id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd95 | When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school? | 1179 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nWestminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and tr... |
56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd96 | The choirboys of the abbey are trained where? | Westminster Abbey Choir School | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nWestminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and tr... |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9b | Who built the organ? | Harrison & Harrison | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, design... |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9c | When was the organ built? | 1937 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, design... |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9d | When was the organ first used? | the coronation of King George VI | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, design... |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9e | What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848? | pipework | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, design... |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9f | Who designed the two organ cases? | John Loughborough Pearson | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, design... |
56e8f62999e8941900975f30 | What part of the organ is not connected or playable? | the Celestial Organ | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was ref... |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f35 | When were the bells overhauled? | 1971 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or ... |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f36 | How many bells make up the abbey ring? | Ten | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or ... |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f37 | When were the ten bells cast? | 1971 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or ... |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f38 | Who cast the abbey bells? | Whitechapel Bell Foundry | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or ... |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3d | Who cast the two service bells? | Robert Mot | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service b... |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3e | When were the two service bells cast? | 1585 and 1598 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service b... |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3f | When was the Sanctus bell cast? | 1738 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service b... |
56e8f74999e8941900975f40 | Who cast the Sanctus bell? | Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service b... |
56e8f74999e8941900975f41 | Where is the "dish bell" kept? | in the refectory | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service b... |
56e8f8170b45c0140094cda5 | Under whom was the chapter house built? | Henry III | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above."
] |
56e8f8170b45c0140094cda7 | Who restored the chapter house in 1872? | Sir George Gilbert Scott | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above."
] |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f47 | What style is the octagonal chapter house? | Geometrical Gothic style | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nInner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century pa... |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f48 | There is an octagonal what below the chapter house? | crypt | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nInner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century pa... |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f49 | What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house? | vaulted | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nInner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century pa... |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4a | What kind of windows are in the chapter house? | 4-light quatre-foiled windows | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nInner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century pa... |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4b | The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what? | the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nInner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century pa... |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdad | What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house? | mid-13th-century | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame ... |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdae | A door in the vestible dates back to when? | 1050 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame ... |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb0 | When were the exterior flying buttresses added? | the 14th century | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame ... |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb1 | Who else met in the chapter house? | King's Great Council and the Commons | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame ... |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb7 | What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory? | The Pyx Chamber | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in th... |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb8 | When does the Pyx Chamber date to? | the late 11th century | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in th... |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb9 | When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards? | the Trial of the Pyx | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in th... |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdbf | The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom? | English Heritage | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, st... |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc0 | Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house? | the Dean and Chapter of Westminster | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, st... |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc1 | English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house? | repairs | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, st... |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc5 | What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory? | The Westminster Abbey Museum | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as... |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc6 | The area the museum occupies dates back to when? | 1065 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as... |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc7 | The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when? | 1908 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as... |
56e8fc6799e8941900975f51 | What belonging to Henry V is in the museum? | funeral saddle, helm and shield | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and ... |
56e8fc6799e8941900975f53 | What kind of panels are in the museum? | panels of mediaeval glass | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nThe exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and ... |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f59 | Who modelled the effigies in the museum? | sculptor Patience Wright | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nLater wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique ... |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5a | What are the effigies made of? | wax | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nLater wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique ... |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5b | What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing? | some of his own clothes | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nLater wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique ... |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f63 | What was recently added to the museum exhibit? | 13th-century Westminster Retable | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved."
] |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f64 | What is the Westminster Retable? | England's oldest altarpiece | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved."
] |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f65 | What was the altarpiece designed for? | high altar of the abbey | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved."
] |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f66 | What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved? | altarpiece | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved."
] |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcb | What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009? | major building work | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m ... |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcc | On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued? | 4 August 2010 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m ... |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcd | Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what? | a restaurant | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m ... |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdce | What kind of furniture is in the restaurant? | English Oak | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m ... |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcf | Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant? | Luke Hughes and Company | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nIn June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m ... |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6b | What will be created in the medieval triforium? | The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has ... |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6d | What has been designed to help with the gallery? | Gothic access tower with lift | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has ... |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6f | When will the new galleries open? | 2018 | [
"Westminster_Abbey\n\nA project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has ... |
56e9ebac5a205f1900d6d326 | What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain? | Political corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nPolitical corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence."
