id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56f7046d711bf01900a448e5 | How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty? | in good or proper form. | [
"Treaty\n\nThe contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing t... |
56f7046d711bf01900a448e6 | Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty? | their representatives | [
"Treaty\n\nThe contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing t... |
56f705ac711bf01900a448ec | What follows the preamble in a treaty? | numbered articles | [
"Treaty\n\nAfter the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings."
] |
56f705ac711bf01900a448ed | What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty? | the substance of the parties' actual agreement | [
"Treaty\n\nAfter the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings."
] |
56f705ac711bf01900a448ee | What does each article heading usually encompass? | a paragraph | [
"Treaty\n\nAfter the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings."
] |
56f705ac711bf01900a448ef | How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped? | under chapter headings | [
"Treaty\n\nAfter the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings."
] |
56f705ac711bf01900a448f0 | The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty? | A long treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nAfter the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings."
] |
56f7083a711bf01900a448f6 | What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty? | peaceful | [
"Treaty\n\nModern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved."
] |
56f7083a711bf01900a448f7 | Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty? | articles | [
"Treaty\n\nModern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved."
] |
56f7083a711bf01900a448f8 | Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty? | their interpretation | [
"Treaty\n\nModern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved."
] |
56f7083a711bf01900a448f9 | Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties? | the final authentic copies | [
"Treaty\n\nModern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved."
] |
56f7083a711bf01900a448fa | Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what? | disputes | [
"Treaty\n\nModern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved."
] |
56f709cd711bf01900a44900 | What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty? | the eschatocol | [
"Treaty\n\nThe end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date... |
56f709cd711bf01900a44901 | What typically follows the signatures in a treaty? | the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) | [
"Treaty\n\nThe end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date... |
56f709cd711bf01900a44902 | How is the date typically written in a treaty? | its most formal, longest possible form | [
"Treaty\n\nThe end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date... |
56f709cd711bf01900a44903 | What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages? | equally authentic | [
"Treaty\n\nThe end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date... |
56f709cd711bf01900a44904 | A clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof" typically signals what in a treaty? | The end | [
"Treaty\n\nThe end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof,\" the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words \"DONE at,\" then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date... |
56f715cc711bf01900a44928 | Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty? | the parties' representatives | [
"Treaty\n\nThe signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each... |
56f715cc711bf01900a44929 | Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted? | in a collection of treaties currently in effect | [
"Treaty\n\nThe signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each... |
56f715cc711bf01900a4492a | Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect? | an editor | [
"Treaty\n\nThe signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each... |
56f715cc711bf01900a4492b | Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect? | ratified the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nThe signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each... |
56f715cc711bf01900a4492c | Even if signed and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates? | came into effect | [
"Treaty\n\nThe signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each... |
56f71740711bf01900a44932 | Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities? | two | [
"Treaty\n\nBilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreemen... |
56f71740711bf01900a44933 | Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties? | It is possible | [
"Treaty\n\nBilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreemen... |
56f71740711bf01900a44934 | The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what? | the European Economic Area agreement | [
"Treaty\n\nBilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreemen... |
56f71740711bf01900a44935 | Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states? | it does not | [
"Treaty\n\nBilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreemen... |
56f71740711bf01900a44936 | The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty? | bilateral | [
"Treaty\n\nBilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreemen... |
56f7188d711bf01900a44950 | What is a treaty concluded among several countries? | A multilateral treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nA multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which ... |
56f7188d711bf01900a44951 | Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations? | each party and every other party | [
"Treaty\n\nA multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which ... |
56f7188d711bf01900a44952 | The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory? | attack | [
"Treaty\n\nA multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which ... |
56f7188d711bf01900a44953 | What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee? | international compacts | [
"Treaty\n\nA multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which ... |
56f7188d711bf01900a44954 | Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what? | region | [
"Treaty\n\nA multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which ... |
56f719c23d8e2e1400e37350 | What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty? | Reservations | [
"Treaty\n\nReservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reser... |
56f719c23d8e2e1400e37351 | What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state? | Reservations | [
"Treaty\n\nReservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reser... |
56f719c23d8e2e1400e37352 | When must reservations be included in a treaty? | at the time of signing or ratification | [
"Treaty\n\nReservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reser... |
56f719c23d8e2e1400e37353 | What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty? | add a reservation | [
"Treaty\n\nReservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reser... |
56f719c23d8e2e1400e37354 | A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects? | exclude or to modify | [
"Treaty\n\nReservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. \"a party cannot add a reser... |
56f71cd0711bf01900a44986 | A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties? | reservations | [
"Treaty\n\nOriginally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While som... |
56f71cd0711bf01900a44987 | Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what? | inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nOriginally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While som... |
56f71cd0711bf01900a44988 | How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations? | rejecting them | [
"Treaty\n\nOriginally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While som... |
56f71cd0711bf01900a44989 | Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them? | all parties | [
"Treaty\n\nOriginally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While som... |
56f71cd0711bf01900a4498a | Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption? | expressly | [
"Treaty\n\nOriginally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While som... |
56f71ecf711bf01900a449a4 | When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways? | accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them | [
"Treaty\n\nWhen a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of ... |
56f71ecf711bf01900a449a5 | Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party? | other parties to the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nWhen a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of ... |
56f71ecf711bf01900a449a6 | What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties? | drop out completely | [
"Treaty\n\nWhen a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of ... |
56f71ecf711bf01900a449a7 | What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations? | no legal obligations | [
"Treaty\n\nWhen a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of ... |
56f71ecf711bf01900a449a8 | If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what? | the reserving state is a party to the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nWhen a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of ... |
56f720ed711bf01900a449b8 | How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty? | three | [
"Treaty\n\nThere are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become par... |
56f720ed711bf01900a449b9 | What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty? | the ratification process | [
"Treaty\n\nThere are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become par... |
56f720ed711bf01900a449ba | What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text? | a procès-verbal | [
"Treaty\n\nThere are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become par... |
56f720ed711bf01900a449bb | Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms? | the terms they both agreed upon | [
"Treaty\n\nThere are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become par... |
56f720ed711bf01900a449bc | In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process? | some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nThere are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become par... |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cc | What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law? | a protocol | [
"Treaty\n\nIn international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt t... |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cd | A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what? | add additional provisions | [
"Treaty\n\nIn international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt t... |
56f722b5711bf01900a449ce | Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol? | not required | [
"Treaty\n\nIn international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt t... |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cf | What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol? | an "optional protocol" | [
"Treaty\n\nIn international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt t... |
56f722b5711bf01900a449d0 | A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what? | amend the previous treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nIn international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt t... |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2c | The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty? | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | [
"Treaty\n\nSome examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon."
