id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56fa184cf34c681400b0bfae | Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried? | modulus of rupture | [
"Wood\n\nThe greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected."
] |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300c9 | Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? | heterogeneous | [
"Wood\n\nWood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%)."
] |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300ca | What does wood consist of? | cells | [
"Wood\n\nWood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%)."
] |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cb | What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose? | walls | [
"Wood\n\nWood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%)."
] |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cc | What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood? | cellulose | [
"Wood\n\nWood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%)."
] |
56fa19cc8f12f319006300cd | What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with? | lignin | [
"Wood\n\nWood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%)."
] |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d3 | What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees? | tracheids | [
"Wood\n\nIn coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example."
] |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d4 | Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure? | softwood | [
"Wood\n\nIn coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example."
] |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d5 | What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called? | pores | [
"Wood\n\nIn coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example."
] |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d6 | What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores? | oak | [
"Wood\n\nIn coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example."
] |
56fa1c3d8f12f319006300d7 | Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores? | ash | [
"Wood\n\nIn coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels (\"pores\") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example."
] |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb3 | Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex? | complex | [
"Wood\n\nThe structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to di... |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb4 | What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods? | vessels | [
"Wood\n\nThe structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to di... |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb5 | Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small? | large | [
"Wood\n\nThe structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to di... |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb6 | In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels? | a hand lens | [
"Wood\n\nThe structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to di... |
56fa1d25f34c681400b0bfb7 | Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into? | diffuse-porous | [
"Wood\n\nThe structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to di... |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbd | What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees? | ring-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest ... |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbe | In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized? | spring | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest ... |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfbf | In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species? | summer | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest ... |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc0 | What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of? | wood fibers | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest ... |
56fa1ee4f34c681400b0bfc1 | Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood? | toughness | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest ... |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc7 | What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized? | diffuse-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as a... |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc8 | What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to? | Populus | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as a... |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfc9 | With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group? | cherry | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as a... |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfca | What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species? | water conducting | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as a... |
56fa2008f34c681400b0bfcb | Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous? | diffuse-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as a... |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd1 | What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood? | temperate | [
"Wood\n\nIn temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed fir... |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd2 | Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood? | denser | [
"Wood\n\nIn temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed fir... |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd3 | Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells? | walls | [
"Wood\n\nIn temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed fir... |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd4 | Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin? | thin | [
"Wood\n\nIn temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed fir... |
56fa21cdf34c681400b0bfd5 | What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood? | very small | [
"Wood\n\nIn temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed fir... |
56fa236c8f12f319006300dd | Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood? | heavy | [
"Wood\n\nIf a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the rin... |
56fa236c8f12f319006300de | What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced? | growth rings | [
"Wood\n\nIf a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the rin... |
56fa236c8f12f319006300df | What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings? | white pines | [
"Wood\n\nIf a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the rin... |
56fa236c8f12f319006300e0 | Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture? | easy | [
"Wood\n\nIf a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the rin... |
56fa236c8f12f319006300e1 | What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood? | hard pines | [
"Wood\n\nIf a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the rin... |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdb | Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important? | quality | [
"Wood\n\nIt is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some... |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdc | What can we judge in wood just by looking at it? | comparative density | [
"Wood\n\nIt is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some... |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfdd | What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density? | strength | [
"Wood\n\nIt is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some... |
56fa254bf34c681400b0bfde | What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood? | porous | [
"Wood\n\nIt is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some... |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe3 | What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows? | character | [
"Wood\n\nNo satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow gr... |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe4 | If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have? | moderate to slow | [
"Wood\n\nNo satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow gr... |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe5 | What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth? | conifers | [
"Wood\n\nNo satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow gr... |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe6 | What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of? | latewood | [
"Wood\n\nNo satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow gr... |
56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe7 | While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it? | a rule | [
"Wood\n\nNo satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow gr... |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e7 | What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth? | ring-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before."
] |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e8 | What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season? | large | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before."
] |
56fa2ab88f12f319006300e9 | When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from? | the year before | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before."
