id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56f9760b9e9bad19000a0956 | Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit? | 181st Street | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A trains) and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line (1 trains). The stations ... |
56f977969e9bad19000a0973 | 187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west? | Chittenden Avenue | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broa... |
56f977969e9bad19000a0974 | What is 187th Street interrupted by? | stairs | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broa... |
56f977969e9bad19000a0975 | Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to? | Broadway valley | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broa... |
56f977969e9bad19000a0976 | An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood? | Hudson Heights | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broa... |
56f978189e9bad19000a0981 | Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has? | Laurel Hill Terrace | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue."
] |
56f978189e9bad19000a0982 | Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has? | Chittenden Avenue | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue."
] |
56f978189e9bad19000a0983 | Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street? | 187th Street | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\n187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue."
] |
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1484 | Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard? | P.S. 187 | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"
] |
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1485 | On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel? | 187th Street | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"
] |
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1486 | Which University has a campus on 187th Street? | Yeshiva University | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"
] |
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1487 | Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street? | 187th Street | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"
] |
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1488 | On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center? | 187th Street | [
"List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street"
] |
56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039d | What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures? | The brain | [
"Brain\n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the h... |
56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039e | What is the most complex organ in an animal's body? | The brain | [
"Brain\n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the h... |
56f8b80e9e9bad19000a039f | In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex? | 15–33 billion | [
"Brain\n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the h... |
56f8b80e9e9bad19000a03a0 | Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what? | axons | [
"Brain\n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the h... |
56f8b80e9e9bad19000a03a1 | A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what? | sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts | [
"Brain\n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the h... |
56f8b9089e9bad19000a03af | Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body? | The brain | [
"Brain\n\nPhysiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinat... |
56f8b9089e9bad19000a03b0 | What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain? | reflexes | [
"Brain\n\nPhysiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinat... |
56f8b9089e9bad19000a03b1 | Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body? | spinal cord or peripheral ganglia | [
"Brain\n\nPhysiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinat... |
56f8bb559e9bad19000a03d9 | Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble? | central processing unit (CPU) | [
"Brain\n\nThe operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in... |
56f8bbc59b226e1400dd0ecf | Animals with a spine are called what? | vertebrates | [
"Brain\n\nThis article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brai... |
56f8bbf99e9bad19000a03e5 | Animals without a spine are called what? | invertebrates | [
"Brain\n\nThe shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of ... |
56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ec | The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what? | visual inspection | [
"Brain\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination... |
56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ed | Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid? | alcohol | [
"Brain\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination... |
56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ee | The two main areas of the brain are what colors? | grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter | [
"Brain\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination... |
56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ef | What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain? | microscope | [
"Brain\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination... |
56f8bd499e9bad19000a03f0 | Grey matter of the brain is what color? | dark color | [
"Brain\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination... |
56f8be139e9bad19000a0400 | Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells? | neurons and glial cells | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development... |
56f8be139e9bad19000a0401 | Glial cells are also referred to as what? | glia or neuroglia | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development... |
56f8be139e9bad19000a0402 | Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells? | neurons | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development... |
56f8be139e9bad19000a0403 | Axons send signals that are named what? | action potentials | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development... |
56f8be139e9bad19000a0404 | What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals? | 1–100 meters per second | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development... |
56f8bead9e9bad19000a040a | Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what? | synapses | [
"Brain\n\nAxons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be... |
56f8bead9e9bad19000a040b | The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell? | receptor molecules | [
"Brain\n\nAxons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be... |
56f8bead9e9bad19000a040c | An axon can connect to how many other cells? | several thousand | [
"Brain\n\nAxons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be... |
56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1b | How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain? | 100 trillion synapses; | [
"Brain\n\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains sev... |
56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1c | The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses? | several million | [
"Brain\n\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains sev... |
56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1d | A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what? | excitatory | [
"Brain\n\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains sev... |
56f8bf579b226e1400dd0f1e | The primary job of the brain is what? | cell-to-cell communication | [
"Brain\n\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains sev... |
56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f23 | Axons grouped together are known as what? | nerve fiber tracts | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is... |
56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f24 | An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what? | sheath of myelin | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is... |
56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f25 | Myelin is what color in the brain? | white | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is... |
56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f26 | Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures? | axons | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is... |
56f8bfeb9b226e1400dd0f27 | Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what? | neuron cell bodies | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is... |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a042e | Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what? | cnidarians | [
"Brain\n\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that ... |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a042f | Bilaterians are animals that have what? | symmetric body shape | [
"Brain\n\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that ... |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0430 | The Cambrian period was how long ago? | 485-540 million years ago | [
"Brain\n\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that ... |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0431 | A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what? | a ganglion | [
"Brain\n\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that ... |
56f8c1999e9bad19000a0432 | What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well? | leeches | [
"Brain\n\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that ... |
