id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56eab1550030b61400a35039 | What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury? | kleptocracy | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIf the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent... |
56eab1550030b61400a3503a | What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take? | diamonds and oil | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIf the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent... |
56eab1550030b61400a3503b | Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in? | foreign aid | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIf the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent... |
56eab1550030b61400a3503c | Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what? | armaments | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIf the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent... |
56eab1825a205f1900d6d421 | In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what? | economic and social problems | [
"Political_corruption\n\nA corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth... |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d426 | Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997? | Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need ... |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d427 | What did Zaire used to be known as? | Democratic Republic of the Congo | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need ... |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d428 | What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled? | kleptocracy | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need ... |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d429 | Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998? | General Sani Abacha | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need ... |
56eab22e0030b61400a35041 | What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption? | Forbes | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on \"his control\" of state-owned companies. Opponents of ... |
56eab22e0030b61400a35044 | The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets? | a portion | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on \"his control\" of state-owned companies. Opponents of ... |
56eab22e0030b61400a35045 | What is Fidel Castro's official title? | General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMore recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on \"his control\" of state-owned companies. Opponents of ... |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d430 | What is OAS? | Organization of American States | [
"Political_corruption\n\nFurther conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption."
] |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d431 | Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who? | the African Union | [
"Political_corruption\n\nFurther conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption."
] |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d432 | What organization joined at the universal level? | the United Nations Convention against Corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nFurther conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption."
] |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d433 | When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join? | 2003 | [
"Political_corruption\n\nFurther conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption."
] |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504b | Why is it difficult to measure corruption? | imprecise definitions of corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMeasuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While \"corruption\" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxi... |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504c | When did indices on corruption first appear? | 1995 | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMeasuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While \"corruption\" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxi... |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504d | What was the first index on corruption, in 1995? | the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMeasuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While \"corruption\" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxi... |
56eab6410030b61400a35051 | How many methods of judiciary corruption are there? | two | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThere are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of ... |
56eab6410030b61400a35053 | What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries? | executive | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThere are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of ... |
56eab6410030b61400a35054 | What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine? | separation of powers | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThere are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of ... |
56eab6410030b61400a35055 | What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries? | judiciary | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThere are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of ... |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d438 | Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption? | Mobile telecommunications | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being ... |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d439 | What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications? | Africa | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being ... |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d43a | Who works against corruption in India? | the anti-corruption bureau | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being ... |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d43b | What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India? | Jan Lokpal Bill | [
"Political_corruption\n\nMobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being ... |
56eab6970030b61400a3505b | What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption? | 1990s | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action again... |
56eab6970030b61400a3505c | Who started the Programme of Action? | Ministers of the Council of Europe | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action again... |
56eab6970030b61400a3505d | What did the Programme of Action issue? | a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments | [
"Political_corruption\n\nIn the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action again... |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d440 | What does GRECO stand for? | Group of States Against Corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national le... |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d441 | What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO? | Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national le... |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d442 | The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what? | transnational | [
"Political_corruption\n\nThe purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national le... |
56f6e729711bf01900a44858 | What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820? | the Classical period | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6e729711bf01900a44859 | What years are termed the Renaissance period? | 1400–1600 | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485a | What years are termed the Baroque period? | 1600–1750 | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485b | From 1804-1910 was called what era? | Romantic | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485c | Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? | Western music | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44874 | Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music? | Western | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44875 | What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called? | the Classical period | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44876 | What time period is known at the common practice period? | between 1550 and 1900 | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44878 | When was the modern era? | 1890–1930 | [
"Classical_music\n\nClassical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughl... |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ac | How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music? | its system of staff notation | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ad | What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music? | Western staff notation | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ae | What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation? | jazz and blues | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372af | Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? | complexity | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487e | How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms? | its system of staff notation | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487f | How long has the system of staff notation been in use? | since about the 16th century | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44880 | Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? | improvisation | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44881 | Classic music can a attain a high level of what? | complexity | [
"Classical_music\n\nEuropean art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords)... |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44862 | When did the term "classical music" appear? | the early 19th century | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44863 | What period is referred to as a "golden age"? | the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44864 | What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'? | 1836 | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44865 | What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'? | Oxford English Dictionary | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372be | What term did not appear until the early 19th century? | classical music | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372bf | What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as? | golden age | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c0 | What year was the earliest reference to classical music? | 1836 | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c1 | In what book was the earliest reference to classical music? | Oxford English Dictionary | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836."
] |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486a | Who sang Medieval plainchant? | monks | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486b | Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument? | solo piano | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486c | What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres? | use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486d | Through what period did the symphony not exist? | the entire classical music period | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486e | What has become a defining feature of classical music? | the symphony ensemble | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c6 | What did not exist through the entire classical music period? | the symphony | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c8 | The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what? | classical music | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c9 | Who sang medieval plainchant? | monks | [
"Classical_music\n\nGiven the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed t... |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372ce | J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music? | live improvisation | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whe... |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372cf | The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail? | rhythm | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whe... |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d0 | What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago? | written notation | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whe... |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d1 | Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines? | J.S. Bach's | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whe... |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44886 | The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what? | perform a historical work | [
"Classical_music\n\nThat said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were desig... |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44887 | In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? | the Baroque era | [
"Classical_music\n\nThat said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were desig... |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44888 | Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument? | the human voice | [
"Classical_music\n\nThat said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were desig... |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44889 | What are fermatas? | held notes | [
"Classical_music\n\nThat said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were desig... |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d6 | Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what? | improvisation | [
"Classical_music\n\nAlthough Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard perfor... |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d7 | In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes? | organ performers | [
"Classical_music\n\nAlthough Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard perfor... |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d8 | Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era? | instrumental performers | [
"Classical_music\n\nAlthough Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard perfor... |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d9 | Who was noted for his complex improvisations? | J.S. Bach | [
"Classical_music\n\nAlthough Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard perfor... |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372da | What was Mozart noted for? | his ability to improvise melodies in different styles | [
"Classical_music\n\nAlthough Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard perfor... |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e0 | Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period? | the mid-19th century | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (suc... |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e1 | What is the most widely known medium for classical music? | The symphony orchestra | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (suc... |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e2 | A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments? | brass | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (suc... |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e3 | What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band? | a string section | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (suc... |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e4 | What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period? | vocal | [
"Classical_music\n\nThe instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (suc... |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a44898 | What was the medieval flute made from? | wood | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or viell... |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a44899 | What was an early version of the fiddle called? | vielle | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or viell... |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489a | What was an early version of the trombone called? | sackbut | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or viell... |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489b | Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how? | singly | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or viell... |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489c | Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what? | bas | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or viell... |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f2 | What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period? | liturgical | [
"Classical_music\n\nDuring the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, b... |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f3 | What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies? | Polyphonic vocal genres | [
"Classical_music\n\nDuring the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, b... |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f4 | When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop? | during the high medieval era | [
"Classical_music\n\nDuring the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, b... |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f5 | What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line? | monophonic | [
"Classical_music\n\nDuring the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, b... |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fa | Many instruments originated during what era? | the Renaissance | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As ... |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fb | What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period? | authentic instruments | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As ... |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fc | Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification? | percussion | [
"Classical_music\n\nMany instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As ... |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a2 | Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era? | the Renaissance | [
"Classical_music\n\nBrass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and t... |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a3 | Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument? | the hurdy-gurdy | [
"Classical_music\n\nBrass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and t... |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a4 | The virginal is what type of instrument? | Keyboard instruments with strings | [
"Classical_music\n\nBrass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and t... |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a5 | The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument? | Percussion | [
"Classical_music\n\nBrass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and t... |
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