id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56cd779762d2951400fa65df | Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric? | Kublai | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, s... |
56cd779762d2951400fa65e0 | Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa? | the Yongle Emperor | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, s... |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f6 | At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place? | Linggu Temple | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThroughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by r... |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f7 | Where was the Linggu Temple located? | Nanjing | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThroughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by r... |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f8 | What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing? | Great Treasure Prince of Dharma | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThroughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by r... |
56cd798262d2951400fa65fa | Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to? | religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThroughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by r... |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e | Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? | the Mongols | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force in... |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f | Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? | religious purposes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force in... |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620 | What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans? | to send a military force into Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force in... |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621 | Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet? | to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force in... |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622 | Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet? | Deshin Shekpa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force in... |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640 | Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with? | Jianwen Emperor | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMarsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Ji... |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641 | Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule? | Deshin Shekpa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMarsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Ji... |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644 | What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne? | Deshin Shekpa's miracles | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMarsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Ji... |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8 | According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship? | Chinese Communist historians | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the m... |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9 | What were the items of tribute? | Buddhist artifacts | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the m... |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb | Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet? | Josef Kolmaš | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the m... |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2 | What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign? | 1435–1449 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message deliv... |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3 | Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor? | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message deliv... |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4 | Who was the edict addressed to? | the Karmapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message deliv... |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5 | Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong? | Great Treasure Prince of Dharma | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message deliv... |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6 | When was the edict written? | after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message deliv... |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc | Who did the Ming cut off all relations with? | the Karmapa hierarchs | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDespite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the represen... |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd | What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs? | 1446 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDespite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the represen... |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce | When did Deshin Shekpa die? | 1415 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDespite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the represen... |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf | Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by? | the Karmapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDespite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the represen... |
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5 | Why did Yongle order the construction? | to facilitate trade with Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade ro... |
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6 | What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet? | tea, horses, and salt | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade ro... |
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7 | where did the trade route pass through? | through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nTsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade ro... |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de | Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet? | to secure urgently needed horses | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nVan Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were ... |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df | What shops were catered to the Tibetan market? | Silk workshops | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nVan Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were ... |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0 | What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops? | Tibetan Buddhist | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nVan Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were ... |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1 | who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by? | the Ming | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nVan Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were ... |
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2 | Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax? | a mandatory "corvée" tax | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nVan Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were ... |
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8 | Who did the Ming trade horses with? | Tibet | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWhile the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582... |
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9 | Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols? | Altan Khan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWhile the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582... |
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea | Who did Altan Khan overthrow? | the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWhile the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582... |
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb | Who did Altan Khan make peace with? | the Ming dynasty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWhile the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582... |
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec | Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573? | Altan Khan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWhile the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582... |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716 | When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet? | the 14th century | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nPatricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, ... |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717 | When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell? | November 1378 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nPatricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, ... |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718 | How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture? | 30,000 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nPatricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, ... |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719 | How many animals did Mu Ying capture? | 200,000 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nPatricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, ... |
56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a | Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan? | Ming general Qu Neng | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nPatricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, ... |
56cd982562d2951400fa6770 | What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on? | recovery of the Ordos region | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDiscussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could n... |
56cd982562d2951400fa6771 | Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? | the Mongols | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDiscussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could n... |
56cd982562d2951400fa6772 | Where were the Mongols trying to raise? | Ming China | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDiscussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could n... |
56cd982562d2951400fa6774 | Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas? | to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDiscussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could n... |
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec | What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet? | divide-and-rule | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as... |
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed | When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy? | after the Sakya regime had fallen | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as... |
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee | Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with? | fifth Karmapa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as... |
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef | Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to? | many different Tibetan lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nHistorians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as... |
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4 | Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to? | the Phagmodrupa | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an ... |
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6 | When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa? | 1498 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an ... |
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7 | What was the most important event to the Gelug? | New Years ceremonies and prayers | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an ... |
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8 | When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer? | 1518 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an ... |
56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe | When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? | 1505–1521 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th K... |
56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff | Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy? | the company of lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th K... |
56cdae5962d2951400fa6800 | Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama? | Mikyö Dorje | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nThe Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th K... |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e | Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China? | Chinese writers of the early 20th century | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nElliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\... |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f | What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet? | China's intervening Ming dynasty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nElliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\... |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460 | Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? | the 13th century | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nElliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\... |
56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461 | When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion? | the 18th century | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nElliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\... |
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a | During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China? | the Qing dynasty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nJosef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part... |
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b | Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government? | the Chinese central government | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nJosef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part... |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2 | Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate? | the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nP. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts ... |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3 | Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries? | the Republic of China and its Communist successors | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nP. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts ... |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4 | Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work? | the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nP. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts ... |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5 | Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by? | the Mongols | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nP. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts ... |
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6 | The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts? | patron and priest relationship | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nP. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts ... |
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0 | When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China? | the 13th century | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChina Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction o... |
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1 | Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet? | the Ming dynasty | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChina Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction o... |
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2 | When was China Daily started? | 1981 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChina Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction o... |
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3 | Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet? | the Ming | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChina Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction o... |
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4 | According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction? | the central government of China | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nChina Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction o... |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c | When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? | 1521–1567 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas... |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d | What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court? | the native Chinese ideology of Daoism | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas... |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e | Who stopped their trips to Ming China? | the Tibetan lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas... |
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f | Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing? | Yang Tinghe | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas... |
56ce3406aab44d1400b88570 | Who broke the eunuch influence at court? | Yang Tinghe | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nDuring the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas... |
56ce362faab44d1400b885c6 | Who was Zhengde's successor? | Jiajing | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhi... |
56ce362faab44d1400b885c7 | What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? | Neo-Confucian establishment | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhi... |
56ce362faab44d1400b885c8 | Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject? | the Portuguese embassy | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhi... |
56ce362faab44d1400b885c9 | Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards? | Tibetan Buddhism and lamas | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhi... |
56ce362faab44d1400b885ca | Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign? | Jiajing | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nWith the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhi... |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea | What region did the Tumed Mongols move into? | the Kokonor region | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced M... |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb | Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid? | the Ming Chinese frontier | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced M... |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec | The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? | the Ming | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced M... |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed | When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty? | 1571 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced M... |
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee | Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo? | the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced M... |
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe | What practice did Altan Khan put to an end? | the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to... |
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff | Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism? | the Mongol princes and subjects | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to... |
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600 | What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert? | execution | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to... |
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601 | Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles? | the Dalai Lama | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to... |
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602 | Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles? | Committed to their religious leader | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nLaird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to... |
56ce4100aab44d1400b88612 | Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior? | Tümen Khan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nRawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai... |
56ce4100aab44d1400b88613 | To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama? | the great-grandson of Altan Khan | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nRawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai... |
56ce4100aab44d1400b88614 | Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet? | the 5th Dalai Lama | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nRawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai... |
56ce4100aab44d1400b88615 | When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet? | In 1642 | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nRawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai... |
56ce42afaab44d1400b88620 | Who was given the grandiose title? | Sonam Gyatso | [
"Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty\n\nSonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year... |
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