id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b2 | WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on? | the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was cal... |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b3 | The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom? | dynasty's female-line descendants. | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was cal... |
56f81977aef2371900625dcf | When did kings grant privileges to the nobles? | at the time of their election to the throne | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie."
] |
56f81977aef2371900625dd0 | What specified the kings privileges? | king-elect's Pacta conventa | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie."
] |
56f81977aef2371900625dd1 | What was also in exchange during he election of the throne? | ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie."
] |
56f81977aef2371900625dd2 | What did nobles get in from the king during election? | privileges | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie."
] |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd7 | When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew? | 1355 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordina... |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd8 | who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? | Buda King Casimir III the Great | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordina... |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd9 | WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great? | Louis I of Hungary | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordina... |
56f81cabaef2371900625dda | What was promised by Buda King Casimer? | the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordina... |
56f81cabaef2371900625ddb | WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts? | the king and the court | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordina... |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cd | When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce? | 1374 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but o... |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173ce | WHy did King louis approve the privilege? | in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but o... |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cf | What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles? | exempted the entire class from all but one tax | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but o... |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d0 | WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes? | abolished | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but o... |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d1 | What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war? | King to pay indemnities | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: \"przywilej koszycki\" or \"ugoda koszycka\") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but o... |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e1 | Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property? | King Władysław II Jagiełło | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: \"przywilej czerwiński\") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Sena... |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e2 | When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property? | 1422 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: \"przywilej czerwiński\") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Sena... |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e3 | What happened to the right to mint coinage? | ceded | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: \"przywilej czerwiński\") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Sena... |
56f8220daef2371900625e07 | Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place? | at Kraków in 1433 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Mag... |
56f8220daef2371900625e08 | WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of? | Brześć Kujawski privilege | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Mag... |
56f8220daef2371900625e09 | What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus? | nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Mag... |
56f8220daef2371900625e0a | What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? | warrant from a court of justice | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Mag... |
56f8220daef2371900625e0b | What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? | King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: \"przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie\"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Mag... |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17405 | When were the Nieszawa statutes granted? | 1454 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmik... |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17406 | What did the Nieszawa statues clarify? | the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmik... |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17407 | THe nobility was protected from what? | judicial abuses | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmik... |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17408 | Whos power was curbed? | magnates | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmik... |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17409 | Why did the szlachta demand privileges? | their participation in the Thirteen Years' War. | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: \"statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie\"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmik... |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741d | When did the first free election take place? | 1492 | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free elec... |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741e | What was different about later elections then first free election? | no restrictions on the choice of candidates. | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free elec... |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741f | Who only voted in the election of 1492? | senators | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free elec... |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17420 | Who won the election of 1492? | John I Albert | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free elec... |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17421 | What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492? | Jagiellonian Dynasty | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe first \"free election\" (Polish: \"wolna elekcja\") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free elec... |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e1742f | Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow? | King John I Albert | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to lea... |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17430 | Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when? | On April 26, 1496 | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to lea... |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17431 | WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power? | increasing | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to lea... |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17432 | Who was allowed to leave the village? | one son (not the eldest) | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to lea... |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17433 | What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing? | owning land | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: \"Przywilej piotrkowski\", \"konstytucja piotrkowska\" or \"statuty piotrkowskie\"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to lea... |
56f82b14aef2371900625e89 | When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform? | 23 October 1501 | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in r... |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8a | Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed? | Union of Mielnik | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in r... |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8b | Where was the coronation Sejm founded? | Union of Mielnik | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in r... |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8c | What did the actof of milno do? | more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in r... |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8d | What right was given to the nobles? | disobey the King or his representatives | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: \"Sejm koronacyjny\") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in r... |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9d | When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen? | 3 May 1505 | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatl... |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9e | Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"? | King Alexander I Jagiellon | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatl... |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9f | What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do | forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatl... |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea0 | What happened to the notabilities political position? | greatly strengthened | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatl... |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea1 | What has happened to the legislative power? | legislative power from the king to the Sejm. | [
"Szlachta\n\nOn 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" (Latin: \"I accept nothing new except by common consent\"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatl... |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea7 | What was the movement called also known as execution of laws? | "executionist movement | [