] |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2d | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol? | the Kyoto Protocol | [
"Treaty\n\nSome examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon."
] |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2e | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what? | binding greenhouse gas emission limits | [
"Treaty\n\nSome examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon."
] |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2f | While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what? | the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon | [
"Treaty\n\nSome examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon."
] |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a30 | The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty? | Protocol | [
"Treaty\n\nSome examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon."
] |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37412 | A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what? | self-executing | [
"Treaty\n\nTreaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obl... |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37413 | What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations? | implementing legislation | [
"Treaty\n\nTreaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obl... |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37414 | What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty? | a change in the domestic law of a state party | [
"Treaty\n\nTreaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obl... |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37415 | A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty? | non-self-executing | [
"Treaty\n\nTreaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obl... |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37416 | Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party? | puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action | [
"Treaty\n\nTreaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obl... |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a50 | What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law? | a non-self-executing treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nThe division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obli... |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a51 | A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what? | pass the necessary domestic laws | [
"Treaty\n\nThe division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obli... |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a52 | What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty? | its legislature | [
"Treaty\n\nThe division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obli... |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a53 | The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party? | politicized | [
"Treaty\n\nThe division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obli... |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a54 | A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what? | not clear | [
"Treaty\n\nThe division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obli... |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744c | What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties? | principle of maximum effectiveness | [
"Treaty\n\nThe language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" accordin... |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744d | The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties? | the fullest force and effect | [
"Treaty\n\nThe language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" accordin... |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744e | What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?" | The Vienna Convention | [
"Treaty\n\nThe language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" accordin... |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744f | What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear? | The language | [
"Treaty\n\nThe language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" accordin... |
56f733273d8e2e1400e37450 | Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty? | a perhaps unforeseen circumstance | [
"Treaty\n\nThe language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" accordin... |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746a | No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties? | impose its particular interpretation of the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nNo one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without compl... |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746b | What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty? | Consent | [
"Treaty\n\nNo one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without compl... |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746c | Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party? | complaint | [
"Treaty\n\nNo one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without compl... |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746d | Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect? | adding another clause to the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nNo one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without compl... |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746e | The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what? | an 'authentic interpretation' | [
"Treaty\n\nNo one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without compl... |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747c | What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties? | substantial disputes over treaty interpretations | [
"Treaty\n\nInternational tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself."
] |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747d | What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties? | International tribunals and arbiters | [
"Treaty\n\nInternational tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself."
] |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747e | In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context? | the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty | [
"Treaty\n\nInternational tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself."
] |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747f | For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty? | To establish the meaning in context | [
"Treaty\n\nInternational tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself."
] |
56f736513d8e2e1400e37480 | In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty? | the final, signed treaty itself | [
"Treaty\n\nInternational tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself."
] |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a76 | What are agreements between states within the United States called? | compacts | [
"Treaty\n\nOne significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the... |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a77 | What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States? | memoranda of understanding | [
"Treaty\n\nOne significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the... |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a78 | In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called? | memoranda of understanding | [
"Treaty\n\nOne significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the... |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a79 | Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what? | a sovereign state | [
"Treaty\n\nOne significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the... |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a7a | Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable? | international law | [
"Treaty\n\nOne significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the... |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749a | Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what? | international law | [
"Treaty\n\nAnother situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation."
] |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749b | Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law? | North Korea and the United States | [
"Treaty\n\nAnother situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation."
] |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749c | Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics? | security guarantees and nuclear proliferation | [
"Treaty\n\nAnother situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation."
] |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749d | North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation? | to create an obligation under international law | [
"Treaty\n\nAnother situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation."
] |
56f73afcaef2371900625a19 | What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be? | documents under domestic law | [
"Treaty\n\nThe terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law."
] |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1a | What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty? | convention, protocol, or simply agreement | [
"Treaty\n\nThe terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law."
] |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1b | What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty? | named something other than a treaty, | [
"Treaty\n\nThe terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law."
] |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1c | What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law? | the Treaty of Waitangi | [
"Treaty\n\nThe terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law."
] |
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