Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56cff48f234ae51400d9c159	What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?	trees and plants	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDeciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow lig...
56cff48f234ae51400d9c15a	How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?	1/3 to 1/2	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDeciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow lig...
56cff48f234ae51400d9c15b	Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?	they will interfere with winter solar availability	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDeciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow lig...
56cff48f234ae51400d9c15c	What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?	east and west	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDeciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow lig...
56ce61a4aab44d1400b88718	Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?	1767	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719	Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?	315	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56cff5ff234ae51400d9c175	What are solar cookers used for?	cooking, drying and pasteurization	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56cff5ff234ae51400d9c176	What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?	box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56cff5ff234ae51400d9c177	Who created the box cooker?	Horace de Saussure	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56cff5ff234ae51400d9c178	What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?	90–150 °C (194–302 °F)	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56cff5ff234ae51400d9c179	What do reflector cookers require to function?	direct light	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated co...
56ce6232aab44d1400b8871d	The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?	114	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56ce6232aab44d1400b8871e	Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?	more	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56cff819234ae51400d9c1a9	What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?	parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56cff819234ae51400d9c1aa	What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?	Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56cff819234ae51400d9c1ab	What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?	use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56cff819234ae51400d9c1ac	What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?	Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56cff819234ae51400d9c1ad	What are Unglazed transpired collectors?	perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provi...
56ce6382aab44d1400b88732	In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?	1872	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56d0007f234ae51400d9c243	What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?	Solar distillation	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56d0007f234ae51400d9c244	By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?	16th-century Arab alchemists	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56d0007f234ae51400d9c245	When was the first large solar distillation plant created?	1872	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56d0007f234ae51400d9c246	How much water was produced by the plant?	22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56d0007f234ae51400d9c247	What is an example of a solar distillation design?	single-slope	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection a...
56ce64a8aab44d1400b88745	Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?	the World Health Organization	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the Wor...
56d004ab234ae51400d9c25f	How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?	a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the Wor...
56d004ab234ae51400d9c260	What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?	a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the Wor...
56d004ab234ae51400d9c261	How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?	Over two million people in developing countries	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the Wor...
56ce659aaab44d1400b88749	What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?	toxic chemicals	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable." ]
56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f	For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?	to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable." ]
56d0051e234ae51400d9c270	What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?	algae may produce toxic chemicals	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable." ]
56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d	By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?	2050	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively." ]
56d00697234ae51400d9c297	When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?	2050	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively." ]
56ce666caab44d1400b88755	The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?	the Mojave Desert	[ "Solar_energy\n\nCommercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar powe...
56ce666caab44d1400b88756	Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?	2013	[ "Solar_energy\n\nCommercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar powe...
56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee	What is the largest solar power plant in the world?	354 MW SEGS CSP	[ "Solar_energy\n\nCommercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar powe...
56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef	Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?	Mojave Desert of California	[ "Solar_energy\n\nCommercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar powe...
56d074ff234ae51400d9c2f0	What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?	The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India	[ "Solar_energy\n\nCommercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar powe...
56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759	In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?	Charles Fritts	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a	In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?	1954	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c314	What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?	evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315	What is a solar cell?	a device that converts light directly into electricity	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316	Who created the first solar cell?	Charles Fritts	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317	Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?	Dr Bruno Lange	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318	Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?	Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first so...
56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d	In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?	a working fluid	[ "Solar_energy\n\nConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the p...
56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e	What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?	lenses or mirrors and tracking systems	[ "Solar_energy\n\nConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the p...
56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f	What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?	a heat source for a conventional power plant	[ "Solar_energy\n\nConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the p...
56d07c41234ae51400d9c320	What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?	the Stirling dish	[ "Solar_energy\n\nConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the p...
56d07c41234ae51400d9c321	What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?	a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight	[ "Solar_energy\n\nConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the p...
56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785	Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?	Megaron House	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThe common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that...
56d08052234ae51400d9c32c	What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?	orientation relative to the Sun	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThe common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that...
