Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108c	The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?	fluid-filled ventricle	[ "Brain\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system...
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108d	The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?	telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon	[ "Brain\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system...
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108e	The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?	telencephalon	[ "Brain\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system...
56f8d2919b226e1400dd108f	The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?	the diencephalon	[ "Brain\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system...
56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a4	A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?	protoplasm	[ "Brain\n\nOnce a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth co...
56f8d30f9e9bad19000a05a5	What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?	dendrites and an axon	[ "Brain\n\nOnce a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth co...
56f8db919b226e1400dd1104	The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?	neurons	[ "Brain\n\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well estab...
56f8db919b226e1400dd1105	The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?	sense of smell	[ "Brain\n\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well estab...
56f8db919b226e1400dd1106	What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?	dentate gyrus of the hippocampus	[ "Brain\n\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well estab...
56f8db919b226e1400dd1107	Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?	Glial cells	[ "Brain\n\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well estab...
56f8db919b226e1400dd1108	Neurogenesis is the process of what?	neurons continue to be generated throughout life	[ "Brain\n\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well estab...
56f8dc869b226e1400dd1122	The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?	neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses	[ "Brain\n\nThe functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metaboli...
56f8dc869b226e1400dd1123	What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?	electrochemical	[ "Brain\n\nThe functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metaboli...
56f96f189e9bad19000a0901	Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?	synapses	[ "Brain\n\nNeurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptio...
56f96f189e9bad19000a0902	What do neurotransmitters attach to?	receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell	[ "Brain\n\nNeurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptio...
56f96f189e9bad19000a0903	Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?	Dale's principle	[ "Brain\n\nNeurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptio...
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1454	GABA is the abbreviation for what?	gamma-aminobutyric acid	[ "Brain\n\nThe two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain...
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1455	Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)	[ "Brain\n\nThe two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain...
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1456	The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?	glutamate,	[ "Brain\n\nThe two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain...
56f96fee9b226e1400dd1457	Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)	[ "Brain\n\nThe two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain...
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092b	Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?	Raphe nuclei	[ "Brain\n\nThere are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nucl...
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092c	Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?	Serotonin	[ "Brain\n\nThere are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nucl...
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092d	Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?	Norepinephrine	[ "Brain\n\nThere are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nucl...
56f9725b9e9bad19000a092e	Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?	locus coeruleus	[ "Brain\n\nThere are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nucl...
56f973599e9bad19000a0933	An EEG of the brain stands for what?	electroencephalography	[ "Brain\n\nAs a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephal...
56f973599e9bad19000a0934	MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what?	magnetoencephalography	[ "Brain\n\nAs a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephal...
56f973599e9bad19000a0935	What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep?	EEG	[ "Brain\n\nAs a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephal...
56f973599e9bad19000a0936	What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep?	large slow delta waves	[ "Brain\n\nAs a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephal...
56f973599e9bad19000a0937	What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive?	faster alpha waves	[ "Brain\n\nAs a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephal...
56f9738c9e9bad19000a093d	What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?	Glial cells	[ "Brain\n\nAll vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and ...
56f9738c9e9bad19000a093e	Glial cells control what inside the brain?	chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons	[ "Brain\n\nAll vertebrates have a blood–brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and ...
56f974f69e9bad19000a0941	Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?	glucose (i.e., blood sugar	[ "Brain\n\nBrain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain...
56f974f69e9bad19000a0942	The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?	20–25%	[ "Brain\n\nBrain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain...
56f974f69e9bad19000a0943	Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?	ketones	[ "Brain\n\nBrain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain...
56f974f69e9bad19000a0944	Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?	2% and 8%	[ "Brain\n\nBrain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain...
56f975539b226e1400dd146e	The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?	provide coherent control over the actions of an animal	[ "Brain\n\nFrom an evolutionary-biological perspective, the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other par...
56f976429b226e1400dd1470	Computers were invented in what decade in history?	1940s	[ "Brain\n\nThe invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the fi...
56f976429b226e1400dd1471	Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?	cybernetics	[ "Brain\n\nThe invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the fi...
56f976429b226e1400dd1472	Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?	John von Neumann's	[ "Brain\n\nThe invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the fi...
56f976429b226e1400dd1473	When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?	1958	[ "Brain\n\nThe invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the fi...
56f978649e9bad19000a0987	The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?	1959	[ "Brain\n\nThe essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual respons...
56f978649e9bad19000a0988	Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?	David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel	[ "Brain\n\nThe essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual respons...
56f97e319b226e1400dd14c3	What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?	the Human Brain Project	[ "Brain\n\nFurthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are arguably too abstractive to be representative of brain operation; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with p...
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c3	What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?	bats	[ "Brain\n\nOne of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstrea...
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c4	What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?	snakes	[ "Brain\n\nOne of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstrea...
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c5	The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?	birds	[ "Brain\n\nOne of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstrea...
56f97eb89e9bad19000a09c6	The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?	fish	[ "Brain\n\nOne of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstrea...
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c5	Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye?	retina	[ "Brain\n\nEach sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they trans...
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c6	Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear?	cochlea	[ "Brain\n\nEach sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they trans...
56f97f299b226e1400dd14c7	Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain?	cerebral cortex	[ "Brain\n\nEach sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they trans...
