id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56f896ef9e9bad19000a019d | What does the term gemmule describe? | hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction | [
"Gene\n\nPrior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed... |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019e | What year was Mendel's work first published? | 1866 | [
"Gene\n\nPrior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed... |
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019f | Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's? | Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak | [
"Gene\n\nPrior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed... |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c77 | What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from? | γένος (génos) | [
"Gene\n\nThe word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson ... |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c78 | What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean? | "race, offspring" | [
"Gene\n\nThe word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson ... |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c79 | What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'? | Wilhelm Johannsen | [
"Gene\n\nThe word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson ... |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7a | What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909? | the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity | [
"Gene\n\nThe word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson ... |
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7b | Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905? | William Bateson | [
"Gene\n\nThe word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning \"race, offspring\". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson ... |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c93 | What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s? | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | [
"Gene\n\nAdvances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which l... |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c94 | Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography? | Rosalind Franklin | [
"Gene\n\nAdvances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which l... |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c95 | What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule? | James D. Watson and Francis Crick | [
"Gene\n\nAdvances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which l... |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c96 | What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology? | reverse transcription in retroviruses | [
"Gene\n\nAdvances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which l... |
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c97 | What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as? | molecular genetics | [
"Gene\n\nAdvances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which l... |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca7 | When was the first sequence of a gene determined? | In 1972 | [
"Gene\n\nIn 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into ... |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca8 | What was the first gene to be sequenced? | the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein | [
"Gene\n\nIn 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into ... |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca9 | Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977? | Frederick Sanger | [
"Gene\n\nIn 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into ... |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0caa | What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process? | improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. | [
"Gene\n\nIn 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into ... |
56f89b129b226e1400dd0cab | What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages? | the Human Genome Project | [
"Gene\n\nIn 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into ... |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c7 | In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed? | the 1930s and 1940s | [
"Gene\n\nThe theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He ... |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c8 | What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called? | the modern evolutionary synthesis | [
"Gene\n\nThe theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He ... |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c9 | Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? | George C. Williams | [
"Gene\n\nThe theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He ... |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01ca | What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? | "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency." | [
"Gene\n\nThe theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He ... |
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01cb | Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution? | Richard Dawkins | [
"Gene\n\nThe theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He ... |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01db | What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in? | long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | [
"Gene\n\nThe vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ... |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dc | What does DNA consist of? | a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits | [
"Gene\n\nThe vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ... |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dd | What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule? | a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose) | [
"Gene\n\nThe vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ... |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01de | What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits? | adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine | [
"Gene\n\nThe vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ... |
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01df | Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of? | a phosphate group | [
"Gene\n\nThe vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ... |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ce9 | What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of? | phosphate-sugar | [
"Gene\n\nTwo chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form tw... |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cea | What base pairs with thymine? | adenine | [
"Gene\n\nTwo chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form tw... |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ceb | What base does guanine pair with? | cytosine | [
"Gene\n\nTwo chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form tw... |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cec | What causes the specificity of base pairing? | adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds | [
"Gene\n\nTwo chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form tw... |
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ced | Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix? | The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary | [
"Gene\n\nTwo chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form tw... |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0207 | What causes the directionality of DNA strands? | the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases | [
"Gene\n\nDue to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two ... |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0208 | What is known as the 3' end? | an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose | [
"Gene\n\nDue to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two ... |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0209 | What is known as the 5' end? | an exposed phosphate group | [
"Gene\n\nDue to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two ... |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020a | What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction? | Nucleic acid synthesis | [
"Gene\n\nDue to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two ... |
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020b | Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction? | because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile | [
"Gene\n\nDue to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two ... |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0211 | How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin? | by transcribing the gene into RNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and ... |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0212 | What is RNA? | a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and ... |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0213 | What base does RNA have in place of thymine? | the base uracil | [
"Gene\n\nThe expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and ... |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0214 | What are codons? | a series of three-nucleotide sequences | [
"Gene\n\nThe expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and ... |
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0215 | What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation? | The genetic code | [
"Gene\n\nThe expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and ... |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0235 | What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as? | its genome | [
"Gene\n\nThe total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its l... |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0236 | What does a chromosome consist of? | a single, very long DNA helix | [
"Gene\n\nThe total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its l... |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0237 | What is encoded on a chromosome? | thousands of genes | [
"Gene\n\nThe total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its l... |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0238 | What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called? | its locus | [
"Gene\n\nThe total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its l... |
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0239 | What does each locus contain? | one allele of a gene | [
"Gene\n\nThe total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its l... |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d29 | Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored? | on a set of large, linear chromosomes | [
"Gene\n\nThe majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is st... |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2a | Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what? | a nucleosome | [
"Gene\n\nThe majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is st... |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2b | What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate? | whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression | [
"Gene\n\nThe majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is st... |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2c | What are replication origins? | regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome | [
"Gene\n\nThe majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is st... |
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2d | Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what? | Telomeres | [
"Gene\n\nThe majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is st... |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5b | What are prokaryotes? | bacteria and archaea | [
"Gene\n\nProkaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA call... |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5c | How do prokaryotes store their genomes? | on a single large, circular chromosome | [
"Gene\n\nProkaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA call... |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5d | What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain? | a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes | [
"Gene\n\nProkaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA call... |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5e | Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what? | plasmids | [
"Gene\n\nProkaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA call... |
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5f | What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells? | horizontal gene transfer | [
"Gene\n\nProkaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA call... |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0285 | What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes? | prokaryotes | [
"Gene\n\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an ... |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0286 | Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism? | eukaryotes | [
"Gene\n\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an ... |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0287 | What is referred to as "junk DNA"? | DNA without an identified function | [
"Gene\n\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an ... |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0288 | What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA? | barely 2% | [
"Gene\n\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an ... |
56f8a97a9e9bad19000a0289 | What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA | about 80% | [
"Gene\n\nWhereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an ... |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f5 | Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence? | often only a small part | [
"Gene\n\nThe structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA."
