id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6b | Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica? | 1959 | [
"Antarctica\n\nNew claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic... |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6c | What document regulates Antarctica's status? | Antarctic Treaty System | [
"Antarctica\n\nNew claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic... |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6d | What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border? | south of 60° S | [
"Antarctica\n\nNew claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic... |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6e | How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims? | twelve | [
"Antarctica\n\nNew claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic... |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6f | What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as? | scientific preserve | [
"Antarctica\n\nNew claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic... |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7d | When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle? | 17 January 1773 | [
"Antarctica\n\nEuropean maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the fac... |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7e | What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica? | field ice | [
"Antarctica\n\nEuropean maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the fac... |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7f | How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820? | three | [
"Antarctica\n\nEuropean maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the fac... |
570dce860b85d914000d7b80 | How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica? | 32 km | [
"Antarctica\n\nEuropean maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the fac... |
570dce860b85d914000d7b81 | When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica? | 1895 | [
"Antarctica\n\nEuropean maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the fac... |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf7 | What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s? | ozone layer | [
"Antarctica\n\nSince the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that th... |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf8 | Where in Antarctica is Halley Station? | Brunt Ice Shelf | [
"Antarctica\n\nSince the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that th... |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf9 | When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer? | 1985 | [
"Antarctica\n\nSince the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that th... |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfa | What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone? | chlorofluorocarbons | [
"Antarctica\n\nSince the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that th... |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfb | What agreement banned the use of CFC s? | Montreal Protocol | [
"Antarctica\n\nSince the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that th... |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba7 | What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period? | mild | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in t... |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba8 | In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian? | Northern | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in t... |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba9 | Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period? | equator | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in t... |
570de84b0b85d914000d7baa | What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period? | cooler | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in t... |
570de84b0b85d914000d7bab | Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period? | South Pole | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in t... |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb7 | What is the Earth's most southern continent? | Antarctica | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is su... |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb8 | Which pole is located in Antarctica? | South Pole | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is su... |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb9 | What ocean surrounds Antarctica? | Southern Ocean | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is su... |
570de9330b85d914000d7bba | What is the size of Antarctica? | 14,000,000 square kilometres | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is su... |
570de9330b85d914000d7bbb | How much of Antarctica is ice covered? | 98% | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is su... |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd3 | Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth? | Antarctica | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial... |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd4 | What was the coldest temperature ever recorded? | −89.2 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial... |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd5 | On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded? | 21 July 1983 | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial... |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd6 | What is Antarctica topographically ? | frozen desert | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial... |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd7 | What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica? | Sunburn | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial... |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0b | Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.? | Aristotle | [
"Antarctica\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarctic... |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0c | What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.? | Marinus of Tyre | [
"Antarctica\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarctic... |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0d | What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole? | polus antarcticus | [
"Antarctica\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarctic... |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0e | What did Chaucer call the area in 1391? | pol antartik | [
"Antarctica\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarctic... |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0f | What was the old French words for the Antarctic? | pole antartike | [
"Antarctica\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarctic... |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1b | In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ? | climatic change | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of arou... |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1c | What light does ozone absorb? | ultraviolet radiation | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of arou... |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1d | How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica? | 6 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of arou... |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1e | What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice? | accelerated melting | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of arou... |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1f | What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere? | enhanced polar vortex | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of arou... |
570def870b85d914000d7c05 | Who has research stations in Antarctica? | Several governments | [
"Antarctica\n\nSeveral governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density be... |
570def870b85d914000d7c06 | What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica? | between 70 and 350 | [
"Antarctica\n\nSeveral governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density be... |
570def870b85d914000d7c07 | About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica? | one-year | [
"Antarctica\n\nSeveral governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density be... |
570def870b85d914000d7c08 | What station has an Orthodox church representative? | Bellingshausen Station | [
"Antarctica\n\nSeveral governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density be... |
570def870b85d914000d7c09 | When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station? | 2004 | [
"Antarctica\n\nSeveral governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density be... |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d2d | What is the southern most continent? | Antarctica | [
"Antarctica\n\nPositioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern wa... |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d2f | What is the size of Antarctica in square miles? | 5,400,000 | [
"Antarctica\n\nPositioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern wa... |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d30 | What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents? | fifth-largest | [
"Antarctica\n\nPositioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern wa... |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d31 | How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line? | 11,165 | [
