id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56f9f8dc8f12f31900630023 | From whom are several Somali clans descended? | Irir Samaale | [
"Somalis\n\nIrir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali peo... |
56f9f8dc8f12f31900630024 | From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived? | soo and maal | [
"Somalis\n\nIrir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali peo... |
56f9f8dc8f12f31900630025 | What does 'soo and maal' mean in English? | go and milk | [
"Somalis\n\nIrir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali peo... |
56f9f8dc8f12f31900630026 | What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English? | dhawamaal | [
"Somalis\n\nIrir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali peo... |
56f9f8dc8f12f31900630027 | What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth? | livestock | [
"Somalis\n\nIrir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name \"Somali\" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean \"go and milk\" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali peo... |
56f9f9a18f12f3190063002d | What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century? | Berbera | [
"Somalis\n\nAn Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to t... |
56f9f9a18f12f3190063002e | What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century? | Po-pa-li | [
"Somalis\n\nAn Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to t... |
56f9f9a18f12f3190063002f | In what century was the term 'Somali' first used? | 15th | [
"Somalis\n\nAn Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to t... |
56f9f9a18f12f31900630030 | Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis? | the Abyssinian Emperor | [
"Somalis\n\nAn Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to t... |
56f9f9a18f12f31900630031 | Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | Zeila | [
"Somalis\n\nAn Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called \"Berbera\" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's \"Berber\" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to t... |
56f9fa1e8f12f31900630037 | How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created? | 5000 years | [
"Somalis\n\nAncient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many ela... |
56f9fa1e8f12f31900630038 | Where are the most notable rock paintings located? | the Laas Geel complex | [
"Somalis\n\nAncient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many ela... |
56f9fa1e8f12f31900630039 | Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel? | human figures | [
"Somalis\n\nAncient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many ela... |
56f9fa1e8f12f3190063003a | Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist? | the northern Dhambalin region | [
"Somalis\n\nAncient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many ela... |
56f9fa1e8f12f3190063003b | In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found? | northern | [
"Somalis\n\nAncient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many ela... |
56f9fb6e8f12f31900630041 | Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age? | the Doian culture | [
"Somalis\n\nInscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories."
] |
56f9fb6e8f12f31900630042 | What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings? | Inscriptions | [
"Somalis\n\nInscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories."
] |
56f9fb6e8f12f31900630043 | During what period did the Doian culture thrive? | the Stone age | [
"Somalis\n\nInscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories."
] |
56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3d | In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located? | Somalia | [
"Somalis\n\nThe oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and t... |
56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3e | From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date? | 4th millennium BC | [
"Somalis\n\nThe oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and t... |
56fa0002f34c681400b0bf3f | At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found? | the Jalelo site | [
"Somalis\n\nThe oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and t... |
56fa0002f34c681400b0bf40 | In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found? | northern | [
"Somalis\n\nThe oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and t... |
56fa0064f34c681400b0bf45 | What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world? | commerce | [
"Somalis\n\nIn antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the ... |
56fa0064f34c681400b0bf46 | Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide? | frankincense | [
"Somalis\n\nIn antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the ... |
56fa0064f34c681400b0bf47 | Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury? | Mycenaeans | [
"Somalis\n\nIn antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the ... |
56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4b | What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people? | Land of Punt | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, tem... |
56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4c | What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with? | Pharaonic Egypt | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, tem... |
56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4d | Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close? | Hatshepsut | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, tem... |
56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4e | Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt? | pyramidal structures | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, tem... |
56fa01668f12f3190063005b | Near what headland was Mosylon located? | Cape Guardafui | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia."
] |
56fa01668f12f3190063005c | Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia? | Damo | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia."
] |
56fa01668f12f3190063005d | Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis? | Sabaeans | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia."
] |
56fa01668f12f3190063005e | What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for? | Indo-Greco-Roman | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia."
] |
56fa01e88f12f31900630063 | What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born? | Red Sea | [
"Somalis\n\nThe birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim famili... |
56fa01e88f12f31900630064 | In what location was Islam born? | the Arabian Peninsula | [
"Somalis\n\nThe birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim famili... |
56fa01e88f12f31900630065 | What civilization was Mogadishu a part of? | Berberi | [
"Somalis\n\nThe birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim famili... |
56fa01e88f12f31900630066 | What was another name for Mogadishu? | the City of Islam | [
"Somalis\n\nThe birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim famili... |
56fa01e88f12f31900630067 | The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu? | gold | [
"Somalis\n\nThe birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim famili... |
56fa02b68f12f31900630077 | What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat? | the Walashma dynasty | [
"Somalis\n\nThe Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army ... |
56fa02b68f12f31900630078 | What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat? | Zeila | [
"Somalis\n\nThe Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army ... |
56fa02b68f12f31900630079 | Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | Djibouti | [
"Somalis\n\nThe Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army ... |
56fa02b68f12f3190063007a | According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have? | 15,000 | [
"Somalis\n\nThe Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army ... |
56fa02b68f12f3190063007b | Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located? | the Red Sea | [
"Somalis\n\nThe Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army ... |
56fa03388f12f31900630081 | What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses? | the Ajuran Sultanate | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on t... |
56fa03388f12f31900630082 | What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi? | the Sultanate of Adal | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on t... |
56fa03388f12f31900630083 | What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known? | Ahmed Gurey | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on t... |
56fa03388f12f31900630084 | What state did Adal conquer? | the Ethiopian Empire | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on t... |
56fa03388f12f31900630085 | What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire? | Sultan Ahmed Yusuf | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on t... |
56fa04418f12f3190063008b | What states supported the Dervish State? | the Ottoman and German empires | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of th... |
56fa04418f12f3190063008c | In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes? | 1920 | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of th... |
