id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570df0740b85d914000d7c1a | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence? | cognitive | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increas... |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d25 | Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what? | risky behavior | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether... |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d26 | Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards? | adolescents | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether... |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d27 | Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action? | both | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether... |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d28 | Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action? | behavioral decision-making theory | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether... |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d37 | When does differentiation appear fully developed? | by mid-adolescence | [
"Adolescence\n\nFurther distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adol... |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d38 | When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating? | differentiation | [
"Adolescence\n\nFurther distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adol... |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d39 | Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent? | distress | [
"Adolescence\n\nFurther distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adol... |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3d | In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity? | 1989 | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years ... |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3e | What is Troiden's first stage of development known as? | sensitization | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years ... |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3f | When does sensitization usually start? | childhood | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years ... |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d40 | Troiden's second stage is referred to as what? | identity confusion | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years ... |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d41 | In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation? | identity confusion | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years ... |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c1f | Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence? | increases | [
"Adolescence\n\nDuring childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs ac... |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c20 | When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible? | increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth | [
"Adolescence\n\nDuring childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs ac... |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c21 | At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy? | middle adolescence | [
"Adolescence\n\nDuring childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs ac... |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d51 | Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale? | small | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently ne... |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d52 | How are cliques defined? | exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently ne... |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d53 | What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent? | help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently ne... |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d54 | Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale? | larger | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently ne... |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d63 | What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship? | 10-45% | [
"Adolescence\n\nDating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggr... |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d64 | What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression? | a quarter to a third | [
"Adolescence\n\nDating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggr... |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d65 | Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression? | Physical | [
"Adolescence\n\nDating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggr... |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d66 | In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors? | no | [
"Adolescence\n\nDating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggr... |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d67 | Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood? | decline | [
"Adolescence\n\nDating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggr... |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6d | Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others? | positive | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, ado... |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6e | What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior? | The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, ado... |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6f | How are household chores frequently divided? | self-care tasks and family-care tasks | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, ado... |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c25 | Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system? | interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief sy... |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c26 | The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development? | Adolescence | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief sy... |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c27 | What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence? | themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief sy... |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c28 | Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what? | cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief sy... |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c37 | What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet? | more than three-quarters | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of ... |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c38 | What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally? | 90% | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of ... |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c39 | In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased? | greatly increased | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of ... |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3a | What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites? | (65%) | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of ... |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3b | What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation? | video games | [
"Adolescence\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of ... |
570df8950b85d914000d7c41 | What is DIS? | a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences | [
"Adolescence\n\nAt the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association cond... |
570df8950b85d914000d7c42 | What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to? | drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities | [
"Adolescence\n\nAt the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association cond... |
570df8950b85d914000d7c43 | What does the DIS focus on in adolescents? | risky and inappropriate behaviors | [
"Adolescence\n\nAt the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association cond... |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7d | What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by? | the substance use of friends and other classmates | [
"Adolescence\n\nPeer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly... |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7e | What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence? | addictive nature of cigarettes | [
"Adolescence\n\nPeer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly... |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7f | Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence? | significantly greater | [
"Adolescence\n\nPeer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly... |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c47 | What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions? | 12 to 20 years | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes... |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c48 | Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon? | No | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes... |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c49 | What are other areas in which legal societal age varies? | enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes... |
570d9260b3d812140066da51 | Which continent is the highest in elevation? | Antarctica | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 ... |
570d9260b3d812140066da52 | What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica? | 200 mm | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 ... |
570d9260b3d812140066da53 | What is the average coldest temperature? | −63 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 ... |
570d9260b3d812140066da54 | What is the coldest recorded temperature? | −89.2 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 ... |