] |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32c | One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what? | nepotism | [
"Political_corruption\n\nForms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restr... |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32d | Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what? | gombeenism | [
"Political_corruption\n\nForms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restr... |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32e | Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what? | human trafficking | [
"Political_corruption\n\nForms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restr... |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32f | The repression of what is also considered political corruption? | political opponents | [
"Political_corruption\n\nForms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restr... |
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d336 | Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide? | bribery | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it diffic... |
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d337 | What does kleptocracy mean? | rule by thieves | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it diffic... |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33c | What are some forms of corruption now called? | institutional corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nSome forms of corruption – now called \"institutional corruption\" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the... |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33d | Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption? | bribery | [
"Political_corruption\n\nSome forms of corruption – now called \"institutional corruption\" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the... |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33e | This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what? | the primary purpose of the institution | [
"Political_corruption\n\nSome forms of corruption – now called \"institutional corruption\" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the... |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d342 | What does corruption undermine in politics? | democracy | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and c... |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d343 | What does corruption disregard in politics? | formal processes | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and c... |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d344 | Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall? | accountability | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and c... |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d345 | Corruption in what compromises the rule of law? | judiciary | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and c... |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d346 | Corruption in what creates weak provision of services? | public administration | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and c... |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34c | What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption? | trust and tolerance | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence... |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34d | Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what? | bought and sold | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence... |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34e | The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions? | accountability | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence... |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d352 | Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector? | private | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the ava... |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d353 | Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what? | bureaucracy | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the ava... |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d355 | What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place? | Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the ava... |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d356 | Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what? | competition | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the ava... |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35c | Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects? | public investment | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus... |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35d | What is more plentiful in capital projects? | bribes and kickbacks | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus... |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d360 | Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations? | compliance | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus... |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d366 | African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts? | Swiss | [
"Political_corruption\n\nEconomists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but ... |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d367 | What form has corruption taken in Africa? | rent extraction | [
"Political_corruption\n\nEconomists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but ... |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d368 | In Africa, the finances are often moved where? | overseas | [
"Political_corruption\n\nEconomists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but ... |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d36e | Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996? | University of Massachusetts Amherst | [
"Political_corruption\n\nUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Man... |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d370 | The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries? | external debts | [
"Political_corruption\n\nUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Man... |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d371 | What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa? | political instability | [
"Political_corruption\n\nUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Man... |
56ea97140030b61400a34fbd | Where is corruption most noticeable? | countries with the smallest per capita incomes | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Re... |
56ea97140030b61400a34fbe | These countries rely on foreign aid for what? | health services | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Re... |
56ea97140030b61400a34fbf | In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at? | Local | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Re... |
56ea97140030b61400a34fc0 | Which report described this corruption? | the 2006 World Bank Report | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Re... |
56ea97140030b61400a34fc1 | How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention? | about half | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Re... |
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d378 | What kind of employees received payments? | ghost employees | [
"Political_corruption\n\nInstead, the donated money was expended through \"counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees\". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resou... |
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d379 | Where were drugs siphoned off to? | the black market | [
"Political_corruption\n\nInstead, the donated money was expended through \"counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees\". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resou... |
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37a | In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended? | counterfeit drugs | [
"Political_corruption\n\nInstead, the donated money was expended through \"counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees\". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resou... |
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37b | If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help? | money | [
"Political_corruption\n\nInstead, the donated money was expended through \"counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees\". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resou... |
56ea98980030b61400a34fc7 | Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned? | environmental destruction | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation... |
56ea98980030b61400a34fc8 | Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what? | bribed | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation... |
56ea98980030b61400a34fc9 | Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what? | social rights worker protection | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation... |
56ea98980030b61400a34fca | When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market? | illegitimate economic advantage | [
"Political_corruption\n\nCorruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation... |
56ea99270030b61400a34fcf | Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist? | Amartya Sen | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that \"there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem.\" While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whethe... |
56ea99270030b61400a34fd1 | What can trigger famine conditions? | drought | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that \"there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem.\" While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whethe... |
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