56fa04418f12f3190063008d | What was the capital of the Dervish State? | Taleex | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of th... |
56fa04418f12f3190063008e | In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia? | 1927 | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of th... |
56fa04418f12f3190063008f | In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end? | 1941 | [
"Somalis\n\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of th... |
56fa051df34c681400b0bf53 | Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War? | Italian Somaliland | [
"Somalis\n\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the S... |
56fa051df34c681400b0bf54 | At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland? | the Potsdam Conference | [
"Somalis\n\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the S... |
56fa051df34c681400b0bf55 | Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization? | Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali | [
"Somalis\n\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the S... |
56fa051df34c681400b0bf56 | How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? | ten | [
"Somalis\n\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the S... |
56fa051df34c681400b0bf57 | In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended? | 1960 | [
"Somalis\n\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the S... |
56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf65 | Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British? | the Ogaden | [
"Somalis\n\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Altho... |
56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf66 | In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia? | 1948 | [
"Somalis\n\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Altho... |
56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf67 | The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader? | Emperor Menelik | [
"Somalis\n\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Altho... |
56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf68 | In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia? | 1956 | [
"Somalis\n\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Altho... |
56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf69 | What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District? | Somali | [
"Somalis\n\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Altho... |
56fa083af34c681400b0bf6f | What was Djibouti called in 1958? | French Somaliland | [
"Somalis\n\nA referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to... |
56fa083af34c681400b0bf70 | In what year did Somalia become independent? | 1960 | [
"Somalis\n\nA referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to... |
56fa083af34c681400b0bf71 | What was Mahmoud Harbi's title? | Vice President of the Government Council | [
"Somalis\n\nA referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to... |
56fa083af34c681400b0bf72 | When did Djibouti achieve independence? | 1977 | [
"Somalis\n\nA referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to... |
56fa083af34c681400b0bf73 | Who was the first president of Djibouti? | Hassan Gouled Aptidon | [
"Somalis\n\nA referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to... |
56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf79 | On what date did British Somaliland gain independence? | 26 June 1960 | [
"Somalis\n\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Brita... |
56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7a | What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence? | the State of Somaliland | [
"Somalis\n\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Brita... |
56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7b | What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland? | the Trust Territory of Somalia | [
"Somalis\n\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Brita... |
56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7c | On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite? | 1 July 1960 | [
"Somalis\n\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Brita... |
56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7d | Who was the first President of the Somali Republic? | Aden Abdullah Osman Daar | [
"Somalis\n\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Brita... |
56fa09148f12f319006300a9 | On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated? | 15 October 1969 | [
"Somalis\n\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Ar... |
56fa09148f12f319006300aa | Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke? | one of his own bodyguards | [
"Somalis\n\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Ar... |
56fa09148f12f319006300ab | On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur? | 21 October 1969 | [
"Somalis\n\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Ar... |
56fa09148f12f319006300ac | Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred? | Mohamed Siad Barre | [
"Somalis\n\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Ar... |
56fa09148f12f319006300ad | What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank? | Major General | [
"Somalis\n\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Ar... |
56fa097df34c681400b0bf83 | Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council? | Salaad Gabeyre Kediye | [
"Somalis\n\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament an... |
56fa097df34c681400b0bf84 | What was Jama Korshel's title? | Chief of Police | [
"Somalis\n\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament an... |
56fa097df34c681400b0bf85 | What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye? | Lieutenant Colonel | [
"Somalis\n\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament an... |
56fa097df34c681400b0bf86 | What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia? | the Somali Democratic Republic | [
"Somalis\n\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament an... |
56fa097df34c681400b0bf87 | Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take? | suspended the constitution | [
"Somalis\n\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament an... |
56fad3dc8f12f319006301c7 | What did the new government nationalize along with land? | industry | [
"Somalis\n\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis ... |
56fad3dc8f12f319006301c8 | What international body did the new government join? | the Arab League | [
"Somalis\n\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis ... |
56fad3dc8f12f319006301c9 | In what year did the new government enter the Arab League? | 1974 | [
"Somalis\n\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis ... |
56fad3dc8f12f319006301ca | What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become? | the African Union | [
"Somalis\n\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis ... |
56fad3dc8f12f319006301cb | What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase? | literacy | [
"Somalis\n\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis ... |
56fad4558f12f319006301d1 | Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live? | Ethiopia | [
"Somalis\n\nSomali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somali... |
56fad4558f12f319006301d2 | In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? | northeastern | [
"Somalis\n\nSomali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somali... |
56fad4558f12f319006301d3 | What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country? | Pan-Somalism | [
"Somalis\n\nSomali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somali... |
56fad4558f12f319006301d4 | Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia? | Cuba | [
"Somalis\n\nSomali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somali... |
56fad4558f12f319006301d5 | What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia? | the Ogaden War | [
"Somalis\n\nSomali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somali... |
56fad51ef34c681400b0c13d | In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity? | 2005 | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a... |
56fad51ef34c681400b0c13e | What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to? | Afro-Asiatic | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a... |
56fad51ef34c681400b0c13f | What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis? | E1b1b1a | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a... |
56fad51ef34c681400b0c140 | Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated? | Egypt/Libya | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a... |
56fad51ef34c681400b0c141 | What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b? | 77% | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a... |
56fad599f34c681400b0c147 | When did Richards publish his mtDNA research? | 2006 | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have origina... |
56fad599f34c681400b0c148 | Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup? | Ethiopians | [
"Somalis\n\nAccording to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have origina... |
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