Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56f989e59e9bad19000a0a6a	Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?	the middle of the 20th century,	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of...
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a79	What do neurophysiologists study?	the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain	[ "Brain\n\nNeurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrode...
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7a	The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?	drugs and recording devices	[ "Brain\n\nNeurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrode...
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7b	What type of receptors does the brain lack?	pain receptors	[ "Brain\n\nNeurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrode...
56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7c	Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?	the scalp	[ "Brain\n\nNeurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrode...
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8b	The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?	cerebrospinal fluid	[ "Brain\n\nAnother approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable ...
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8c	The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?	the blood–brain barrier	[ "Brain\n\nAnother approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable ...
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8d	The two main structures that protect the brain are what?	the skull and meninges	[ "Brain\n\nAnother approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable ...
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8e	What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?	strokes	[ "Brain\n\nAnother approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable ...
56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8f	What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?	rats	[ "Brain\n\nAnother approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable ...
56f98b7f9e9bad19000a0a95	Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?	the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.	[ "Brain\n\nComputational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that des...
56f98c0d9e9bad19000a0a97	What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?	mice	[ "Brain\n\nRecent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with ...
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a99	Where was the oldest brain that was found?	Armenia	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave." ]
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9a	How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?	over 5,000 years old	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave." ]
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9b	The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?	12 to 14-year-old	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave." ]
56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9c	The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?	girl	[ "Brain\n\nThe oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave." ]
56f98e239b226e1400dd155e	The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?	brain or heart.	[ "Brain\n\nEarly philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the ...
56f98e239b226e1400dd155f	Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?	the heart	[ "Brain\n\nEarly philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the ...
56f98e239b226e1400dd1560	Who invented the atomic theory of matter?	Democritus,	[ "Brain\n\nEarly philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the ...
56f98e239b226e1400dd1561	The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history?	Hippocrates	[ "Brain\n\nEarly philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the ...
56f98e239b226e1400dd1562	What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?	Democritus	[ "Brain\n\nEarly philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the ...
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0abf	The physician Galen was from which country in history?	Roman	[ "Brain\n\nThe Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of n...
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac0	What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?	the Renaissance	[ "Brain\n\nThe Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of n...
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac1	Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?	The Roman physician Galen	[ "Brain\n\nThe Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of n...
56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac2	Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?	animal spirits	[ "Brain\n\nThe Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of n...
56f98f329b226e1400dd1572	Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?	Luigi Galvani	[ "Brain\n\nThe first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understandi...
56f98f329b226e1400dd1573	The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?	the Golgi stain	[ "Brain\n\nThe first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understandi...
56f98f329b226e1400dd1574	What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?	Spanish	[ "Brain\n\nThe first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understandi...
56f98ffc9e9bad19000a0ad1	Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?	Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley	[ "Brain\n\nIn the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the...
56f990359b226e1400dd1596	Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?	the 1990s	[ "Brain\n\nIn the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the \"Decade of t...
56f990ab9b226e1400dd1598	Multielectrode recording allows what?	the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;	[ "Brain\n\nIn the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered e...
56f990ab9b226e1400dd1599	Genetic engineering allows what?	molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;	[ "Brain\n\nIn the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered e...
56f990ab9b226e1400dd159a	What does genomics allow the study of?	variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.	[ "Brain\n\nIn the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered e...
56f990ab9b226e1400dd159b	During what century was multielectrode recording invented?	the 21st century,	[ "Brain\n\nIn the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered e...
56f990ab9b226e1400dd159c	Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?	the 21st century,	[ "Brain\n\nIn the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered e...
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c2	What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?	Near East (French: Proche-Orient)	[ "Near_East\n\nNear East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been re...
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c3	The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?	Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nNear East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been re...
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c4	The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?	English	[ "Near_East\n\nNear East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been re...
56f8d6b49b226e1400dd10c5	What has replaced the term Near East?	Middle East	[ "Near_East\n\nNear East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been re...
56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d4	Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?	The Encyclopædia Britannica	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agricult...
56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d5	The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?	Afghanistan	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agricult...
56f8d86f9b226e1400dd10d6	What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?	the National Geographic Society	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agricult...
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f0	What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?	the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the D...
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f1	When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?	1914	[ "Near_East\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the D...
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f2	The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?	the rise of Balkan nationalism	[ "Near_East\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the D...
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f3	Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?	1912	[ "Near_East\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the D...
56f8da749b226e1400dd10f4	When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?	the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13	[ "Near_East\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the D...
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1118	How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?	as the sick man of Europe	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a no...
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd1119	The Balkan states were primarily what religion?	Christian	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a no...
