Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a92	All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?	The Age of Reason	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nSeveral Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchan...
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa2	What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?	the Grub Street Hacks	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, ...
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa3	Libelles were generally written in what form?	pamphlets	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, ...
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa4	Which group inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?	the Grub Street hacks	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, ...
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa5	Which works by the Grub Street Hacks "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself."?	the libelles	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, ...
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aaa	Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?	Coffeehouses	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an enviro...
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aab	Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?	nobles	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an enviro...
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aac	What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?	Monarchs	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an enviro...
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aad	Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?	Monarchs	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an enviro...
57109988a58dae1900cd6aba	Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?	upper	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La...
57109988a58dae1900cd6abb	Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?	natural history	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La...
57109988a58dae1900cd6abc	Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?	René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La...
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac0	In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?	1730s	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMasonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted ...
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac1	The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?	British	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMasonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted ...
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac2	Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?	the Parisian lodge	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMasonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted ...
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac3	Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?	British	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMasonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted ...
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac4	What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?	Grand Architect	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMasonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted ...
57109b90b654c5140001f9bd	Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?	Coffeehouses	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss int...
57109b90b654c5140001f9be	Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?	the Enlightenment	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss int...
57109b90b654c5140001f9bf	In what year was The Spectator published?	1711	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss int...
57109b90b654c5140001f9c0	Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?	The Spectator	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCoffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss int...
57109c92a58dae1900cd6aca	Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?	Roman Catholic Church	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlight...
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acb	Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?	France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlight...
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acc	Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?	downplay	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlight...
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acd	Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?	the Loyalists	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlight...
57109c92a58dae1900cd6ace	Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?	non-political	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlight...
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c5	How was the Enlightenment known in French?	Siècle des Lumières	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as th...
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c6	Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?	The Enlightenment	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as th...
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c7	In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?	individual liberty and religious tolerance	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as th...
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c8	The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?	Roman Catholic Church	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as th...
57109e32b654c5140001f9cd	Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?	Paris	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Cath...
57109e32b654c5140001f9ce	Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?	Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Cath...
57109e32b654c5140001f9cf	Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?	reason	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Cath...
57109e32b654c5140001f9d0	Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?	Montesquieu	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Cath...
57109e32b654c5140001f9d1	Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?	the United States Constitution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Cath...
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d7	What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?	the Encyclopédie	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlight...
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d8	The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?	thirty-five	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlight...
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d9	Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?	1733	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlight...
57109ebeb654c5140001f9da	When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?	1754	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlight...
57109ebeb654c5140001f9db	What year did the French Revolution begin?	1789	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlight...
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e1	What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?	Counter-Enlightenment.	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes...
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e2	The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?	Spinoza	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes...
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e3	Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?	Spinoza	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes...
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e4	Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?	René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThere were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes...
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad4	Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?	John Locke	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscie...
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad5	Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?	The "Radical Enlightenment"	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscie...
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad6	In what year was John Locke born?	1632	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscie...
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad7	In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?	the realm of individual conscience	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscie...
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adc	According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?	the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on persona...
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6add	Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?	Pierre Bayle	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on persona...
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6ade	Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?	Voltaire	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on persona...
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adf	Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?	Voltaire	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on persona...
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9e9	Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?	women and the lower classes	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet ...
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ea	Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?	coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet ...
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9eb	Marmontel contrasted "the opinion of men of letters" with what?	"the opinion of the multitude,"	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet ...
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ec	d'Alembert contrasted the "truly enlightened public" with whom?	"the blind and noisy multitude"	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet ...
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae4	The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?	reading materials	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspap...
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae5	Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?	the Industrial Revolution	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspap...
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae6	In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?	demand for information	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspap...
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae7	In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?	France	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspap...
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae8	The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?	just one-tenth of the total	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspap...
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f1	Whose incomes did public concerts help support?	performers' and composers'	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activitie...
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f2	Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?	operas and oratorios	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activitie...
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f3	Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?	Haydn and Mozart	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activitie...
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f4	What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?	Viennese Classical	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAs musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activitie...
5710a874b654c5140001f9f9	What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?	1635	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it t...
5710a874b654c5140001f9fa	Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?"	scientists	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it t...
5710a874b654c5140001f9fb	What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?	13 percent	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it t...
5710a874b654c5140001f9fc	The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?	elite Parisian scholars	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it t...
5710a874b654c5140001f9fd	How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?	interpreters of the sciences for the people	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it t...
5710a972a58dae1900cd6aee	Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?	northern Europe	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors...
5710a972a58dae1900cd6aef	Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?	Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors...
5710a972a58dae1900cd6af0	Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?	Edinburgh	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors...
5710a972a58dae1900cd6af1	Which of France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?	the medical university at Montpellier	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nMany of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors...
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af6	How can associationism be defined?	the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determi...
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af7	What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?	associationism,	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determi...
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af8	Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?	the Renaissance	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determi...
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa03	What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?	universal encyclopedias	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHowever, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The m...
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa04	What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?	to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHowever, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The m...
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa05	Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?	Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHowever, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The m...
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa06	In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?	Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHowever, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The m...
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa07	Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?	d'Alembert's	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nHowever, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The m...
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0d	Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?	natural history	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBroadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry...
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0e	Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?	Rousseau	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBroadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry...
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0f	Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?	scientific societies and academies	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBroadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry...
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa10	Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?	the 18th century	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBroadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry...
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa11	Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?	Newtonianism	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBroadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry...
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afc	Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?	the development of free speech and thought	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScience came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and ...
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afd	Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?	chemist Joseph Black	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScience came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and ...
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afe	Who created the argument for deep time?	geologist James Hutton	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScience came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and ...
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6aff	Who invented the steam engine?	James Watt	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScience came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and ...
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6b00	Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?	the Montgolfier Brothers	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScience came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and ...
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b06	For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?	Crimes and Punishments (1764)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politi...
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b07	Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?	22	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politi...
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b08	Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?	Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politi...
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b09	In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?	1783	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nCesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politi...
5710decca58dae1900cd6b0e	What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?	transmission of knowledge	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguishe...
5710decca58dae1900cd6b0f	Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?	to create knowledge	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguishe...
5710decca58dae1900cd6b10	By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?	1789	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguishe...
5710decca58dae1900cd6b11	Who coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century?	Bernard de Fontenelle	[ "Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nScientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguishe...

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