Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
571021d7a58dae1900cd68d0	In what state was Rodgers executed?	Utah	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nThe last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, ...
571021d7a58dae1900cd68d1	On what date was George York executed?	June 22, 1965	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nThe last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, ...
571021d7a58dae1900cd68d2	Which state executed James French?	Oklahoma	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nThe last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, ...
5710224aa58dae1900cd68d8	About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?	364	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSince 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes...
5710224aa58dae1900cd68d9	In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?	1642	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSince 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes...
5710224aa58dae1900cd68da	Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?	Twenty-two	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSince 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes...
5710224aa58dae1900cd68db	How old was George Stinney when he was executed?	14	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSince 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes...
5710224aa58dae1900cd68dc	What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?	gas chamber	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSince 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes...
571022aba58dae1900cd68e2	As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?	Director of Corrections	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal i...
571022aba58dae1900cd68e3	What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?	Oklahoma	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal i...
571022aba58dae1900cd68e4	What race was Clayton Lockett?	African-American	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal i...
571022aba58dae1900cd68e5	What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?	heart attack	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal i...
571022aba58dae1900cd68e6	What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?	nitrogen	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal i...
57102369a58dae1900cd68f6	Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?	socio-economic	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nOpponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Fu...
57102369a58dae1900cd68f7	According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?	human life	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nOpponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Fu...
57102369a58dae1900cd68f8	According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?	criminals involved in murder	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nOpponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Fu...
57102369a58dae1900cd68f9	What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?	deterring crime	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nOpponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Fu...
57102369a58dae1900cd68fa	Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?	the innocent	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nOpponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Fu...
571023c2a58dae1900cd6900	According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?	Sixteen	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising t...
571023c2a58dae1900cd6901	In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?	1988	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising t...
571023c2a58dae1900cd6902	In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?	March 2005	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising t...
571023c2a58dae1900cd6903	In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?	5	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising t...
571023c2a58dae1900cd6904	Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?	18	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nSixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising t...
57102438b654c5140001f84f	In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?	1919	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nAround 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislat...
57102438b654c5140001f850	What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?	hanging	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nAround 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislat...
57102438b654c5140001f851	In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?	the local sheriff	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nAround 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislat...
57102438b654c5140001f852	In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?	1890	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nAround 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislat...
57102482b654c5140001f857	Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?	Toney Anaya	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPrevious post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, a...
57102482b654c5140001f858	Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?	New Mexico	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPrevious post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, a...
57102482b654c5140001f859	Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?	Dick Celeste	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPrevious post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, a...
57102482b654c5140001f85a	How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?	four	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPrevious post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, a...
57102482b654c5140001f85b	In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?	1979	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPrevious post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, a...
571024d8b654c5140001f861	Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?	Kansas	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoad...
571024d8b654c5140001f862	Who did Idaho execute in 2011?	Paul Ezra Rhoades	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoad...
571024d8b654c5140001f863	Who was executed on October 30, 2012?	Donald Moeller	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoad...
571024d8b654c5140001f864	Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?	12	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoad...
571024d8b654c5140001f865	Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?	1992	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nIn 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoad...
5710257ea58dae1900cd691a	How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?	three	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole ...
5710257ea58dae1900cd691b	What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?	sodium thiopental	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole ...
5710257ea58dae1900cd691c	When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?	2011	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole ...
5710257ea58dae1900cd691d	In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?	Italy	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole ...
5710257ea58dae1900cd691e	What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?	Torture Regulation	[ "Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States\n\nPharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole ...
57103d79b654c5140001f8bb	In what year did Louis XIV die?	1715	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrench historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the p...
57103d79b654c5140001f8bc	In what year did the French Revolution begin?	1789	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrench historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the p...
57103d79b654c5140001f8bd	In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?	1620s	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrench historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the p...
57103e53a58dae1900cd697a	Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?	Francis Hutcheson	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrancis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, e...
