id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5727ea142ca10214002d9994 | What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession? | mathematician | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but M... |
5727ea142ca10214002d9995 | Where does the word "algebra" come from? | al-jabr | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but M... |
5727ea142ca10214002d9996 | Where did Arabic numerals originate? | India | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but M... |
5727ea142ca10214002d9997 | What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals? | decimal point notation | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but M... |
5727ea142ca10214002d9998 | What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to? | chemistry and medicine | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but M... |
5727ee784b864d1900164044 | Whose work did Al-Battani improve? | Hipparchus | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to ... |
5727ee784b864d1900164045 | What does He Megale Syntaxis mean? | The great treatise | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to ... |
5727ee784b864d1900164046 | Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon? | the Earth's axis | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to ... |
5727ee784b864d1900164047 | The geocentric model is similar to what other model? | Copernican heliocentric model | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to ... |
5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fc | Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy? | Ibn Sina | [
"History_of_science\n\nIbn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicin... |
5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fd | What method did Ibn Sina introduce? | clinical trials | [
"History_of_science\n\nIbn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicin... |
5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fe | What does Kitab al-shifa mean? | Book of Healing | [
"History_of_science\n\nIbn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicin... |
5727ef6f2ca10214002d99ff | The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what? | standard medicinal texts | [
"History_of_science\n\nIbn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicin... |
5727ef6f2ca10214002d9a00 | What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases? | contagious | [
"History_of_science\n\nIbn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicin... |
5727f0a62ca10214002d9a06 | When were medieval universities created? | the 12th century | [
"History_of_science\n\nAn intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works... |
5727f0a62ca10214002d9a07 | Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators? | Raymond of Toledo | [
"History_of_science\n\nAn intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works... |
5727f0a62ca10214002d9a08 | At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into? | Latin | [
"History_of_science\n\nAn intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works... |
5727f0a62ca10214002d9a09 | Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly? | Michael Scotus | [
"History_of_science\n\nAn intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works... |
5727f2f53acd2414000df09b | What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries? | Latin | [
"History_of_science\n\nAt the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy cont... |
5727f2f53acd2414000df09c | Who favored empirical methods? | Bacon | [
"History_of_science\n\nAt the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy cont... |
5727f2f53acd2414000df09d | Who favored mathematics? | Grosseteste | [
"History_of_science\n\nAt the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy cont... |
5727f2f53acd2414000df09e | Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277? | Pierre Duhem | [
"History_of_science\n\nAt the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy cont... |
5727f2f53acd2414000df09f | What era was important for scientific advancements? | the Middle Ages | [
"History_of_science\n\nAt the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy cont... |
5727f4004b864d190016408a | Who pioneered parsimony? | William of Ockham | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities... |
5727f4004b864d190016408b | What theory is based off of projectiles' motion? | impetus | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities... |
5727f4004b864d190016408c | What theory did impetus pave the way for? | inertia | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities... |
5727f4004b864d190016408d | What did the Oxford Calculators measure? | the kinematics of motion | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities... |
5727f4f84b864d19001640aa | What year did the Black Death occur? | 1348 | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. ... |
5727f4f84b864d19001640ab | What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars? | the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. ... |
5727f4f84b864d19001640ac | The invention of printing improved which society? | European | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. ... |
5727f4f84b864d19001640ad | Printed word enabled what? | a faster propagation of new ideas | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. ... |
5727f4f84b864d19001640ae | What type of mathematics aided in developing European science? | Algebra | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. ... |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0d7 | The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what? | Scholasticism | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed... |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0d8 | What began at the same time Scholasticism ended? | the Black Death | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed... |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0d9 | Which era came after Scholasticism? | Italian Renaissance | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed... |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0da | What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance? | chemistry and the biological sciences | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed... |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0db | Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers? | Vesalius | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed... |
5727f6d83acd2414000df0f9 | What was the Scientific Revolution? | a period of major scientific advancements | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corpo... |
5727f6d83acd2414000df0fa | What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution? | 1543 | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corpo... |
5727f6d83acd2414000df0fb | What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543? | De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corpo... |
5727f6d83acd2414000df0fc | What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus? | the Earth moved around the Sun | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corpo... |
5727f6d83acd2414000df0fd | What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corpo... |
5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6c | The Age of Reason made way for which movement? | Age of Enlightenment | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century \"Age of Reason\" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century \"Age of Enlightenment\". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way ... |
5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6d | What event is considered to be the start of political modernity? | the French Revolution of 1789 | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century \"Age of Reason\" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century \"Age of Enlightenment\". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way ... |
5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6e | What book did Denis Diderot write? | Encyclopédie | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century \"Age of Reason\" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century \"Age of Enlightenment\". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way ... |
5727f8783acd2414000df115 | Which movement took place during the 19th century? | The Romantic Movement | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euc... |
5727f8783acd2414000df116 | What theory did Darwin introduce? | theory of evolution | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euc... |
5727f8783acd2414000df117 | Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement? | electromagnetism | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euc... |
5727f8783acd2414000df118 | What caused Romanticism to end? | Positivism | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euc... |