"Szlachta\n\nAbout that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates t... |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea8 | What were the intentions of executionists movement? | seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country | [
"Szlachta\n\nAbout that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates t... |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea9 | what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do? | return many leased crown lands to the king, | [
"Szlachta\n\nAbout that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates t... |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eaa | WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die? | 1605 | [
"Szlachta\n\nAbout that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates t... |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eab | What happened when Jan Zamoyski died? | movement lost its political force. | [
"Szlachta\n\nAbout that time the \"executionist movement\" (Polish: \"egzekucja praw\"--\"execution of the laws\") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates t... |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec5 | Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty? | Sigismund II Augustus | [
"Szlachta\n\nUntil the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was ... |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec6 | What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus? | monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family | [
"Szlachta\n\nUntil the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was ... |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec7 | After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch? | any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood | [
"Szlachta\n\nUntil the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was ... |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec8 | How many documents should the new elected king sign? | two documents | [
"Szlachta\n\nUntil the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was ... |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec9 | What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa? | basic laws of the Commonwealth | [
"Szlachta\n\nUntil the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was ... |
56f83048aef2371900625ecf | The crown tribunal was created when? | 1578 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counte... |
56f83048aef2371900625ed0 | Who created the crown tribunal? | king Stefan Batory | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counte... |
56f83048aef2371900625ed1 | What was the crown tribunal supposed to do? | reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counte... |
56f83048aef2371900625ed2 | Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal? | the nobility class | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counte... |
56f83048aef2371900625ed3 | WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually? | Lithuanian Tribunal | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counte... |
56f83111aef2371900625ed9 | What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought? | gain legal privileges over their peers | [
"Szlachta\n\nFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back... |
56f83111aef2371900625eda | What were most szlachtas class? | Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates | [
"Szlachta\n\nFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back... |
56f83111aef2371900625edb | What is another name for magnates? | Crimsons | [
"Szlachta\n\nFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back... |
56f83111aef2371900625edc | A proper magnates own what? | own at least 20 villages or estates. | [
"Szlachta\n\nFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back... |
56f83111aef2371900625edd | Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth? | magnates | [
"Szlachta\n\nFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the \"Crimsons\", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back... |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17473 | Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta? | 1% | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with signi... |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17474 | Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? | 200–300 | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with signi... |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17475 | Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically? | 30–40 | [
"Szlachta\n\nSome historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with signi... |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e17479 | Magnates recieved gifts often from who? | monarchs | [
"Szlachta\n\nMagnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the l... |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747a | What significantly increased the magnates wealth? | Magnates | [
"Szlachta\n\nMagnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the l... |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747b | What terms were these gifts given? | temporary leases | [
"Szlachta\n\nMagnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the l... |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747c | What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts? | never returned | [
"Szlachta\n\nMagnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the l... |
56f83269aef2371900625eed | The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group? | magnates | [
"Szlachta\n\nOne of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalle... |
56f83269aef2371900625eee | When did the right to create ordynacja's happen? | late 16th century | [
"Szlachta\n\nOne of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalle... |
56f83269aef2371900625eef | What did the right to create ordynacja's entail? | ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this | [
"Szlachta\n\nOne of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalle... |
56f83269aef2371900625ef0 | What did the powerful families do with the kings estates? | often rivalled | [
"Szlachta\n\nOne of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalle... |
56f83269aef2371900625ef1 | What was an important power basis for the magnates? | estates of the king | [
"Szlachta\n\nOne of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalle... |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17481 | When did the sovereignty of szlachta end? | 1795 | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."
] |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17482 | Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta? | Partitions of Poland | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."
] |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17483 | UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta? | szlachta | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy."
] |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17491 | Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status? | Nicholas I | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area... |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17492 | IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles? | 62.8% | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area... |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17493 | When and who abolished the serfdom? | Russian Poland on February 19, 1864 | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area... |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17494 | Who could the ex serfs sell their land to? | only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area... |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17495 | How much land was held by the peasants? | 48.9% | [
"Szlachta\n\nIn the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area... |
56f83483aef2371900625f0b | What was different between the polish nobility and others? | European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at t... |
56f83483aef2371900625f0c | What happened to nobility at expense of the king? | actually gained power | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at t... |
56f83483aef2371900625f0d | What did the political system eventually evolve into? | oligarchy | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at t... |
56f83483aef2371900625f0e | What did the ruler strive for? | absolute monarchy | [
"Szlachta\n\nThe Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at t... |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2b | How much of the total population was polish common wealth? | 10–12% | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szla... |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2c | IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population? | 8% | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szla... |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2d | Polish szlachta usually incorporated who? | most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szla... |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2e | How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania? | 1–3% | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szla... |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2f | What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy? | March Constitution of Poland | [
"Szlachta\n\nPoland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szla... |
56f8410daef2371900625f53 | What class was polands nobility? | closed class | [
"Szlachta\n\nThere were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enor... |
56f8410daef2371900625f54 | Who could rise into polish ennoblement? | Many low-born individuals | [
"Szlachta\n\nThere were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enor... |
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