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57282afc4b864d1900164648	What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?	the germ theory of disease	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not app...
57282afc4b864d1900164649	What did Joseph Lister prove?	antisepsis	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not app...
57282afc4b864d190016464a	Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?	Louis Pasteur	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not app...
57282bca3acd2414000df61f	Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?	Charles Darwin	[ "History_of_science\n\nPerhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, ...
57282bca3acd2414000df620	What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?	On the Origin of Species	[ "History_of_science\n\nPerhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, ...
57282bca3acd2414000df621	What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?	both opposition and support from different parts of society	[ "History_of_science\n\nPerhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, ...
57282bca3acd2414000df622	Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?	Moravian monk Gregor Mendel	[ "History_of_science\n\nPerhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, ...
57282bca3acd2414000df623	What was the major break through for the study of genetics?	the basic structure of DNA	[ "History_of_science\n\nPerhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, ...
57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe6	The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?	Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, ...
57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe7	What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?	the cycle of life concept	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, ...
57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe8	Who came up with the word "ecology"?	Ernst Haeckel	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, ...
57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe9	When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?	in the 1960s	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, ...
57282cbb2ca10214002d9fea	What movement occurred during the 1970s?	Deep Ecology	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, ...
57282d29ff5b5019007d9e98	What larger group does political science belong to?	social sciences	[ "History_of_science\n\nPolitical science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and...
57282d29ff5b5019007d9e99	Where did the ideas of political science begin?	prehistory	[ "History_of_science\n\nPolitical science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and...
57282d29ff5b5019007d9e9a	In history, where could you find someone studying politics?	in almost every geographic area	[ "History_of_science\n\nPolitical science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and...
57282ded2ca10214002da000	Where did studying politics originate?	Ancient Greece	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political syste...
57282ded2ca10214002da001	What did Plato study?	political systems	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political syste...
57282ded2ca10214002da002	What method did Plato use to understand political systems?	philosophy	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political syste...
57282ded2ca10214002da003	What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?	historical empirical evidence	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political syste...
57282e763acd2414000df675	Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?	Chāṇakya	[ "History_of_science\n\nAn ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, ...
57282e763acd2414000df676	What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?	brutal measures	[ "History_of_science\n\nAn ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, ...
57282e763acd2414000df677	When was Chanakya alive?	350–-283 BCE	[ "History_of_science\n\nAn ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, ...
57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb4	What allowed political studies to spread?	the fall of the Western Roman Empire	[ "History_of_science\n\nWith the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the stu...
57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb5	What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?	monotheism	[ "History_of_science\n\nWith the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the stu...
57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb6	Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?	churches and courts	[ "History_of_science\n\nWith the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the stu...
57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb7	Who wrote The City of God?	Augustine of Hippo	[ "History_of_science\n\nWith the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the stu...
57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb8	What did The City of God change?	the borders between what was religious and what was political	[ "History_of_science\n\nWith the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the stu...
57282fda2ca10214002da01e	What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?	Historical linguistics	[ "History_of_science\n\nHistorical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made through...
57282fda2ca10214002da01f	Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?	Sir William Jones	[ "History_of_science\n\nHistorical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made through...
57282fda2ca10214002da020	What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?	catalog all languages of the world	[ "History_of_science\n\nHistorical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made through...
57282fda2ca10214002da021	What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?	the development of generative linguistics	[ "History_of_science\n\nHistorical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made through...
57282fda2ca10214002da022	What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?	a mathematical model of language	[ "History_of_science\n\nHistorical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made through...
572830584b864d19001646b4	Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?	Adam Smith	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems...
572830584b864d19001646b5	What did Adam Smith's work cover?	The basis for classical economics	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems...
572830584b864d19001646b6	What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?	mercantilism	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems...
572830584b864d19001646b7	What idea did Adam Smith propose?	an "invisible hand"	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems...
572830584b864d19001646b8	Who is Marxian economics named after?	Karl Marx	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems...
572830f74b864d19001646cc	What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?	microeconomics and macroeconomics	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion....
572830f74b864d19001646cd	What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?	monetarism	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion....
572830f74b864d19001646ce	How did monaterism aim to control the economy?	using the supply and demand of money	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion....
572830f74b864d19001646cf	In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?	supply-side economics	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion....
572830f74b864d19001646d0	How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?	reducing taxes	[ "History_of_science\n\nIn the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion....
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec6	When was Wealth of Nations written?	1776	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of N...
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec7	How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?	frequently	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of N...
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec8	What happens in a market when there is competition?	lower prices	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of N...
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec9	What is the most important part of "Wealth"?	the division of labour	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of N...
572831f64b864d19001646e6	What was the beginning of psychology classified as?	a scientific enterprise	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig...
572831f64b864d19001646e7	What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?	1879	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig...
572831f64b864d19001646e8	Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?	Wilhelm Wundt	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig...
572831f64b864d19001646e9	What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?	memory studies	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig...
572831f64b864d19001646ea	What was Ivan Pavlov known for?	classical conditioning	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig...
5728327a2ca10214002da066	What is the group that human psychology belongs to?	cognitive science	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer s...
5728327a2ca10214002da067	What is investigated in cognitive science?	the mind	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer s...
5728327a2ca10214002da068	What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?	PET scans and CAT scans	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer s...
5728327a2ca10214002da069	What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?	artificial intelligence	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer s...