] |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f6 | What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? | the actual protein coding sequence | [
"Gene\n\nThe structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA."
] |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f7 | What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of? | DNA regions that are not transcribed | [
"Gene\n\nThe structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA."
] |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f8 | What is another element of the structure of a gene? | untranslated regions of the RNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA."
] |
56f8ae169e9bad19000a02f9 | What elements does the structure of a gene consist of? | DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA."
] |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a0309 | What do all genes contain that is required for their expression? | a regulatory sequence | [
"Gene\n\nFirstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can ha... |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030a | How is a promoter sequence recognized? | by transcription factors and RNA polymerase | [
"Gene\n\nFirstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can ha... |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030b | What results when genes have more than one promoter? | messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end | [
"Gene\n\nFirstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can ha... |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030c | What does a "strong" promoter sequence do? | bind the transcription machinery well | [
"Gene\n\nFirstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can ha... |
56f8af2b9e9bad19000a030d | What does a "weak" promoter sequence do? | bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently | [
"Gene\n\nFirstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can ha... |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e27 | How do regulatory regions act? | by binding to transcription factors | [
"Gene\n\nAdditionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. F... |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e28 | What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors? | the DNA to loop | [
"Gene\n\nAdditionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. F... |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e29 | How do enhancers increase transcription? | by binding an activator protein | [
"Gene\n\nAdditionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. F... |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2a | What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein? | helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter | [
"Gene\n\nAdditionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. F... |
56f8b1989b226e1400dd0e2b | What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase? | silencers bind repressor proteins | [
"Gene\n\nAdditionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. F... |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4b | What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA? | untranslated regions | [
"Gene\n\nThe transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the ... |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4c | Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA? | untranslated regions | [
"Gene\n\nThe transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the ... |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4d | What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain? | untranslated introns | [
"Gene\n\nThe transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the ... |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4e | What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA? | The sequences at the ends of the introns | [
"Gene\n\nThe transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the ... |
56f8b2ec9b226e1400dd0e4f | What encodes the protein or RNA product? | the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA | [
"Gene\n\nThe transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the ... |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6b | What are most prokaryotic genes organized into? | operons | [
"Gene\n\nMany prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3"
] |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6c | What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as? | a unit | [
"Gene\n\nMany prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3"
] |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6d | What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have? | related functions | [
"Gene\n\nMany prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3"
] |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6e | What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with? | the same regulatory network | [
"Gene\n\nMany prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3"
] |
56f8b42a9b226e1400dd0e6f | What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have? | multiple protein-coding sequences | [
"Gene\n\nMany prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3"
] |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e8f | What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence? | enhancers | [
"Gene\n\nDefining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into prox... |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e90 | Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence? | because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity | [
"Gene\n\nDefining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into prox... |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e91 | What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons? | a gene's introns | [
"Gene\n\nDefining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into prox... |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e92 | How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another? | in trans | [
"Gene\n\nDefining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into prox... |
56f8b6149b226e1400dd0e93 | Where can regulatory regions be found? | different chromosomes | [
"Gene\n\nDefining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into prox... |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0393 | What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest? | the model that one gene makes one protein. | [
"Gene\n\nEarly work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splici... |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0394 | What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined? | the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins | [
"Gene\n\nEarly work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splici... |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0395 | How do genes encode multiple proteins? | by alternative splicing and coding sequences | [
"Gene\n\nEarly work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splici... |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0396 | How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed? | split in short section across the genome | [
"Gene\n\nEarly work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splici... |
56f8b7f99e9bad19000a0397 | In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged? | concatenated by trans-splicing. | [
"Gene\n\nEarly work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splici... |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b5 | What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena? | A broad operational definition | [
"Gene\n\nA broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins o... |
56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b6 | What is the broad operational definition of a gene? | a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products | [
"Gene\n\nA broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins o... |
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