56f97f669e9bad19000a09d5	What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?	the eye,	[ "Brain\n\nMotor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons...
56f97f669e9bad19000a09d6	All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?	spinal cord and hindbrain	[ "Brain\n\nMotor systems are areas of the brain that are directly or indirectly involved in producing body movements, that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons...
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e3	Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?	the medulla and pons,	[ "Brain\n\nThe brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is respon...
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e4	At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?	the medulla and pons	[ "Brain\n\nThe brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is respon...
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e5	The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?	coordinating movements of the arms and legs	[ "Brain\n\nThe brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is respon...
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e6	A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?	primary motor cortex	[ "Brain\n\nThe brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is respon...
56f9808b9e9bad19000a09e7	The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?	pyramidal tract.	[ "Brain\n\nThe brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is respon...
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d5	The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?	autonomic nervous system	[ "Brain\n\nIn addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, p...
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d6	What system in the body controls heart rate?	autonomic nervous system	[ "Brain\n\nIn addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, p...
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d7	What system in the body controls salivation?	autonomic nervous system	[ "Brain\n\nIn addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, p...
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d8	Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?	not under direct voluntary control	[ "Brain\n\nIn addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, p...
56f981a79b226e1400dd14d9	Which system in the body controls urination?	The autonomic nervous system	[ "Brain\n\nIn addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, p...
56f984649b226e1400dd14f2	The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?	suprachiasmatic nucleus	[ "Brain\n\nA key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a...
56f984649b226e1400dd14f3	The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?	the hypothalamus	[ "Brain\n\nA key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a...
56f984649b226e1400dd14f4	Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?	the suprachiasmatic nucleus	[ "Brain\n\nA key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a...
56f984649b226e1400dd14f5	The RHT is an abbreviation for what?	retinohypothalamic tract	[ "Brain\n\nA key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a...
56f984649b226e1400dd14f6	THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?	the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT	[ "Brain\n\nA key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a...
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0b	A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?	the reticular formation	[ "Brain\n\nThe SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send s...
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0c	Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?	the thalamus	[ "Brain\n\nThe SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send s...
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0d	Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?	state of coma	[ "Brain\n\nThe SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send s...
56f984f59e9bad19000a0a0e	The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?	sleep-wake cycles.	[ "Brain\n\nThe SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send s...
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1d	There are two types of sleep called what?	REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM	[ "Brain\n\nSleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (...
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1e	What type of sleep involves dreaming?	REM sleep	[ "Brain\n\nSleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (...
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a1f	The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?	REM, light NREM and deep NREM	[ "Brain\n\nSleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (...
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a20	Slow wave sleep is also known as what?	deep NREM sleep	[ "Brain\n\nSleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (...
56f9859b9e9bad19000a0a21	During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?	slow wave sleep	[ "Brain\n\nSleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (...
56f986479e9bad19000a0a27	Homeostasis is defined as what?	The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body	[ "Brain\n\nFor any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the interna...
56f986479e9bad19000a0a28	Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?	"standing still"	[ "Brain\n\nFor any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the interna...
56f986479e9bad19000a0a29	The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?	Claude Bernard	[ "Brain\n\nFor any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the interna...
56f986479e9bad19000a0a2a	Homeostasis is like what household tool?	a thermostat.	[ "Brain\n\nFor any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the interna...
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1510	The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?	the forebrain	[ "Brain\n\nIn vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological...
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1511	In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?	the hypothalamus,	[ "Brain\n\nIn vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological...
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1512	A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?	the hypothalamus,	[ "Brain\n\nIn vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological...
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1513	The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?	the pituitary gland	[ "Brain\n\nIn vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological...
56f986ed9b226e1400dd1514	The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?	the bloodstream	[ "Brain\n\nIn vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological...
56f987c59b226e1400dd1524	A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?	basal ganglia	[ "Brain\n\nMost organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ga...
56f987c59b226e1400dd1525	The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?	decisions	[ "Brain\n\nMost organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ga...
56f987c59b226e1400dd1526	Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?	dopamine	[ "Brain\n\nMost organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ga...
56f987c59b226e1400dd1527	Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?	The reward mechanism	[ "Brain\n\nMost organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ga...
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4d	In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?	1971	[ "Brain\n\nAlmost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that th...
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4e	BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	[ "Brain\n\nAlmost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that th...
56f9888b9e9bad19000a0a4f	Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?	Santiago Ramón y Cajal	[ "Brain\n\nAlmost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that th...
56f989259e9bad19000a0a53	What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?	neuroscience	[ "Brain\n\nThe field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most importan...
56f989259e9bad19000a0a54	What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?	Psychology	[ "Brain\n\nThe field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most importan...
56f989259e9bad19000a0a55	What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?	neurology	[ "Brain\n\nThe field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most importan...
56f989259e9bad19000a0a56	Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?	study, prevent, and treat mental disorders	[ "Brain\n\nThe field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most importan...
56f989259e9bad19000a0a57	Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?	neuroscience and psychology	[ "Brain\n\nThe field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most importan...
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a67	The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?	anatomical,	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of...
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a68	What do neuroanatomists study?	the large-scale structure of the brain	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of...
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a69	What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?	neuroanatomy	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of...

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