id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570e718c0dc6ce1900205076 | How many Knights and Dames Commander? | 845 | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nThe Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. For... |
570e718c0dc6ce1900205077 | How many commanders are in The Order? | 8,960 | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nThe Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. For... |
570e718c0dc6ce1900205078 | How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year? | 858 Officers and 1,464 Members | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nThe Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. For... |
570e718c0dc6ce1900205079 | Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry? | Order of the British Empire | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nThe Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. For... |
570e727b0dc6ce1900205085 | What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to? | positions in the order of precedence | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nMembers of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Ord... |
570e727b0dc6ce1900205086 | Who of the male members feature on the order? | Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nMembers of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Ord... |
570e727b0dc6ce1900205087 | Who are not assigned any special precedence? | relatives of Ladies of the Order | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nMembers of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Ord... |
570e727b0dc6ce1900205088 | Who can individuals derive precedence from? | fathers or husbands | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nMembers of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Ord... |
570e727b0dc6ce1900205089 | Who can individuals can not derive precedence from? | mothers or wives | [
"Order_of_the_British_Empire\n\nMembers of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Ord... |
570f25345ab6b81900390e83 | For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare? | environmental changes | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nCircadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that... |
570f25345ab6b81900390e84 | What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not? | resources | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nCircadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that... |
570f25345ab6b81900390e85 | By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving? | selective advantage | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nCircadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that... |
570f25345ab6b81900390e86 | By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual? | internal metabolic | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nCircadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that... |
570f25345ab6b81900390e87 | What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms? | fruit flies | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nCircadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that... |
570f2b2b80d9841400ab3547 | What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times? | Arctic animals | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nNorwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, wi... |
570f2b2b80d9841400ab3548 | What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need? | sunrises and sunsets | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nNorwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, wi... |
570f2b2b80d9841400ab3549 | In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms? | autumn, winter and spring | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nNorwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, wi... |
570f2b2b80d9841400ab354a | At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer? | 78 degrees | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nNorwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, wi... |
570f2b2b80d9841400ab354b | What aninmals do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons? | other Arctic animals | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nNorwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, wi... |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3551 | What produces a self-sustaining rhythm? | central oscillator | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcri... |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3552 | When do the CCA1 and LHY function? | morning | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcri... |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3553 | Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions? | evening | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcri... |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3554 | What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop? | negative feedback loop | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcri... |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3555 | What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor? | Andrew Millar | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcri... |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8d | What is the Drosophila gene the cause of? | sleep disorder FASPS | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nA defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological ... |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8e | What is the Drosophila gene also known as? | period | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nA defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological ... |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8f | What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome? | FASPS | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nA defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological ... |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e90 | What kind of clock have genetic functions? | biological clock | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nA defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological ... |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e91 | What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop? | time of the day | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nA defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological ... |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e97 | Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern? | airline pilots | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nDue to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can ... |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e98 | What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause? | fatigue | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nDue to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can ... |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e99 | What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents? | NTSB | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nDue to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can ... |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9a | What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue? | research studies | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nDue to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can ... |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9b | Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing? | combating fatigue | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nDue to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can ... |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355b | What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm? | 4th century B.C.E | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese... |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355c | What ship captain described daily leaf movements? | Androsthenes | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese... |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355d | What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe? | tamarind | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese... |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355e | What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans? | medical | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese... |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355f | When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points? | 13th century | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese... |
570f357e80d9841400ab3565 | What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm? | when to flower | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nPlant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others.... |
570f357e80d9841400ab3566 | What do plants need to attract to their flowering? | pollinators | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nPlant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others.... |
570f357e80d9841400ab3567 | With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync? | light cycle | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nPlant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others.... |
570f357e80d9841400ab3568 | What does adaptive advantage allow for plants? | Anticipation of changes | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nPlant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others.... |
570f357e80d9841400ab3569 | Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage? | agriculture | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nPlant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others.... |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea1 | What has the simplest known circadian clock? | prokaryotic cyanobacteria | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown ... |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea2 | With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect? | three proteins | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown ... |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea3 | What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock? | DNA | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown ... |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea4 | How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment? | 22-hour | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown ... |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea5 | What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment? | KaiA, KaiB, KaiC | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown ... |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eab | To what is the circadian rhythm tied? | light–dark cycle | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter ... |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eac | What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans? | total darkness | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter ... |
