id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b7 | What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by? | their specific DNA loci | [
"Gene\n\nA broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins o... |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b8 | What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by? | their functional products (proteins or RNA) | [
"Gene\n\nA broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins o... |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b9 | What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions? | regulatory elements | [
"Gene\n\nA broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins o... |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebb | How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein? | two steps are required | [
"Gene\n\nIn all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not... |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebc | What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) | [
"Gene\n\nIn all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not... |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebd | What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | mRNA is translated to protein | [
"Gene\n\nIn all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not... |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebe | What step must RNA-coding genes still go through? | the first step | [
"Gene\n\nIn all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not... |
56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebf | What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called? | gene expression | [
"Gene\n\nIn all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not... |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec5 | What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein? | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein c... |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec6 | What are sets of three nucleotides known as? | codons | [
"Gene\n\nThe nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein c... |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec7 | What does each codon correspond to? | a specific amino acid | [
"Gene\n\nThe nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein c... |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec8 | What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region? | a "start codon", and three "stop codons" | [
"Gene\n\nThe nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein c... |
56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec9 | How many possible codons are there? | There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons) | [
"Gene\n\nThe nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\" indicate the beginning and end of the protein c... |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee3 | What does transcription produce? | a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA | [
"Gene\n\nTranscription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a comp... |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee4 | How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA? | complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed | [
"Gene\n\nTranscription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a comp... |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee5 | What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA? | The gene's DNA | [
"Gene\n\nTranscription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a comp... |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee6 | Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand? | because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand | [
"Gene\n\nTranscription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a comp... |
56f8bc609b226e1400dd0ee7 | What is the enzyme called that performs transcription? | an RNA polymerase | [
"Gene\n\nTranscription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a comp... |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef7 | Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes? | in the cytoplasm | [
"Gene\n\nIn prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is kn... |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef8 | If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin? | at the 5' end of the RNA | [
"Gene\n\nIn prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is kn... |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef9 | Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? | transcription occurs in the nucleus | [
"Gene\n\nIn prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is kn... |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efa | Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA? | in the nucleus | [
"Gene\n\nIn prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is kn... |
56f8bd719b226e1400dd0efb | What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as? | the primary transcript | [
"Gene\n\nIn prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is kn... |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f09 | What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called? | Translation | [
"Gene\n\nTranslation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the f... |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0a | What does a ribosome consist of? | large complexes of RNA and protein | [
"Gene\n\nTranslation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the f... |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0b | What is a ribosome responsible for? | carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain | [
"Gene\n\nTranslation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the f... |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0c | How is the genetic code read? | via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) | [
"Gene\n\nTranslation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the f... |
56f8bea09b226e1400dd0f0d | How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have? | three | [
"Gene\n\nTranslation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the f... |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041a | When are genes expressed? | only when the product is needed | [
"Gene\n\nGenes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division ... |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041b | What are examples of a cell's external environment? | available nutrients, temperature and other stresses | [
"Gene\n\nGenes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division ... |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041c | What are examples of a cell's internal environment? | cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status | [
"Gene\n\nGenes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division ... |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041d | At which step can gene expression be regulated? | at any step | [
"Gene\n\nGenes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division ... |
56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041e | What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961? | The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli | [
"Gene\n\nGenes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division ... |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0438 | What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product? | A typical protein-coding gene | [
"Gene\n\nA typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic f... |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0439 | In some cases, what are the actual functional products? | the RNA molecules | [
"Gene\n\nA typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic f... |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043a | What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products? | the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA | [
"Gene\n\nA typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic f... |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043b | What sort of function are ribozymes capable of? | enzymatic function | [
"Gene\n\nA typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic f... |
56f8c1a59e9bad19000a043c | What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as? | non-coding RNA genes | [
"Gene\n\nA typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic f... |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0456 | In what form do some viruses store their entire genome? | in the form of RNA | [
"Gene\n\nSome viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, r... |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0457 | Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins? | Because they use RNA to store genes | [
"Gene\n\nSome viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, r... |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0458 | What is one type of an RNA retrovirus? | HIV | [
"Gene\n\nSome viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, r... |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a0459 | What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized? | reverse transcription | [
"Gene\n\nSome viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, r... |
56f8c38d9e9bad19000a045a | Besides viruses, where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed? | in plants and very rarely in animals | [
"Gene\n\nSome viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, r... |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0460 | Where do organisms inherit their genes from? | from their parents | [
"Gene\n\nOrganisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1"
] |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0461 | How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents? | a complete copy | [
"Gene\n\nOrganisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1"
] |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0462 | How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have? | two copies of each chromosome | [
"Gene\n\nOrganisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1"
] |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0463 | How many sets of chromosomes does a sexual organism inherit from each parent? | one complete set from each parent | [
"Gene\n\nOrganisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1"
] |
56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0464 | Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome? | because they inherit one complete set from each parent | [
"Gene\n\nOrganisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1"
] |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f95 | According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype? | variations in its genotype | [
"Gene\n\nAccording to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different... |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f96 | What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype? | observable physical and behavioral characteristics | [