572832faff5b5019007d9ee6	What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?	scientific systematic sociologist	[ "History_of_science\n\nIbn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, u...
572832faff5b5019007d9ee7	When did modern sociology surface?	early 19th century	[ "History_of_science\n\nIbn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, u...
572832faff5b5019007d9ee8	What is the main goal of sociology?	understanding the cohesion of social groups	[ "History_of_science\n\nIbn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, u...
572832faff5b5019007d9ee9	How did Max Weber view rationalization?	he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage"	[ "History_of_science\n\nIbn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, u...
5728339a2ca10214002da096	Who was the major proponent of American sociology?	Talcott Parsons	[ "History_of_science\n\nAmerican sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this app...
5728339a2ca10214002da097	What did Parsons believe made a functional society?	structural integration	[ "History_of_science\n\nAmerican sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this app...
5728339a2ca10214002da098	What was the problem with the views of Parsons?	inequalities present in the status quo	[ "History_of_science\n\nAmerican sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this app...
5728339a2ca10214002da099	What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?	conflict theory	[ "History_of_science\n\nAmerican sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this app...
5728339a2ca10214002da09a	What is the main belief of conflict theory?	different groups compete for control over resources	[ "History_of_science\n\nAmerican sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this app...
57283431ff5b5019007d9ef8	What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?	Computer science	[ "History_of_science\n\nComputer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and t...
57283431ff5b5019007d9ef9	How has computer science helped science as a whole?	by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data	[ "History_of_science\n\nComputer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and t...
57283431ff5b5019007d9efa	What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?	emphasising mathematical 'theory'	[ "History_of_science\n\nComputer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and t...
572834e03acd2414000df6ef	What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?	History of the Inductive Sciences	[ "History_of_science\n\nAs an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the Hi...
572834e03acd2414000df6f0	Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?	George Sarton's	[ "History_of_science\n\nAs an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the Hi...
572834e03acd2414000df6f1	What was the history of science during the 20th century?	the history of great men and great ideas	[ "History_of_science\n\nAs an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the Hi...
572834e03acd2414000df6f2	How could Sarton's ideas be described?	Whiggish	[ "History_of_science\n\nAs an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the Hi...
572834e03acd2414000df6f3	Who studied the history of science?	interested scientists and physicians	[ "History_of_science\n\nAs an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the Hi...
5728355f4b864d1900164728	What is the large question that the history of science answers?	what science is	[ "History_of_science\n\nMuch of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the...
5728355f4b864d1900164729	What did sociology in science explain?	the ways in which scientists work	[ "History_of_science\n\nMuch of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the...
5728355f4b864d190016472a	What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?	to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge	[ "History_of_science\n\nMuch of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the...
572835be2ca10214002da0d6	What did Humboldtian science aim to do?	combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals	[ "History_of_science\n\nHumboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, ...
572835be2ca10214002da0d7	Who was the model for Humboldtian science?	Alexander von Humboldt	[ "History_of_science\n\nHumboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, ...
572835be2ca10214002da0d8	What idea did positivism provide?	the only valid knowledge is scientific	[ "History_of_science\n\nHumboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, ...
5728364e4b864d1900164748	Where did the social aspect of science originate?	Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologicall...
5728364e4b864d1900164749	What idea did social science add to science as a whole?	positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologicall...
5728364e4b864d190016474a	How did Kuhn view the history of science?	competing paradigms or conceptual systems	[ "History_of_science\n\nThe mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologicall...
572837282ca10214002da0ec	What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?	a social construct	[ "History_of_science\n\nFurther studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French...
572837282ca10214002da0ed	What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?	The Science wars	[ "History_of_science\n\nFurther studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French...
572837282ca10214002da0ee	What was positivism called after it was revived?	scientism	[ "History_of_science\n\nFurther studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French...
572837282ca10214002da0ef	What did scientism aim to do?	settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies	[ "History_of_science\n\nFurther studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French...
5726f3ccdd62a815002e960e	What does Digimon stand for?	Digital Monsters	[ "Digimon\n\n(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which...
5726f3ccdd62a815002e960f	What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?	virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game	[ "Digimon\n\n(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which...
5726f3ccdd62a815002e9610	What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?	a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks	[ "Digimon\n\n(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which...
5726f3ccdd62a815002e9611	What are the people who raise Digimon called?	"Digidestined" or "Tamers"	[ "Digimon\n\n(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which...
5726f3ccdd62a815002e9612	What are the Digimon villians main goals?	trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world	[ "Digimon\n\n(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which...
5727456add62a815002e9a46	When did Digimon first appear?	1997	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
5727456add62a815002e9a47	Name the original Digimon anime.	Digimon Adventure	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
5727456add62a815002e9a48	Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.	Digimon World	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
5727456add62a815002e9a49	Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.	Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
572a19286aef05140015526c	When was the Digimon series created?	1997	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
572a19286aef05140015526d	What influenced the look of the Digimons?	Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
572a19286aef05140015526e	In what year was the Digimon video game released?	1999	[ "Digimon\n\nThe franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged...
57274b1df1498d1400e8f5ca	What kind of toy were the original Digimon?	virtual pet toy	[ "Digimon\n\nDigimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, man...
57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cb	What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?	dinosaurs	[ "Digimon\n\nDigimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, man...

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