570f39c25ab6b81900390ead | What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm? | zeitgebers | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter ... |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eae | What do blind mole rats have in place of vision? | photoreceptors | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nThe rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter ... |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb3 | What chemical is absent or low during daylight? | Melatonin | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMelatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time... |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb4 | When is the melatonin onset? | 9 p.m | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMelatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time... |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb5 | At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva? | Melatonin | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMelatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time... |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb6 | The presence of what is a circadian marker? | hormone | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMelatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time... |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb7 | What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing? | melatonin phase | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMelatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time... |
570f42aa80d9841400ab356f | What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> | temperatures | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about tw... |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3570 | At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature? | 05:00 | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about tw... |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3571 | How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached? | two hours | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about tw... |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3572 | When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest? | 04:00 | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about tw... |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3573 | What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults? | 06:00 | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about tw... |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebd | Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period? | Patrick and Gilbert | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIn 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues... |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebe | Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes? | J.S. Szymanski | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIn 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues... |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebf | What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ? | bees | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIn 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues... |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ec0 | What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s? | "period" | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIn 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues... |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ec1 | What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994? | circadian clock | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIn 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues... |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec7 | Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate? | single cell | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIt is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of... |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec8 | By functioning within a single, what is the system? | cell-autonomous | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIt is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of... |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec9 | What section of the brain periodically releases hormones? | endocrine glands | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIt is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of... |
570f46f55ab6b81900390eca | How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated? | biological clock | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIt is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of... |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ecb | What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs? | synchronise | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nIt is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of... |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed1 | What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks? | Light | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nLight is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the ... |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed2 | What do plants use to sense light? | photoreceptors | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nLight is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the ... |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed3 | What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants? | phytochromes and cryptochromes | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nLight is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the ... |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed4 | Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth? | phyA | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nLight is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the ... |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed5 | What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light? | phyB | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nLight is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the ... |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edb | What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans? | 28-hour | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light ... |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edc | What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ? | time cues | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light ... |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edd | How long did the suppression of time clues study last? | month | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light ... |
570f4b245ab6b81900390ede | What is this forced type of study called? | forced desynchrony | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light ... |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edf | When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period? | 24.18 hours | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light ... |
570f4d1080d9841400ab3579 | What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body? | profound consequences | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nShift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that fa... |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357a | Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase? | body mass | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nShift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that fa... |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357b | How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin? | insulin sensitivity | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nShift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that fa... |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357c | Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body? | higher body mass | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nShift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that fa... |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357d | What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation? | Shift-work | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nShift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that fa... |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee5 | What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system? | abusive drugs | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrup... |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee6 | What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system? | circadian pacemaker | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrup... |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee7 | What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes? | disrupted rhythms | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrup... |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee8 | What can the disrupted circadian system cause? | abuse and relapse | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrup... |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee9 | What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause? | susceptibility to addiction | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nStudies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrup... |
570f51d680d9841400ab3583 | What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms? | photosensitive proteins | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nWhat drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet ra... |
570f51d680d9841400ab3584 | What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect? | replicating DNA | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nWhat drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet ra... |
570f51d680d9841400ab3585 | From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? | ultraviolet radiation | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nWhat drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet ra... |
570f51d680d9841400ab3586 | One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ? | redox reactions | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nWhat drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet ra... |
570f51d680d9841400ab3587 | What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago? | Great Oxidation Event | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nWhat drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet ra... |
570f541b80d9841400ab358d | What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure? | cellular/metabolic events | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates... |
570f541b80d9841400ab358e | What do mice without the clock gene become? | hyperphagic and obese | [
"Circadian_rhythm\n\nMutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates... |
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