5727f8783acd2414000df119 | What year did Positivism end? | 1880 | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euc... |
5727f92b4b864d19001640f8 | Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics? | The scientific revolution | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler i... |
5727f92b4b864d19001640f9 | Who made the heliocentric model popular? | Nicolaus Copernicus | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler i... |
5727f92b4b864d19001640fa | Johannes Kepler created a model of what? | planetary motion | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler i... |
5727f92b4b864d19001640fb | What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets? | the planets follow elliptical orbits | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler i... |
5727f92b4b864d19001640fc | What was Galileo's nickname? | Father of Modern Physics | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler i... |
5727f9a33acd2414000df12f | What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | the Principia Mathematica | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity an... |
5727f9a33acd2414000df130 | How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica? | two | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity an... |
5727f9a33acd2414000df131 | What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with? | the fundamental force of gravity | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity an... |
5727f9a33acd2414000df132 | What are Maxwell's equations about? | electromagnetism | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity an... |
5727faabff5b5019007d99c6 | What science subject explains anomalous results? | quantum theories | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous exp... |
5727faabff5b5019007d99c7 | What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity? | 1915 | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous exp... |
5727faabff5b5019007d99c8 | Quantum theories became which subject in 1925? | quantum mechanics | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous exp... |
5727faabff5b5019007d99c9 | Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies? | Edwin Hubble | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous exp... |
5727faabff5b5019007d99ca | Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre? | the Big Bang theory | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous exp... |
5727fb6b4b864d190016413e | Who discovered nuclear fission? | Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments too... |
5727fb6b4b864d190016413f | Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission? | Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments too... |
5727fb6b4b864d1900164140 | What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb? | World War II | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments too... |
5727fb6b4b864d1900164141 | The atomic bomb was a part of which movement? | Big Science | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments too... |
5727fb6b4b864d1900164142 | What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics? | inconsistent with each other | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments too... |
572803c92ca10214002d9b84 | When did modern chemistry come into existence? | the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Ch... |
572803c92ca10214002d9b85 | Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different? | Robert Boyle | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Ch... |
572803c92ca10214002d9b86 | What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661? | The Sceptical Chymist | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Ch... |
572803c92ca10214002d9b87 | What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname? | Father of Modern Chemistry | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Ch... |
572803c92ca10214002d9b88 | Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with? | phlogiston theory | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Ch... |
57282636ff5b5019007d9e0a | What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for? | The synthesis of urea | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exha... |
57282636ff5b5019007d9e0b | What scientific field did Wohler discover? | organic chemistry | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exha... |
57282636ff5b5019007d9e0c | Late 19th century is marked by what event? | the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exha... |
57282636ff5b5019007d9e0d | Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry? | physiological chemistry | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exha... |
57282636ff5b5019007d9e0e | Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond? | Linus Pauling | [
"History_of_science\n\nThe synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exha... |
572826eeff5b5019007d9e1e | What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called? | Peri lithōn | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific... |
572826eeff5b5019007d9e1f | When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false? | the Scientific Revolution | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific... |
572826eeff5b5019007d9e20 | When did Shen Kua live? | 1031–1095 | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific... |
572826eeff5b5019007d9e21 | What science did Shen Kua observe? | land formation | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific... |
572827c62ca10214002d9f66 | What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution? | individual theorists made important contributions | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the re... |
572827c62ca10214002d9f67 | What did Robert Hooke study? | earthquakes | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the re... |
572827c62ca10214002d9f68 | What theory did Nicholas Steno discover? | the theory of superposition | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the re... |
572827c62ca10214002d9f69 | What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681? | Sacred Theory of the Earth | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the re... |
572827c62ca10214002d9f6a | What text did Burnet base his work off of? | the Bible | [
"History_of_science\n\nGeology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the re... |
572829073acd2414000df5d7 | How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was? | 6,000 years | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and r... |
572829073acd2414000df5d8 | Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what? | the first geological maps | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and r... |
572829073acd2414000df5d9 | In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically? | comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and r... |
572829073acd2414000df5da | What are used to create geological maps? | index fossils | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and r... |
572829073acd2414000df5db | What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin? | layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained | [
"History_of_science\n\nModern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and r... |
57282a294b864d190016462e | What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century? | shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed | [
"History_of_science\n\nMidway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of ea... |
57282a294b864d190016462f | The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom? | Louis Agassiz | [
"History_of_science\n\nMidway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of ea... |
57282a294b864d1900164630 | What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to? | fluvialists | [
"History_of_science\n\nMidway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of ea... |
57282a294b864d1900164631 | What did Ramsay believe about river valleys? | were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them | [
"History_of_science\n\nMidway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of ea... |
57282a294b864d1900164632 | What happened after radioactivity was realized? | radiometric dating methods were developed | [
"History_of_science\n\nMidway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of ea... |
57282afc4b864d1900164646 | What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession? | physician | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not app... |
57282afc4b864d1900164647 | How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever? | requiring physicians to wash their hands | [
"History_of_science\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not app... |
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