until ... |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf | Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa? | through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nIn order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until ... |
56cd779762d2951400fa65dc | When did Deshin Shekpa travels start? | 1403 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, s... |
56cd779762d2951400fa65dd | Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa? | Nanjing | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, s... |
56cd779762d2951400fa65de | Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to? | the Karmapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, s... |
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