"Antarctica\n\nPositioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern wa... |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d47 | What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live? | phytoplankton | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds fa... |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d48 | What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica? | emperor penguin | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds fa... |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d49 | During what season does the emperor penguin breed? | winter | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds fa... |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d4a | What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes? | feathers | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds fa... |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d4b | Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds? | Adélie | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds fa... |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d59 | What is the highest peak in Antarctica? | Vinson Massif | [
"Antarctica\n\nVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known vol... |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5a | How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif? | 4,892 m | [
"Antarctica\n\nVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known vol... |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5b | In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif? | Ellsworth Mountains | [
"Antarctica\n\nVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known vol... |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5c | What is the Earth's most southern volcano? | Mount Erebus | [
"Antarctica\n\nVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known vol... |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5d | What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers? | underwater | [
"Antarctica\n\nVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known vol... |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73 | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | 1983 | [
"Antarctica\n\nIn 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its o... |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d74 | What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica? | Greenpeace International, | [
"Antarctica\n\nIn 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its o... |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d75 | When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon? | 1988 | [
"Antarctica\n\nIn 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its o... |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d76 | Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica? | Australia and France | [
"Antarctica\n\nIn 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its o... |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d77 | What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France? | Madrid Protocol | [
"Antarctica\n\nIn 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its o... |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2d | What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted? | desert | [
"Antarctica\n\nAs a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common... |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2e | What plants were abundant during this time? | pteridosperms | [
"Antarctica\n\nAs a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common... |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2f | What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic? | Synapsids | [
"Antarctica\n\nAs a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common... |
570df7950b85d914000d7c30 | When did the Antarctic peninsula form? | Jurassic period | [
"Antarctica\n\nAs a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common... |
570df7950b85d914000d7c31 | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | Cretaceous | [
"Antarctica\n\nAs a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common... |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c57 | What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica? | Meteorites | [
"Antarctica\n\nMeteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition d... |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c58 | What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites? | asteroids | [
"Antarctica\n\nMeteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition d... |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c59 | When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica? | 1912 | [
"Antarctica\n\nMeteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition d... |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5a | What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969? | Japanese | [
"Antarctica\n\nMeteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition d... |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5b | What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places? | well-preserved. | [
"Antarctica\n\nMeteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition d... |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c69 | What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation? | South Pole | [
"Antarctica\n\nDue to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms ... |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6a | In what condition is most water in the Antarctica? | ice | [
"Antarctica\n\nDue to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms ... |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6b | What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic? | snow | [
"Antarctica\n\nDue to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms ... |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6c | What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce? | giant ice sheet | [
"Antarctica\n\nDue to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms ... |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6d | What are ice streams otherwise called? | glaciers | [
"Antarctica\n\nDue to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms ... |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d83 | Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live? | South Georgia | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island var... |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d84 | What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia? | sealers | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island var... |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d85 | In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia? | 1786 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island var... |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d86 | What was the nationality of most whalers? | Norwegian | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island var... |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d87 | When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen? | 1910 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island var... |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8d | Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed? | Antarctic Peninsula | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade... |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8e | How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years? | 0.1 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade... |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8f | What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming? | carbon dioxide emissions | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade... |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d90 | What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow? | inflow of warm water | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade... |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d91 | What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level. | atmospheric warming | [
"Antarctica\n\nSome of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade... |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d97 | What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries? | Antarctic fur seal | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which... |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d98 | For whom is the Weddell seal named ? | Sir James Weddell | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which... |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d99 | What did Sir James Weddell command? | British sealing expeditions | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which... |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d9a | What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean? | Antarctic krill | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which... |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d9b | Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area? | important food | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which... |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c87 | When did the Environmental Protocol become effective? | 1998 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is adv... |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c88 | What is the main concern of the Protocol? | conservation | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is adv... |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c89 | What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica? | non-native species | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is adv... |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c8a | What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting? | Committee for Environmental Protection | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is adv... |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c8b | Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage? | biodiversity | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is adv... |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c91 | What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate? | resources | [
"Antarctica\n\nAlthough coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compr... |
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