Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c5	Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?	specific discourse of the genre	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, nat...
571079ada58dae1900cd69d4	Who drafted the first technical dictionary?	John Harris	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon te...
571079ada58dae1900cd69d5	What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?	Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon te...
571079ada58dae1900cd69d6	Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?	science and technology	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon te...
571079ada58dae1900cd69d7	What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?	1704	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon te...
571079ada58dae1900cd69d8	In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?	English	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon te...
57107cc7b654c5140001f913	What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?	Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with...
57107cc7b654c5140001f914	Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?	Bernard de Fontenelle	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with...
57107cc7b654c5140001f915	Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?	Sarah Trimmer	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with...
57107cc7b654c5140001f916	How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?	eleven	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with...
57107cc7b654c5140001f917	Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?	Principia	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with...
571080dbb654c5140001f92f	The practice of contests dates back to what time period?	Middle Ages	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The pra...
571080dbb654c5140001f930	Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?	generally religious and/or monarchical	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The pra...
571080dbb654c5140001f931	Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?	theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The pra...
571080dbb654c5140001f932	Were the concours academiques public or private matters?	public	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The pra...
5710831cb654c5140001f941	Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?	Oxford	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into \"penny universities\", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academi...
5710831cb654c5140001f942	According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?	less	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into \"penny universities\", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academi...
5710831cb654c5140001f943	What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?	penny universities	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into \"penny universities\", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academi...
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fc	Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?	Freemasonry	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHistorians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Gre...
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fd	To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?	powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHistorians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Gre...
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fe	Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?	Europe	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHistorians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Gre...
571084dcb654c5140001f947	Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?	enlightened absolutism	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Deni...
571084dcb654c5140001f948	Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?	Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Deni...
571084dcb654c5140001f949	The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?	Declaration of Independence and the Constitution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Deni...
571084dcb654c5140001f94a	Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?	preceded	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Deni...
57108592b654c5140001f94f	Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?	20th	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nImmanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, ...
57108592b654c5140001f950	In what year was Immanuel Kant born?	1724	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nImmanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, ...
57108592b654c5140001f951	For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?	A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nImmanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, ...
57108592b654c5140001f952	In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?	1791	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nImmanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, ...
57108592b654c5140001f953	Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?	reason	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nImmanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, ...
57108677a58dae1900cd6a02	The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?	Hume	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive ...
57108677a58dae1900cd6a03	Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?	Hume	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive ...
57108677a58dae1900cd6a04	Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?	Dugald Stewart	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive ...
571087b8b654c5140001f959	What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?	social contract	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governe...
571087b8b654c5140001f95a	Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?	Locke	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governe...
571087b8b654c5140001f95b	Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?	Rousseau	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governe...
571087b8b654c5140001f95c	From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?	state of war	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governe...
571087b8b654c5140001f95d	For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?	to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBoth Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governe...
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a08	Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?	enlightened despots	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Pr...
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a09	Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?	Joseph II of Austria	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Pr...
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0a	In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?	Poland	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Pr...
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0b	From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?	Russia	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Pr...
5710898bb654c5140001f963	Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??	moral fruits	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording...
5710898bb654c5140001f964	What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?	organized religion	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording...
5710898bb654c5140001f965	Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?	politics	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording...
5710898bb654c5140001f966	Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?	what they found most convincing	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording...
57108a13b654c5140001f96b	Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?	Scotland	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonia...
57108a13b654c5140001f96c	What was the profession of James Anderson?	agronomist	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonia...
57108a13b654c5140001f96d	Who was the first modern geologist?	James Hutton	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonia...
57108a13b654c5140001f96e	William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?	physicist and chemist	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonia...
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a10	In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?	1733	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwor...
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a11	What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?	Aufklärung	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwor...
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a12	In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?	19th	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwor...
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a13	What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?	illuminismo	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwor...
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a14	Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?	overlapping	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwor...
57108c38b654c5140001f973	Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?	lowered	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: \"economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century\".\" Ris...
57108c38b654c5140001f974	Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?	increased	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: \"economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century\".\" Ris...
57108c38b654c5140001f975	The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?	Industrial Revolution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: \"economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century\".\" Ris...
57108d9ab654c5140001f98d	A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?	musicians	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in th...
57108d9ab654c5140001f98e	Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?	middle	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in th...
57108d9ab654c5140001f98f	Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?	keyboard	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in th...
57108d9ab654c5140001f990	Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?	keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in th...
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a24	By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?	mid-18th century	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men...
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a25	What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?	Grub Street	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men...
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a26	Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?	not	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men...
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a27	Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?	very poorly	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men...
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2c	During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?	the Enlightenment	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publ...
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2d	What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?	the Parisian Journal des Sçavans	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publ...
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2e	In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?	1665	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publ...
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2f	Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?	French and Latin	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publ...
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a30	Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?	Holland	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publ...
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a36	Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?	The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablon...
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a37	In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?	over five	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablon...
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a38	Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?	technical subjects	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablon...
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a39	In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?	1771	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablon...
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a3a	The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?	Germany	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablon...
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4a	What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?	anonymity	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMore importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, ...
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4b	Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?	wealthier strata of society	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMore importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, ...
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4c	How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?	49	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMore importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, ...
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4d	Women's education common stressed which literary genre?	poetry	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMore importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, ...
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4e	What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?	poetry	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMore importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, ...
57109269a58dae1900cd6a54	Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?	Paris	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create ...
57109269a58dae1900cd6a55	By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?	around 400	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create ...
57109269a58dae1900cd6a56	In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?	The Café Procope	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create ...
57109269a58dae1900cd6a57	Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?	bruits	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create ...
5710947eb654c5140001f9a9	Where did Freemasonry originate?	Scotland	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Free...
5710947eb654c5140001f9aa	Where did Freemasonry first spread?	England	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Free...
5710947eb654c5140001f9ab	In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?	France	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Free...
5710947eb654c5140001f9ac	What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?	Freemasonry	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Free...
5710947eb654c5140001f9ad	Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?	Illuminati	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Free...
57109529a58dae1900cd6a70	Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property"?	Locke	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nLocke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads ...
57109529a58dae1900cd6a71	Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?	labor	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nLocke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads ...
57109529a58dae1900cd6a72	Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?	French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nLocke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads ...
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a80	Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?	Frederick the Great	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation t...
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a81	Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?	Voltaire	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation t...
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a82	Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?	Frederick the Great,	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nFrederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation t...
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8e	Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?	Benjamin Franklin	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nSeveral Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchan...
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8f	Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?	both directions	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nSeveral Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchan...
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a90	As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?	John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nSeveral Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchan...
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a91	Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?	science and religion	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nSeveral Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchan...

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