id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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571dfedcb64a571400c71e58 | Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama? | Stanley Crouch | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nStanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white libe... |
571dfedcb64a571400c71e59 | What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008? | "Magic Negro", | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nStanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white libe... |
571dfedcb64a571400c71e5a | What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people? | assuage white 'guilt' | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nStanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white libe... |
571dfedcb64a571400c71e5b | What was the title of Crouch's article? | "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nStanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white libe... |
571e005cb64a571400c71e60 | What does the "mixture" heading mean? | cannot be racially categorized | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the... |
571e005cb64a571400c71e61 | What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing? | 2000 | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the... |
571e005cb64a571400c71e62 | Bi-racial would be coded as what? | Mixture | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the... |
571e005cb64a571400c71e63 | How many race options were there? | five enumerated races | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the... |
571e014555697319006390f0 | What is considered to be neglected in American history? | Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nInterracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispanio... |
571e014555697319006390f1 | When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest? | April 1502 | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nInterracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispanio... |
571e014555697319006390f2 | Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves? | Santo Domingo | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nInterracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispanio... |
571e014555697319006390f3 | Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony? | near the mouth of the Pee Dee River | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nInterracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispanio... |
571e014555697319006390f4 | How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception? | 100 enslaved Africans | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nInterracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispanio... |
571e029e55697319006390fa | What documentary features a white man in North Carolina? | Colored White Boy | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nSome biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; ... |
571e029e55697319006390fb | Who is related to Bliss Broyard? | Anatole Broyard | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nSome biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; ... |
571e029e55697319006390fc | Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book? | autobiography | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nSome biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; ... |
571e032d5569731900639100 | When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms? | the 1980s | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nBy the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition o... |
571e032d5569731900639101 | How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"? | mostly negative | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nBy the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition o... |
571e032d5569731900639102 | Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations? | Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nBy the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition o... |
571e032d5569731900639103 | What did they fear would happen? | a loss in political and economic power | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nBy the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition o... |
571e03b55569731900639108 | Who married Sacagewea? | French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and In... |
571e03b55569731900639109 | Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives? | European men and Indigenous American women | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and In... |
571e03b5556973190063910a | What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe? | the kinship system of the woman's tribe | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and In... |
571e03b5556973190063910b | What nations are considered matrilineal? | Creek and Cherokee | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and In... |
571e03b5556973190063910c | How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe? | adopted into the tribe by an adult male | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and In... |
571e05005569731900639112 | What brought African Americans together? | the one-drop rule | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nFor African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to le... |
571e05005569731900639113 | Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans? | family elders | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nFor African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to le... |
571e05005569731900639114 | Slaves were not allowed to do what? | to learn to read and write | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nFor African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to le... |
571e05005569731900639115 | What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage? | spoke English, nor read or wrote it | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nFor African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to le... |
571e05005569731900639116 | What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans? | their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nFor African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to le... |
571e05c9b64a571400c71e68 | What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture? | "tragic octoroon" | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduce... |
571e05c9b64a571400c71e69 | Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon? | Lydia Maria Child | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduce... |
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6a | What story was written by Child in 1842? | "The Quadroons" | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduce... |
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6b | What does the tragic octoroon point out? | sexual exploitation in slavery | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduce... |
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6c | Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon? | abolitionists | [
"Multiracial_American\n\nThe figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduce... |
571a5a3d10f8ca1400304feb | By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews? | 92 percent | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIt is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 mill... |
571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fec | From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent? | three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIt is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 mill... |
571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fed | Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide? | Sergio DellaPergola | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIt is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 mill... |
571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fee | The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers? | 10 million and 11.2 million | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIt is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 mill... |
571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fef | How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust? | 16.7 million | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIt is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 mill... |
571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff5 | In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania? | Yoma | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic t... |
571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff6 | Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories? | Slavic | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic t... |
571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff7 | Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories? | Saadia Gaon | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic t... |
571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff8 | Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what? | Germanikia in northwestern Syria | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic t... |
571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff9 | Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what? | cradle of Germanic tribes | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic t... |
571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a970 | Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629? | King Dagobert I of the Franks | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nNo evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily iti... |
571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a971 | Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany? | very few Jews | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nNo evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily iti... |
571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a972 | In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles? | traders or artisans | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nNo evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily iti... |
571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a973 | In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany? | 465 CE | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nNo evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily iti... |
571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a974 | During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what? | conversion to Christianity | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nNo evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily iti... |
571a5fc410f8ca1400304fff | What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent? | 47.5% | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nPeople of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Seph... |