570d9260b3d812140066da55 | Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? | tundra | [
"Antarctica\n\nAntarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 ... |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46243 | To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar? | Andes | [
"Antarctica\n\nGeologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism... |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46244 | An uplift of what formed Antarctica? | sea bed sediments | [
"Antarctica\n\nGeologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism... |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46245 | Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming? | early Mesozoic | [
"Antarctica\n\nGeologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism... |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46246 | What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica? | andesite and rhyolite | [
"Antarctica\n\nGeologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism... |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46247 | What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets? | volcanic | [
"Antarctica\n\nGeologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism... |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff0 | What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia? | significant landmass | [
"Antarctica\n\nIntegral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Fli... |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff1 | What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia? | Matthew Flinders | [
"Antarctica\n\nIntegral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Fli... |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff2 | What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia? | A Voyage to Terra Australis | [
"Antarctica\n\nIntegral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Fli... |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff3 | When did Flinders write his book of discovery? | 1814 | [
"Antarctica\n\nIntegral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Fli... |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff4 | What event caused people to misname Antarctica? | mistake | [
"Antarctica\n\nIntegral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Fli... |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed018 | Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life? | Census of Marine Life | [
"Antarctica\n\nA census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, hav... |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed019 | When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica? | International Polar Year | [
"Antarctica\n\nA census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, hav... |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01a | How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions? | 235 | [
"Antarctica\n\nA census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, hav... |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01b | Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other? | cetaceans | [
"Antarctica\n\nA census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, hav... |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01c | What is the amount of difference in temperature in the deep ocean? | 5 °C | [
"Antarctica\n\nA census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, hav... |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02c | What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica? | Ernest Shackleton | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expedition... |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02d | Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus? | Edgeworth David | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expedition... |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02e | Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole? | Douglas Mawson | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expedition... |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02f | When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions? | 1931 | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expedition... |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed030 | When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole? | 14 December 1911 | [
"Antarctica\n\nDuring the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expedition... |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed078 | When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.? | 1978 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role i... |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed079 | What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring? | criminal | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role i... |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07a | Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing? | krill | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role i... |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07b | How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000? | 32,000 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role i... |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07c | When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources come into force? | 1980 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role i... |
570da377df2f5219002ed08a | Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica? | 1957 | [
"Antarctica\n\nSmall-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are membe... |
570da377df2f5219002ed08b | What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to? | Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol | [
"Antarctica\n\nSmall-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are membe... |
570da377df2f5219002ed08c | How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO? | 95% | [
"Antarctica\n\nSmall-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are membe... |
570da377df2f5219002ed08d | What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours? | small or medium ship | [
"Antarctica\n\nSmall-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are membe... |
570da377df2f5219002ed08e | How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season? | 37,506 | [
"Antarctica\n\nSmall-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are membe... |
570da494df2f5219002ed09e | What is the main mineral found on Antarctica? | coal | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. ... |
570da494df2f5219002ed09f | Where was coal first found on Antarctica? | Beardmore Glacier | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. ... |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a0 | What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica? | Nimrod Expedition | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. ... |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a1 | Where is iron ore found on Antarctica? | Prince Charles Mountains | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. ... |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a2 | Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica? | Ross Sea | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. ... |
570da68e16d0071400510c4b | What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study? | climate change | [
"Antarctica\n\nOn 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, ... |
570da68e16d0071400510c4c | How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost? | $16.3 million | [
"Antarctica\n\nOn 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, ... |
570da68e16d0071400510c4d | What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature? | zero-emissions | [
"Antarctica\n\nOn 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, ... |
570da68e16d0071400510c4e | From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped? | Belgium | [
"Antarctica\n\nOn 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, ... |
570da68e16d0071400510c4f | Who is the leader of the station design team? | Johan Berte | [
"Antarctica\n\nOn 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, ... |
570da87816d0071400510c5d | What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea? | floating ice shelves | [
"Antarctica\n\nMelting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is... |
570da87816d0071400510c5e | What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica? | collapses | [
"Antarctica\n\nMelting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is... |
570da87816d0071400510c5f | Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves? | Antarctic Peninsula | [
"Antarctica\n\nMelting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is... |
570da87816d0071400510c60 | What could the displacement of ice cause? | glacial outflow | [
"Antarctica\n\nMelting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is... |
570da87816d0071400510c61 | What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves? | snow falling | [
"Antarctica\n\nMelting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is... |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b53 | What can not grow extensively in Antarctica? | vegetation | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent l... |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b54 | What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit? | plant growth | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent l... |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b55 | hat is low and limited in Antarctica? | diversity of plant life | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent l... |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b56 | How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica? | 100 | [
"Antarctica\n\nThe climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent l... |
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