"Gene\n\nAccording to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different... |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f97 | What is a genotype? | particular set of genes | [
"Gene\n\nAccording to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different... |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f98 | What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles? | Each gene | [
"Gene\n\nAccording to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different... |
56f8c6b29b226e1400dd0f99 | How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait? | two alleles for each trait | [
"Gene\n\nAccording to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different... |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbd | Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive? | at a locus | [
"Gene\n\nAlleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the... |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbe | When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to? | their corresponding phenotypes | [
"Gene\n\nAlleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the... |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fbf | When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype? | when paired with another copy of the same allele | [
"Gene\n\nAlleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the... |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc0 | When do alleles assort independently? | in the production of gametes | [
"Gene\n\nAlleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the... |
56f8c7b29b226e1400dd0fc1 | What are gametes? | germ cells | [
"Gene\n\nAlleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the... |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f0 | What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on? | cell division | [
"Gene\n\nThe growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by sp... |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f1 | In cell division, what two cells are created? | identical daughter cells | [
"Gene\n\nThe growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by sp... |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f2 | What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication? | DNA polymerases | [
"Gene\n\nThe growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by sp... |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f3 | Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement? | Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing | [
"Gene\n\nThe growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by sp... |
56f8c9d29e9bad19000a04f4 | What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication? | semiconservative | [
"Gene\n\nThe growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by sp... |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0504 | What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete? | physically separate the two copies of the genome | [
"Gene\n\nAfter DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches t... |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0505 | What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete? | divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells | [
"Gene\n\nAfter DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches t... |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0506 | In binary fission, what shape is each genome? | circular | [
"Gene\n\nAfter DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches t... |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0507 | In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells? | as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm | [
"Gene\n\nAfter DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches t... |
56f8cb819e9bad19000a0508 | Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur? | extremely fast | [
"Gene\n\nAfter DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches t... |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0524 | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what? | molecular inheritance | [
"Gene\n\nThe duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies ... |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0525 | Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents? | cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells | [
"Gene\n\nThe duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies ... |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0526 | In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism? | In asexually reproducing organisms | [
"Gene\n\nThe duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies ... |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0527 | In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes? | In sexually reproducing organisms | [
"Gene\n\nThe duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies ... |
56f8cc9d9e9bad19000a0528 | What are the gametes produced by females called? | eggs or ova | [
"Gene\n\nThe duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies ... |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055a | When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur? | During the process of meiotic cell division | [
"Gene\n\nDuring the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but res... |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055b | If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? | no effect | [
"Gene\n\nDuring the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but res... |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055c | If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? | reassortment of otherwise linked alleles | [
"Gene\n\nDuring the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but res... |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055d | Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle? | independent assortment | [
"Gene\n\nDuring the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but res... |
56f8cf249e9bad19000a055e | In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur? | a crossover point | [
"Gene\n\nDuring the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but res... |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a0588 | What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication? | mutations | [
"Gene\n\nDNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1... |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a0589 | What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells? | 10−8 per nucleotide per replication | [
"Gene\n\nDNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1... |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058a | What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses? | 10−3 | [
"Gene\n\nDNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1... |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058b | What can small mutations be caused by? | DNA replication | [
"Gene\n\nDNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1... |
56f8d0969e9bad19000a058c | What can larger mutations be caused by? | errors in recombination | [
"Gene\n\nDNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1... |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd1079 | What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population? | polymorphic | [
"Gene\n\nWhen multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called ... |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107a | What can some alleles give rise to? | different phenotypic traits | [
"Gene\n\nWhen multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called ... |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107b | What is a gene's most common allele known as? | the wild type | [
"Gene\n\nWhen multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called ... |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107c | What are rare alleles called? | mutants | [
"Gene\n\nWhen multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called ... |
56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107d | What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population? | genetic drift | [
"Gene\n\nWhen multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called ... |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109b | What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called? | silent mutations | [
"Gene\n\nMost mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence change... |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109c | What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called? | synonymous mutations | [
"Gene\n\nMost mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence change... |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109d | What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called? | conservative mutations | [
"Gene\n\nMost mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence change... |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109e | What is a result of deleterious mutations? | Genetic disorders | [
"Gene\n\nMost mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence change... |
56f8d3619b226e1400dd109f | What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to? | adaptive evolution | [
"Gene\n\nMost mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence change... |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10b9 | What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called? | homologs | [
"Gene\n\nGenes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they ... |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10ba | What is one reason for homologs to appear? | gene duplication within an organism's genome | [
"Gene\n\nGenes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they ... |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bb | What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called? | paralogous genes | [
"Gene\n\nGenes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they ... |
56f8d67a9b226e1400dd10bc | What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called? | orthologous genes | [
"Gene\n\nGenes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they ... |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d0 | What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure? | The relationship between genes | [
"Gene\n\nThe relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral m... |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d1 | What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called? | conserved sequence | [
"Gene\n\nThe relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral m... |
56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d2 | How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time? | by neutral molecular evolution | [
"Gene\n\nThe relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral m... |
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