id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17298 | Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about? | included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of \"szlachta\" as \"gentry\" rather than \"nobility\".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates... |
56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17299 | Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta? | szlachta | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of \"szlachta\" as \"gentry\" rather than \"nobility\".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates... |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c23 | What ultimately determined nobility? | hereditary juridical status | [
"Szlachta\n\nAs some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but ... |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c24 | What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do? | to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. | [
"Szlachta\n\nAs some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but ... |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c25 | Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility? | no | [
"Szlachta\n\nAs some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but ... |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c26 | What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did? | retained all their constitutional prerogatives | [
"Szlachta\n\nAs some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but ... |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2b | Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure? | obscure | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iran... |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2c | What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha? | odwieczna | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iran... |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2d | What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins? | descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iran... |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2e | What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta? | Alexander the Great | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iran... |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2f | What was important and unique about regional leaders? | had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iran... |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729d | WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class? | Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów): | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:... |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729e | In this theory, what was the upper class? | was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:... |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729f | WHen did they find the polish kingdom? | about the fifth century. | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:... |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a0 | WHat caste system does the hindu society have? | military caste | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:... |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a1 | Who shares the same caste system as Hindu? | The szlachta | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:... |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c35 | WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights? | documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern per... |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c36 | WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices? | Middle Ages and in the early modern period | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern per... |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c37 | The polish anem and cry ritualized what? | the ius militare, | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern per... |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c38 | In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what? | define knightly status | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern per... |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3d | Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar? | Around the 14th century | [
"Szlachta\n\nAround the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively bas... |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3e | What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas? | defend the country | [
"Szlachta\n\nAround the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively bas... |
56f7e340aef2371900625c42 | What contributed to the long standing traditions? | geography | [
"Szlachta\n\nConcerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was cho... |
56f7e340aef2371900625c43 | What was governing the polish tribes? | wiec | [
"Szlachta\n\nConcerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was cho... |
56f7e340aef2371900625c44 | What was the wiec? | an assembly of free tribesmen | [
"Szlachta\n\nConcerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was cho... |
56f7e340aef2371900625c45 | When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern? | an elected prince | [
"Szlachta\n\nConcerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was cho... |
56f7e340aef2371900625c46 | What was the governing position limited to? | elites | [
"Szlachta\n\nConcerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was cho... |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4c | What ruled over the tribes? | clans (ród) | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although thi... |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4d | What did the clans people all have in common? | theoretically descending from a common ancestor | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although thi... |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4e | What gave them a sense of solidarity? | related by blood or marriage | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although thi... |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4f | What were stronghold called? | grόd | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although thi... |
56f7e518aef2371900625c50 | What was the territory occupied by a single tribe? | opole | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although thi... |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a7 | WHo established an elite knightly retinue? | Mieszko I of Poland | [
"Szlachta\n\nMieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well."
] |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a8 | How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning? | (c. 935 – 25 May 992) | [
"Szlachta\n\nMieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well."
] |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a9 | Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in? | preserving the unity of his state | [
"Szlachta\n\nMieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well."
] |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172aa | Who also established this retinue as well? | Mieszko I's successors | [
"Szlachta\n\nMieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well."