56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0442 | A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what? | acoelomorphs | [
"Brain\n\nThere are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brai... |
56f8c1d09e9bad19000a0443 | Some bilaterians without a brain are what? | echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs | [
"Brain\n\nThere are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brai... |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6b | Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains? | arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods | [
"Brain\n\nTwo groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods... |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6c | Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what? | parallel nerve cords | [
"Brain\n\nTwo groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods... |
56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6d | The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals? | octopus and squid | [
"Brain\n\nTwo groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods... |
56f8c4f99b226e1400dd0f7b | Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates? | invertebrate | [
"Brain\n\nThere are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work:"
] |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047a | How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear? | over 500 million years ago | [
"Brain\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history,... |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047b | During which scientific period did vertebrates appear? | Cambrian period | [
"Brain\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history,... |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047c | Sharks appeared at about how many Mya? | 450 Mya | [
"Brain\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history,... |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047d | The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what? | (the telencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history,... |
56f8c5a69e9bad19000a047e | At how many mya did mammals first appear in time? | 200 Mya | [
"Brain\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history,... |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f87 | Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey? | larger | [
"Brain\n\nBrains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to ... |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f88 | In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what? | 0.75 | [
"Brain\n\nBrains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to ... |
56f8c61b9b226e1400dd0f89 | Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts? | primates | [
"Brain\n\nBrains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to ... |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048c | The forebrain during development is known as what? | prosencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prose... |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048d | The midbrain during development is known as what? | mesencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prose... |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048e | The hindbrain during development is known as what? | rhombencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prose... |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a048f | Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest? | mammals | [
"Brain\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prose... |
56f8c6939e9bad19000a0490 | During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what? | neural tube; | [
"Brain\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prose... |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb3 | Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside? | pinkish | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood v... |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb4 | The color of the brain inside is what? | white | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood v... |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb5 | Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues? | meninges | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood v... |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb6 | Meninges separate what structure from the brain? | the skull | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood v... |
56f8c74d9b226e1400dd0fb7 | The blood-brain barrier is made up of what? | cells in the blood vessel walls | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood v... |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fdf | People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what? | Neuroanatomists | [
"Brain\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the ce... |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe0 | The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what? | telencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the ce... |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe1 | The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain? | diencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the ce... |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe2 | The midbrain region of the brain is known as what? | mesencephalon | [
"Brain\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the ce... |
56f8c90c9b226e1400dd0fe3 | Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain? | thalamus and hypothalamus | [
"Brain\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the ce... |
56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1003 | The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes? | teleost fishes | [
"Brain\n\nAlthough the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great... |
56f8c9d99b226e1400dd1004 | Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species? | forebrain area | [
"Brain\n\nAlthough the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great... |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100d | A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size? | twice as large | [
"Brain\n\nThe most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size."
] |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100e | A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size? | ten times | [
"Brain\n\nThe most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size."
] |
56f8ca819b226e1400dd100f | The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what? | size. | [
"Brain\n\nThe most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size."
] |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1027 | What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates? | The cerebral cortex | [
"Brain\n\nSize, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cor... |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1028 | The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what? | pallium | [
"Brain\n\nSize, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cor... |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd1029 | Mammals have a pallium that involved into what? | neocortex or isocortex | [
"Brain\n\nSize, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cor... |
56f8cc029b226e1400dd102a | The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure? | neocortex | [
"Brain\n\nSize, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cor... |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051e | The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates? | visual | [
"Brain\n\nThe elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The... |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a051f | The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what? | (the neocerebellum | [
"Brain\n\nThe elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The... |
56f8cc7b9e9bad19000a0520 | The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain? | cerebral cortex | [
"Brain\n\nThe elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The... |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0542 | Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what? | encephalization quotient (EQ) | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonline... |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0543 | What is the average EQ of a person? | 7-to-8 range | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonline... |
56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0544 | Primates have an EQ in what range? | 2-to-3 | [
"Brain\n\nThe brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonline... |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0552 | Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas? | 30 | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnec... |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0553 | The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates? | more than half | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnec... |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0554 | Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area? | prefrontal cortex | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnec... |
56f8cee09e9bad19000a0555 | The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals? | primates | [
"Brain\n\nMost of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnec... |
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108b | The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates? | the neural plate | [
"Brain\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system... |
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