] |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfed | Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor? | rate of growth | [
"Wood\n\nIn the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffe... |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfee | Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings? | wider | [
"Wood\n\nIn the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffe... |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfef | What kind of wood with a name that starts with "H" is a ring-porous hardwood? | hickory | [
"Wood\n\nIn the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffe... |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff0 | If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid? | more rapid | [
"Wood\n\nIn the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffe... |
56fa2d76f34c681400b0bff1 | What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster? | ring-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffe... |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff7 | Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong? | latewood | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parench... |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff8 | When there is less latewood, what is diminishing? | breadth of ring | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parench... |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bff9 | Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood? | slow | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parench... |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bffa | What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log? | good | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parench... |
56fa3006f34c681400b0bffb | What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm? | thick-walled | [
"Wood\n\nIn ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parench... |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c001 | What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings? | second-growth | [
"Wood\n\nWide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood mat... |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c002 | Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest? | open stands | [
"Wood\n\nWide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood mat... |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c003 | What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood? | strength | [
"Wood\n\nWide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood mat... |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c004 | What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? | hickory | [
"Wood\n\nWide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood mat... |
56fa317bf34c681400b0c005 | What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties? | U.S. Forest Service | [
"Wood\n\nWide-ringed wood is often called \"second-growth\", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such \"second-growth\" hardwood mat... |
56fa33388f12f319006300ed | What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it? | diffuse-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring."
] |
56fa33388f12f319006300ee | In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be? | structure | [
"Wood\n\nIn the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring."
] |
56fa33388f12f319006300ef | What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help? | unaided | [
"Wood\n\nIn the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring."
] |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00b | What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels? | diffuse-porous | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the... |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00c | What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly? | medium | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the... |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00d | The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring? | water | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the... |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00e | What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods? | conifers | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the... |
56fa351cf34c681400b0c00f | Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood? | little | [
"Wood\n\nIn diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the... |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c015 | What's another term used for "conifer" wood? | dicot | [
"Wood\n\nStructural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms... |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c016 | What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not? | monocot | [
"Wood\n\nStructural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms... |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c017 | What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer? | bamboo | [
"Wood\n\nStructural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms... |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c018 | While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to? | grass | [
"Wood\n\nStructural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms... |
56fa37baf34c681400b0c019 | Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"? | palms | [
"Wood\n\nStructural material that resembles ordinary, \"dicot\" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms... |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f3 | Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality? | specific gravity | [
"Wood\n\nThe single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a qu... |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f4 | In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity? | pulp yield | [
"Wood\n\nThe single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a qu... |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f5 | What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance? | density | [
"Wood\n\nThe single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a qu... |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f6 | When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density? | increases | [
"Wood\n\nThe single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a qu... |
56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f7 | When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean? | water-saturated | [
"Wood\n\nThe single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a qu... |
56fa3b59f34c681400b0c01f | Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood? | physiological | [
"Wood\n\nWood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970)."
] |
56fa3b59f34c681400b0c020 | Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined? | one | [
"Wood\n\nWood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970)."
] |
56fa3b59f34c681400b0c021 | What author called wood's density "fairly easily measured"? | Elliott | [
"Wood\n\nWood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970)."
] |
56fa3d788f12f319006300fd | What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density? | Variation | [
"Wood\n\nAge, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that... |
56fa3d788f12f319006300fe | What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood? | radial | [
"Wood\n\nAge, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that... |
56fa3d788f12f319006300ff | Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity? | bole | [
"Wood\n\nAge, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that... |
56fa3d788f12f31900630100 | Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another? | density | [
"Wood\n\nAge, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that... |
56fa3d788f12f31900630101 | What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density? | seed | [
"Wood\n\nAge, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that... |
56fa3ec18f12f31900630107 | What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees? | softwood | [
"Wood\n\nIt is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not neces... |
56fa3ec18f12f31900630108 | What kind of wood does an oak tree have? | hardwood | [
"Wood\n\nIt is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not neces... |
56fa3ec18f12f31900630109 | Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood? | hardwood | [
"Wood\n\nIt is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not neces... |
56fa3ec18f12f3190063010a | What's an example of a softwood that isn't "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods? | yew | [
"Wood\n\nIt is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not neces... |
56fa3ec18f12f3190063010b | What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves? | dicotyledons | [
"Wood\n\nIt is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not neces... |
56fa3f74f34c681400b0c025 | What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties? | strong | [
"Wood\n\nThere is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent fo... |
56fa3f74f34c681400b0c026 | What property of wood varies according to species? | density | [
"Wood\n\nThere is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent fo... |
56fa3f74f34c681400b0c027 | What property of wood has a correlation to its density? | strength | [
"Wood\n\nThere is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent fo... |
56fa3f74f34c681400b0c028 | Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood? | hardwood | [
"Wood\n\nThere is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent fo... |
56fa3f74f34c681400b0c029 | What hobby is balsa wood often used for? | model building | [
"Wood\n\nThere is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent fo... |
56fa413bf34c681400b0c02f | What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have? | 50% | [
"Wood\n\nThe chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other el... |
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