57103e53a58dae1900cd697b	Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?	David Hume and Adam Smith	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrancis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, e...
57103e53a58dae1900cd697c	The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?	the scientific method	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrancis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, e...
57103e53a58dae1900cd697d	What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?	moral	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrancis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, e...
57103e53a58dae1900cd697e	In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?	skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrancis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, e...
571040eca58dae1900cd6984	Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"	James Thomson	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian syst...
571040eca58dae1900cd6985	In what year did Newton die?	1727	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian syst...
571040eca58dae1900cd6986	Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?	Newton	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian syst...
571040eca58dae1900cd6987	Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?	Sir Richard Blackmore	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian syst...
571040eca58dae1900cd6988	In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?	1712	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian syst...
571043a1a58dae1900cd698e	What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?	social contract theory	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJohn Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also ...
571043a1a58dae1900cd698f	Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?	Thomas Hobbes	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJohn Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also ...
571043a1a58dae1900cd6990	Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?"	Thomas Hobbes	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJohn Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also ...
571043a1a58dae1900cd6991	Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?	the artificial character of the political order	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJohn Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also ...
57104598b654c5140001f8c1	How does John Locke define mutual security?	the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes...
57104598b654c5140001f8c2	What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?	perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes...
57104598b654c5140001f8c3	Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?	because it is morally reprehensible	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes...
57104598b654c5140001f8c4	What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?	enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes...
57104598b654c5140001f8c5	In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?	Second Treatise	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes...
571047cea58dae1900cd6996	Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?	Thomas Jefferson	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious ...
571047cea58dae1900cd6997	The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?	Thirty Years' War	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious ...
571047cea58dae1900cd6998	What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?	a return to simple Scripture	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious ...
571047cea58dae1900cd6999	Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?	avoid	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious ...
57105362b654c5140001f8cb	In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?	France	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nati...
57105362b654c5140001f8cc	Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?	Isaac Newton	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nati...
57105362b654c5140001f8cd	In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?	France	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nati...
57105362b654c5140001f8ce	Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?	varied	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nati...
57105362b654c5140001f8cf	In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?	middle	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nati...
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d5	What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?	materialism and skepticism	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achieve...
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d6	By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?	Terror during the French Revolution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achieve...
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d7	Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?	Romantic	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achieve...
5710655aa58dae1900cd69a8	Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?	French Revolution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),...
5710655aa58dae1900cd69a9	French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?	Louis XV	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),...
5710655aa58dae1900cd69aa	What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?	Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),...
5710655aa58dae1900cd69ab	In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?	1637	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),...
5710655aa58dae1900cd69ac	In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?	1687	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),...
57106dc3b654c5140001f8f9	The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?	rise of the modern nation state	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the st...
57106dc3b654c5140001f8fa	What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?	Capitalism	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the st...
57106dc3b654c5140001f8fb	In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?	1720	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the st...
57107355b654c5140001f8ff	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?	music	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short defini...
57107355b654c5140001f900	What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?	Dictionnaire de musique	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short defini...
57107355b654c5140001f901	In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?	1776	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short defini...
57107355b654c5140001f902	What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?	Die Zauberflöte (1791)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short defini...
57107355b654c5140001f903	Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?	Enlightenment and Romantic	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short defini...
57107516a58dae1900cd69b2	What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?	salon	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of En...
57107516a58dae1900cd69b3	Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?	open	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of En...
57107516a58dae1900cd69b4	What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?	salonnières	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of En...
57107516a58dae1900cd69b5	Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?	French Revolution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of En...
571076d2a58dae1900cd69ba	Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?	Troyes, France	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bi...
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bb	For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?	largely rural and semi-literate	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bi...
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bc	Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?	The Tatler and The Spectator	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bi...
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bd	What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?	Bibliothèque Bleue	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bi...
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c2	Who was the target audience of natural history?	French polite society	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, nat...
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c3	Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?	erudition	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, nat...
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c4	The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?	taste (le goût)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, nat...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.