571a5fc410f8ca1400305000 | When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups? | Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nPeople of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Seph... |
571a5fc410f8ca1400305001 | What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to? | the concept of the "melting pot" | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nPeople of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Seph... |
571a5fc410f8ca1400305002 | What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent? | 35–36% | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nPeople of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Seph... |
571a5fc410f8ca1400305003 | When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews? | east European Ashkenazim | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nPeople of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Seph... |
571a616610f8ca1400305009 | Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept? | Yiddishkeit | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCulturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for ... |
571a616610f8ca140030500a | What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language? | "Jewishness" | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCulturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for ... |
571a616610f8ca140030500b | In the past most Jews prayed in what language? | liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCulturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for ... |
571a616610f8ca140030500c | In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives? | Yiddish | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCulturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for ... |
571a616610f8ca140030500d | Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past? | a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCulturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for ... |
571a64754faf5e1900b8a97a | For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe? | For roughly a thousand years | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, con... |
571a64754faf5e1900b8a97b | In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where? | Central Europe | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, con... |
571a64754faf5e1900b8a97c | In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community? | many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, con... |
571a64754faf5e1900b8a97d | Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews? | high frequencies | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, con... |
571a64754faf5e1900b8a97e | A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university? | University of Huddersfield in England | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nIn an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, con... |
571a663e4faf5e1900b8a984 | In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold? | have not always been warm | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nRelations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers l... |
571a663e4faf5e1900b8a985 | How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews? | as second-class citizens | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nRelations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers l... |
571a663e4faf5e1900b8a986 | Who led the Israeli Black Panthers? | Saadia Marciano | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nRelations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers l... |
571a663e4faf5e1900b8a987 | Where was Saadia Marciano from? | Moroccan Jew | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nRelations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers l... |
571a663e4faf5e1900b8a988 | What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers? | led to protest movements | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nRelations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers l... |
571a69014faf5e1900b8a98e | What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin? | 35 to 55 percent | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nA 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, ... |
571a69014faf5e1900b8a98f | Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought? | admixture is considerably higher | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nA 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, ... |
571a69014faf5e1900b8a990 | Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques? | a genetically more divergent population | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nA 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, ... |
571a69014faf5e1900b8a991 | In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives? | more diverse | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nA 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, ... |
571a69014faf5e1900b8a992 | Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population? | Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nA 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, ... |
571a6c094faf5e1900b8a998 | Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins? | ancient Levantine origins | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nGenetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But ... |
571a6c094faf5e1900b8a999 | Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry? | they have arrived at diverging conclusions | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nGenetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But ... |
571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99a | Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both? | researching both their paternal and maternal lineages | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nGenetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But ... |
571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99b | Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where? | the Levant | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nGenetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But ... |
571a6db910f8ca140030501b | The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what? | Sefarad | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nSometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Boh... |
571a6db910f8ca140030501c | The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called? | Tsarefat | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nSometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Boh... |
571a6db910f8ca140030501d | The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage? | 1 Kings 17:9 | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nSometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Boh... |
571a6db910f8ca140030501e | How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders? | as Ashkenazim | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nSometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Boh... |
571a6db910f8ca140030501f | Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places? | medieval Germany and France | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nSometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Boh... |
571a6faf10f8ca1400305025 | Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia? | a brief period of stability | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCharlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once... |
571a6faf10f8ca1400305026 | Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where? | north of the Alps | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCharlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once... |
571a6faf10f8ca1400305027 | Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire? | Roman Empire | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCharlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once... |
571a6faf10f8ca1400305028 | When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields? | finance and commerce | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCharlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once... |
571a6faf10f8ca1400305029 | Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period? | Yiddish | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nCharlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once... |
571a72404faf5e1900b8a9aa | The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what? | shtetls | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nThe answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews live... |
571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ab | A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system? | a strong system of education | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nThe answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews live... |
571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ac | In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what? | increased with every outbreak of antisemitism | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nThe answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews live... |
571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ad | Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what? | heeded rabbinic leadership | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nThe answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews live... |
571a76a610f8ca1400305057 | Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century? | Rabbi Elijah of Chelm | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nAccording to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, on... |
571a76a610f8ca1400305058 | Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem? | halakhic questions | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nAccording to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, on... |
571a76a610f8ca1400305059 | Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century? | 16th-century | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nAccording to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, on... |
571a76a610f8ca140030505a | In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor? | Worms | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nAccording to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, on... |
571a786110f8ca1400305071 | At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe? | 8.8 million | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nOf the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Uk... |
571a786110f8ca1400305072 | Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi? | about 6 million | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nOf the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Uk... |
571a786110f8ca1400305073 | What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust? | 91% | [
"Ashkenazi_Jews\n\nOf the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Uk... |
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