56d08052234ae51400d9c32d	What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?	well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThe common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that...
56d08052234ae51400d9c32e	What is an example of passive solar design?	Socrates' Megaron House	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThe common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that...
56d08052234ae51400d9c32f	What kind of equipment can improve system performance?	pumps, fans and switchable windows	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThe common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that...
56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787	UHI is an abbreviation of what?	Urban heat islands	[ "Solar_energy\n\nUrban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities tha...
56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788	A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?	3	[ "Solar_energy\n\nUrban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities tha...
56d0817d234ae51400d9c334	What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?	Urban heat islands	[ "Solar_energy\n\nUrban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities tha...
56d0817d234ae51400d9c335	What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?	asphalt and concrete	[ "Solar_energy\n\nUrban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities tha...
56d0817d234ae51400d9c336	What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?	paint buildings and roads white and plant trees	[ "Solar_energy\n\nUrban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities tha...
56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3	During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?	fruit walls	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4	Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?	power grape presses	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56d086c9234ae51400d9c340	Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?	to optimize the productivity of plants	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56d086c9234ae51400d9c341	What are some techniques used to improve crop production?	timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56d086c9234ae51400d9c342	What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?	employed fruit walls	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56d086c9234ae51400d9c343	What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?	acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm	[ "Solar_energy\n\nAgriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is ...
56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7	When were the first greenhouses used?	Roman times	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8	In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?	the 16th	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56d0875b234ae51400d9c348	What do greenhouses do with solar energy?	convert solar light to heat	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56d0875b234ae51400d9c349	What is one purpose of a greenhouse?	enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a	What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?	produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b	Where were the first modern greenhouses built?	Europe	[ "Solar_energy\n\nGreenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emp...
56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9	What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?	The World Solar Challenge	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba	What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?	90.87	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56d0880f234ae51400d9c350	What is The World Solar Challenge?	a biannual solar-powered car race	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56d0880f234ae51400d9c351	When was The World Solar Challenge started?	1987	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56d0880f234ae51400d9c352	What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?	67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56d0880f234ae51400d9c353	What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?	90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56d0880f234ae51400d9c354	What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?	The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge	[ "Solar_energy\n\nDevelopment of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it ...
56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7	The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?	1975	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered ...
56d088be234ae51400d9c35a	When was the first solar powered boat made?	1975	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered ...
56d088be234ae51400d9c35b	Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?	Kenichi Horie	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered ...
56d088be234ae51400d9c35c	What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?	the sun21 catamaran	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered ...
56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9	What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?	40	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca	What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?	Solar Impulse	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56d089e6234ae51400d9c360	When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?	1974	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56d089e6234ae51400d9c361	When was the first solar powered manned flight made?	29 April 1979	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56d089e6234ae51400d9c362	When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?	July 1981	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56d089e6234ae51400d9c363	Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?	California to North Carolina	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56d089e6234ae51400d9c364	How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?	36 hours	[ "Solar_energy\n\nIn 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flight...
56ce771daab44d1400b887cf	What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?	hydrogen production from protons	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or ph...
56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384	What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?	Solar chemical processes	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or ph...
56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385	What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?	artificial photosynthesis	[ "Solar_energy\n\nSolar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or ph...
56ce799daab44d1400b887dd	What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?	The Solzinc process	[ "Solar_energy\n\nHydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydr...
56ce799daab44d1400b887de	The Solznic process produces what?	pure zinc	[ "Solar_energy\n\nHydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydr...
56d08f34234ae51400d9c388	What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?	Hydrogen production technologies	[ "Solar_energy\n\nHydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydr...
56d08f34234ae51400d9c389	What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?	uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures	[ "Solar_energy\n\nHydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydr...
56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a	What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?	Solzinc process	[ "Solar_energy\n\nHydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydr...
56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1	In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?	heat	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lo...
56d09004234ae51400d9c38e	What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?	Thermal mass systems	[ "Solar_energy\n\nThermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lo...

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