] |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172b9 | WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century? | rycerz | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being t... |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172ba | What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz? | knight | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being t... |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bb | What people did the rycerstwo class represent? | wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being t... |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bc | What positive did the szlachta class receive? | gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being t... |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bd | What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility? | could serve as officials in state administration. | [
"Szlachta\n\nAnother class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a \"rycerz\", very roughly equivalent to the English \"knight,\" the critical difference being t... |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e172ff | WHen was the period of Division? | A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314 | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Ma... |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17300 | What stemmed the period of division? | Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Ma... |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17301 | What tribe was the prior social structure from? | Polish | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Ma... |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17302 | WHen did the Piast dynasty appear? | 850 A.D. | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Ma... |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17303 | Polish nation ruled by what dynasty? | Piast dynasty, | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Ma... |
56f7f437aef2371900625cce | What did some Mozni regard themselves with? | co-proprietors of Piast realms | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there i... |
56f7f437aef2371900625ccf | What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms? | attempted to deprive them of their independence | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there i... |
56f7f437aef2371900625cd0 | Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority? | możni | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there i... |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731b | WHat were nobles named in german language? | die beste leuten | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (duke... |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731c | What were the nobles named in lithuanian? | ponai | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (duke... |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731d | What were the higher nobility named? | kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (duke... |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731e | The kunigai were subordinate to who? | King of Lithuania. | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (duke... |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731f | What word is used to denominate nobility? | бояре | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (duke... |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17325 | What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility? | Polish szlachta | [
"Szlachta\n\nAfter the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of ... |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17326 | What did the polish szlachta become more of? | polonized | [
"Szlachta\n\nAfter the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of ... |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17327 | What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox? | they were of Roman extraction | [
"Szlachta\n\nAfter the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of ... |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17328 | What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility? | šlėkta | [
"Szlachta\n\nAfter the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of ... |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17329 | Who forbid the use of the word slekta? | Lithuanian linguists | [
"Szlachta\n\nAfter the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of ... |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfc | WHo was first invloved in the polonization? | the highest members of the nobility | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by ... |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfd | Who imposed various sanction on the people? | Russian Empire | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by ... |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfe | What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians? | removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by ... |
56f7f695aef2371900625cff | What did the russian officials announce as a sanction? | "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by ... |
56f7f695aef2371900625d00 | What language was banned from printing on books? | Lithuanian language. | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by ... |
56f7f86faef2371900625d06 | What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards? | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones."
] |
56f7f86faef2371900625d07 | What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? | multicultural and multilingual | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones."
] |
56f7f86faef2371900625d08 | What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania? | principalities of Halych and Volhynia | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones."
] |
56f7f86faef2371900625d09 | What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian? | intermarried | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones."
] |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17343 | What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles? | Polish and Lithuanian nobility | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki."
] |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17344 | What social pressure was pressing down the people? | convert to Catholicism | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki."
] |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17345 | What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. | Union of Brest | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki."
] |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17346 | What year was the union of brest | 1596 | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki."
] |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d36 | Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what? | by monarch | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserve... |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d37 | What right was reversed by sijm? | ennoblement | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserve... |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d38 | What would be given to the enobled one? | undifferentiated coat of arms | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserve... |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d39 | After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement? | sejm | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserve... |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d3a | What clan was given the privileged of enoblement? | szlachta clan | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserve... |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17371 | Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800? | between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demogra... |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17372 | What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century. | two ennoblements per year | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demogra... |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17373 | What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements? | heraldic sources | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demogra... |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17381 | What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth | 1,600 | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century)."
] |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17382 | When did theys tart recording the ennoblements? | 14th century onward | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century)."
] |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17383 | When were most ennoblements implemented? | final years of the late 18th century | [
"Szlachta\n\nAccording to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century)."
] |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a5 | WHo reformed the grand duchy army? | Vytautas the Great | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitab... |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a6 | vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors? | bajorai | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitab... |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a7 | What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR? | Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitab... |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a8 | What is an example of noble family name? | Goštautai, | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitab... |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a9 | Who gave the coat of arms to others? | Union of Horodlo | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai (\"nobles\"; see the cognate \"boyar\"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitab... |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbd | Who defined the significant legislative changes? | Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries | [
"Szlachta\n\nSignificant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new tax... |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbe | What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation? | 1374 exemption from the land tax, | [
"Szlachta\n\nSignificant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new tax... |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbf | What did the 1425 requirement entail? | requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms | [
"Szlachta\n\nSignificant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new tax... |
56f816a9aef2371900625dc0 | What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from? | rights of commoners | [
"Szlachta\n\nSignificant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new tax... |
56f81745aef2371900625dc5 | What was a rarest rare to become a noble? | service to the state | [
"Szlachta\n\nNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being co... |
56f81745aef2371900625dc6 | Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way? | really usurpers, being commoners, | [
"Szlachta\n\nNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being co... |
56f81745aef2371900625dc7 | Who denounced many nobles? | Hieronim Nekanda Trepka | [
"Szlachta\n\nNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being co... |
56f81745aef2371900625dc8 | When did the denouncing of many nobles take place? | first half of the 16th century | [
"Szlachta\n\nNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being co... |
56f81745aef2371900625dc9 | What did the nobles lose by being denounced? | owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer | [
"Szlachta\n\nNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being co... |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173af | THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what? | many rights | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was cal... |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b0 | What was the nobilities commonwealth? | Poland | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was cal... |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b1 | WHo elected the king? | not of the king or the ruling dynasty | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was cal... |
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