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111a	When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?	1894	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a no...
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111b	What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?	the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a no...
56f8dbf69b226e1400dd111c	What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?	The Hamidian Massacres	[ "Near_East\n\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a no...
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0634	When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?	middle of the 19th century	[ "Near_East\n\nIt now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, th...
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0635	In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area	the East Indies	[ "Near_East\n\nIt now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, th...
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0636	"Near East" applied to this mainly known area	the Levant	[ "Near_East\n\nIt now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, th...
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0637	What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?	the Ottoman Porte	[ "Near_East\n\nIt now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, th...
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0638	What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?	permits from the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIt now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century \"Near East\" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term \"Far East\" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, th...
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1158	What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?	North Africa west of Egypt	[ "Near_East\n\nSome regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except t...
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1159	Where were the piratical kingdoms from?	Barbary Coast	[ "Near_East\n\nSome regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except t...
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115a	Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?	because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia	[ "Near_East\n\nSome regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except t...
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115b	What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?	the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia	[ "Near_East\n\nSome regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except t...
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115c	The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"	of the sick man of Europe	[ "Near_East\n\nSome regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except t...
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116c	The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what?	the opposites of far and near	[ "Near_East\n\nThe geographical terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innov...
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116d	When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals?	the mid-19th century	[ "Near_East\n\nThe geographical terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innov...
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116e	The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what?	the near or far east of a field, village or shire.	[ "Near_East\n\nThe geographical terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innov...
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1172	Who used the terms near Gaul?	The Romans	[ "Near_East\n\nThere was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the k...
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1173	The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?	the Greeks	[ "Near_East\n\nThere was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the k...
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1174	Usually the terms were given when referencing what?	a geographic feature	[ "Near_East\n\nThere was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the k...
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0684	What divided Asia on a similar basis?	Ptolemy's Geography	[ "Near_East\n\nPtolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyo...
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0685	"Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where?	In the north	[ "Near_East\n\nPtolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyo...
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0686	"India on this side of the Ganges" is located where?	To the south	[ "Near_East\n\nPtolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyo...
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0687	"Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where?	In the north	[ "Near_East\n\nPtolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyo...
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0688	Where did Asia begin?	on the coast of Anatolia	[ "Near_East\n\nPtolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyo...
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ac	When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?	1670	[ "Near_East\n\nBy the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in t...
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ad	What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?	the East Indies	[ "Near_East\n\nBy the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in t...
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ae	China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?	"the East Indies"	[ "Near_East\n\nBy the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in t...
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06af	What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?	"east"	[ "Near_East\n\nBy the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in t...
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06b0	What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?	1590	[ "Near_East\n\nBy the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, \"India Beyond the Ganges\" had become \"the East Indies\" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That \"east\" in t...
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c0	Where was Elizabeth I from?	England	[ "Near_East\n\nElizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the L...
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c1	What was Elizabeth primarily interested in?	trade with the east	[ "Near_East\n\nElizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the L...
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c2	Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?	English merchants	[ "Near_East\n\nElizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the L...
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c3	What was the goal of the first trading companies?	obtain trading concessions by treaty	[ "Near_East\n\nElizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the L...
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c4	What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?	The East India Company	[ "Near_East\n\nElizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the L...
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d4	What has pleased western historians?	to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIt has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from t...
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d5	What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?	The borders	[ "Near_East\n\nIt has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from t...
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d6	What was the Ottoman Empire created from?	the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIt has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from t...
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d7	How did the last Roman emperor die?	fighting hand-to-hand in the streets	[ "Near_East\n\nIt has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from t...
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d8	Where was the Roman emperor's capital?	Constantinople	[ "Near_East\n\nIt has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in \"question\" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from t...
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e8	The populations did not accept what?	Turkish rule	[ "Near_East\n\nThe populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 18...
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e9	The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?	1688	[ "Near_East\n\nThe populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 18...
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ea	What created Serbia?	the Serbian Revolution	[ "Near_East\n\nThe populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 18...
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06eb	When was the Serbian Revolution?	1815–1833	[ "Near_East\n\nThe populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 18...
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ec	When was the Greek War of Independence?	1821–1832	[ "Near_East\n\nThe populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 18...
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f2	When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?	1853	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian E...
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f3	When was the Crimean War?	1853–1856	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian E...
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f4	During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?	the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian E...
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f5	What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?	the incursions of the Russian Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian E...
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f6	The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?	the Balkan region	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian E...
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b0	Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region?	1855	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as m...
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b1	What brought a change in vocabulary?	The Crimean War	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as m...

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